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1.
具杀线虫活性植物内生细菌的筛选和活性产物   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
【目的】植物寄生线虫是危害植物的重要病原物,为了筛选到能在植物体内稳定定殖并且对植物寄生线虫具有较高杀线虫活性的植物内生细菌生防菌。【方法】以松材线虫为靶标,用直接触杀法进行筛选。对高活性菌株采用正交实验优化发酵条件,测定发酵液杀线虫活性的稳定性,并对菌株进行鉴定。【结果】从6种植物中分离筛选出13株对松材线虫具有较高杀线虫活性的植物内生细菌菌株,这些菌株的发酵上清液对松材线虫处理24h杀线虫率均达到了100%;其中BCM2、SZ5、CCM7和DP1这4个菌株的杀线虫活性较高,发酵上清液稀释3倍处理24h杀线虫率均达到95%以上,DP1和SZ5菌株达到了100%;并发现部分菌株发酵液能使线虫虫体发生渗漏或消解。发酵条件优化后能使发酵液杀线虫效果提高4倍。4株高活性菌株产生的杀线虫物质均对蛋白酶稳定、耐热不耐酸碱且长时间保藏活性不下降。经过鉴定DP1和CCM7是枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis),BCM2和SZ5是蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)。【结论】经济作物体内存在一定数量的能产生杀线虫活性物质的内生细菌,其中一些细菌产生的杀线虫物质具有较强的稳定性。认为杀线虫活性的植物内生细菌具有很大的生防潜力。  相似文献   

2.
松树萎蔫病(Pine wilt disease,PWD)是由松材线虫(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)引起的一种毁灭性疾病,该病对世界上许多国家和地区的针叶林资源造成严重破坏。为了寻找具有高杀松材线虫活性的海洋放线菌,对分离自海洋环境中的放线菌菌株进行杀线虫活性测定。选用稀释涂布平板法对采自青岛近海海域的样品进行放线菌分离,采用浸渍法测定菌株的杀松材线虫活性,并对所筛选出的高杀线虫活性菌株的形态学、培养特征和16S rD NA序列进行测定,运用单因素试验测定菌株产生杀线虫活性物质的最适培养条件。结果显示,从采集的样品中共分离到28株放线菌,经杀线虫活性筛选得到1株具有高杀线虫活性的放线菌HT-8。该菌株分离自海沙,其培养上清液处理松材线虫30 h时,线虫的校正死亡率高达88.30%。根据形态学、培养特征和16S rD NA序列测定及其系统发育分析结果,将菌株HT-8鉴定为Streptomyces termitum。单因素试验结果表明,该菌株产生杀线虫活性物质的最适培养条件为接种体菌龄48 h,接种量6%,培养基海水浓度100%,初始pH 7.5,培养温度25℃,培养时间7 d。该研究为海洋微生物资源的开发及其杀松材线虫天然活性物质的利用提供理论依据。  相似文献   

3.
【背景】芽孢杆菌是一类常见的生防菌,在植物病害防治中展现出巨大潜力。【目的】对一株具有杀线虫活性的郭霍氏芽孢杆菌(Bacillus kochii) DDWB进行发酵条件优化和稳定性评价,为菌株的开发提供理论支持。【方法】以发酵液上清杀线虫率及细菌发酵液OD600值为指标,通过单因素法与正交试验设计,对菌株的培养基与发酵参数进行优化;同时对菌株发酵液酸碱、温度、紫外、遗传及储存稳定性进行评价。【结果】DDWB菌株培养基优化后为:蔗糖2%,酵母提取物1%,氯化钾2%;优化后初始pH值为8.0,装液量为150 mL/250 mL锥形瓶,发酵时间为48h,接种量为8%,转速为160r/min,发酵温度为31℃;稳定性测定结果显示发酵液对酸碱敏感,紫外光照射4 h后活性物质发生降解,但发酵液对温度不敏感且杀线虫活性相关基因可稳定遗传。【结论】本研究优化了DDWB菌株的发酵条件,并对发酵液中活性物质的稳定性进行了多因素评价,使得菌株可以快速扩繁并长期稳定保持对根结线虫的抑制活性,为进一步评价菌株田间防效和研究生防机制奠定了基础。  相似文献   

4.
【目的】有关Microbacterium maritypicum在植物线虫生物防治方面的研究较少,探究菌株M. maritypicum Sneb159的杀线虫活性,明确菌株发酵液中具有杀线虫活性的物质,为生物农药的开发提供理论依据。【方法】本研究检测了菌株Sneb159发酵液对大豆胞囊线虫二龄幼虫的触杀活性;并以触杀活性为追踪,采用有机溶剂萃取、硅胶柱层析及半制备高效液相色谱等技术对菌株Sneb159发酵滤液中的活性物质进行分离纯化;采用核磁共振波谱对纯化物进行结构鉴定。【结果】菌株Sneb159具有杀线虫活性,在24 h和48 h处理组中线虫的死亡率均显著高于对照组。从菌株Sneb159发酵滤液中分离得到杀线虫活性物质A6,经结构鉴定确定该物质为苯乙酰胺。【结论】首次发现M. maritypicum对大豆胞囊线虫的触杀作用,并且明确活性物质为苯乙酰胺。结果表明菌株M. maritypicum Sneb159和苯乙酰胺在大豆胞囊线虫的生物防治方面具有较好的应用潜力。  相似文献   

5.
一株北里孢菌株的分离鉴定及其对松材线虫的致病性   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
【目的】筛选、鉴定出对松材线虫杀灭活性较高的放线菌菌株,并确定生防菌株的毒力因子。【方法】采用平板活性测试及代谢杀虫活性检测方法进行筛选,采用形态学及16S rDNA序列分析等进行鉴定。对发酵液中的活性物质稳定性分析后,利用醇沉、萃取、层析、气相色谱/质谱分析等方法分离纯化出杀虫毒力因子。【结果】从河南南阳宝天曼的腐木及枯枝落叶样品中共分离获得了79株放线菌,从中筛选出对松材线虫有灭活作用的放线菌6株,其中分离株C620菌株对松材线虫的灭活性最高:该菌株的发酵液处理松材线虫48、60 h后线虫的死亡率分别达到60.0%、81.5%。结合该菌株的形态学、生理学特征及16S rDNA序列分析等结果将其归为北里孢菌属中的一个种,菌株编号Kitasatospora sp.strain C620。该菌株的发酵液中杀线虫活性物质的热稳定性、光稳定性及耐储藏性均较强,在中性偏碱性环境较稳定;经pH纸电泳层析初步确定该物质属于碱性水溶性物质。对菌株C620发酵液分离纯化,得到活性化合物为1-苯基-3-(2-吡啶)-5-吡唑啉酮。【结论】获得一株松材线虫高效生防菌Kitasatospora sp.strain C620,其活性物质为1-苯基-3-(2-吡啶)-5-吡唑啉酮。  相似文献   

6.
松材线虫生防细菌的筛选、鉴定及其毒性因子的初步研究   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
从河南南阳不同农田的植物根部采取土壤样本,共分离获得了198株细菌。通过毒性测试和平板生测从中筛选出松材线虫生防细菌6株,其中NS-3菌株对松材线虫的杀灭活性最高。结合该菌株的形态学、生理学特征及16S rDNA序列分析等结果将该菌株归为芽孢杆菌属,命名为Bacillus sp.strain NS-3。将该细菌液体培养的上清液和上清蛋白粗提物分别处理松材线虫48h后线虫的死亡率分别达到50%和100%;线虫死亡后虫体消解。然而,细菌的上清蛋白粗提物经煮沸变性后,基本丧失了对松材线虫的侵染活性,结果显示细菌Bacillus sp.strain NS-3的杀线虫活性物质主要要存在于细菌培养上清液中,并且为热不稳定性物质。  相似文献   

7.
旨为筛选具有高效杀松材线虫活性的拮抗细菌。采用浸测法对3株芽孢杆菌进行杀线活性测定,并对高效杀线菌株发酵滤液处理线虫后的虫体进行形态观察及该菌株培养条件和杀线物质稳定性测定。结果表明3株细菌发酵滤液处理松材线虫(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)48 h后,线虫校正死亡率均达100%,且松材线虫在蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)JK-XZ3发酵滤液4倍和8倍稀释液中处理48 h后,其校正死亡率分别达99.55%和88.32%,明显高于短小芽孢杆菌(B. pumilus)HR10和瓦雷兹芽孢杆菌(B. velezensis)YH-20;该JK-XZ3菌株发酵滤液处理过的线虫虫体断裂,内含物外溢,体壁消解;该菌株在30℃培养4 d的发酵滤液杀线活性最高,且松材线虫在发酵滤液4倍和8倍稀释液中处理48 h后,其校正死亡率均达100%;松材线虫在40℃、60℃、80℃和100℃处理后的发酵滤液8倍稀释液中处理48 h后,其校正死亡率均在84%以上;在pH为8-10的发酵滤液8倍稀释液处理48 h后,其校正死亡率均在88%以上;说明该菌株发酵滤液具有耐高温和耐碱特性。蜡样芽孢杆菌JK-XZ3是一株具有开发和应用潜力的高毒力杀线菌株。  相似文献   

8.
[目的] 研究黄萎病抗性棉(海 7124)根际土壤中酵母菌株对棉花黄萎病病原真菌大丽轮枝菌和全齿复活线虫的拮抗效果,为生物防治棉花黄萎病和全齿复活线虫提供理论依据。[方法] 通过镜检、糖发酵实验、碳源同化实验、26S rRNA测序对菌株的形态、生理生化特征及其系统发育关系进行鉴定,并利用七叶苷筛选、刚果红染色、平皿对峙实验、盆栽实验、平板生测实验测试其产酶活性以及抑制大丽轮枝菌和杀线虫活性。[结果] 从大批黄萎病抗性棉(海 7124)根际土壤中筛选出编号为YIN9的酵母菌菌株,分类鉴定结果表明:YIN9菌株属于假丝酵母属Candida。平皿对峙实验结果表明:菌株YIN9对大丽轮枝菌的抑菌率达59%;将菌株YIN9的无菌发酵滤液与大丽轮枝菌孢子共培养12 h后镜检发现,用菌株YIN9处理的实验组,大部分棉花黄萎病病菌孢子不能正常萌发。盆栽实验结果表明:菌株YIN9对棉花黄萎病的平均防治效果为60.02%,可以显著降低感病棉棉花黄萎病的发病率和病情指数。此外,与从黄萎病抗性棉根际土壤中筛选获得的其他酵母菌株相比,菌株YIN9具备较高的杀线虫活性:菌株作用全齿复活线虫48 和60 h后,线虫死亡率分别为90%和100%。将菌株YIN9发酵液煮沸后,其抑制大丽轮枝菌和杀线虫活性均急剧下降,进一步测试发现,该菌株拥有较高的蛋白酶和纤维素酶活性。[结论] YIN9中的生防因子可能是热不稳定性物质,具备较高的杀线虫活性,可以显著提高感病棉对黄萎病的抗性。  相似文献   

9.
程万里  陈珍  杨雪  黄典  张吉斌 《微生物学报》2020,60(8):1629-1637
【目的】南方根结线虫(Meloidogyne incognita)是一种危害严重的土传性植物病原线虫,给农业生产造成了巨大的经济损失,前期研究发现多粘类芽胞杆菌(Panebacillus polymyxa) KM2501-1具有很好的温室防治南方根结线虫效果,且可产生多种挥发性杀线虫活性物质,但对其非挥发性产物是否有杀线虫活性没有研究。本研究拟进一步分离鉴定其产生的杀线虫活性代谢产物,发掘新的杀线虫药物。【方法】对菌株KM2501-1进行液体发酵并离心收集发酵上清液,通过硅胶柱层析、高效液相色谱分离等方法得到高纯度的杀线虫活性物质,并通过液相色谱质谱联用分析、核磁共振等技术鉴定杀线虫活性物质的结构。【结果】生物活性检测显示,多粘类芽胞杆菌KM2501-1发酵上清液具有较强的南方根结线虫触杀活性,并能有效抑制南方根结线虫卵孵化,体外杀线虫效率高达87.66%,抑制卵孵化效率达92.26%。结构鉴定结果显示多粘类芽胞杆菌产生的杀线虫活性物质为环二肽类物质cyclo (Pro-Phe),800 mg/L的cyclo(Pro-Phe)杀线虫效率达84.75%。进一步的显微观测结果表明,与对照组相比,活性物质cyclo(Pro-Phe)处理后的根结线虫肠道组织紊乱、结构发生破坏。【结论】多粘类芽胞杆菌KM2501-1产生的cyclo (Pro-Phe)是一个具有杀线虫新功能的活性物质,其可能通过破坏线虫肠道杀死线虫。  相似文献   

10.
目的 针对多杀性巴氏杆菌耐药性不断增强的情况,寻找替抗产品。方法 使用MRS培养基分离酸菜中的乳酸菌菌株,采用16S rRNA基因测序鉴定分离菌株。对分离菌株进行发酵培养,研究其无菌发酵上清液对酶的敏感性、热稳定性、酸碱稳定性和其抑菌谱。结果 分离得到了1株优势乳酸菌YWH-4,经过16S rRNA基因测序鉴定该菌株为植物乳杆菌。植物乳杆菌YWH-4发酵上清液对胃蛋白酶具有高敏感性,推测其发酵上清液中具有抗菌活性物质细菌素。该细菌素具有良好的热稳定性,经100℃处理2 h后仍有较强抑菌活性;具有酸碱稳定性,在pH值3.0~5.0之间保持良好抑菌活性。结论 植物乳杆菌YWH-4所产细菌素对多杀性巴氏杆菌具有良好的抗菌活性。  相似文献   

11.
Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.  相似文献   

12.
The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.  相似文献   

13.
Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.  相似文献   

14.
A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1  
In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.  相似文献   

15.
Parsimony analyses of the internal transcribed spacer regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS 1 & ITS 2) for 38 taxa sampled from the Phebalium group (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and two outgroups confirm that, with the exception of Phebalium sensu stricto and Rhadinothamnus, six of the currently recognised genera within the group are monophyletic. The data indicate that Phebaliums. str. is paraphyletic with respect to Microcybe, and Rhadinothamnus is paraphyletic with respect to Chorilaena. Rhadinothamnus and Chorilaena together are the sister group to Nematolepis. Drummondita, included as an outgroup taxon, clustered within the ingroup as sister to Muiriantha and related to Asterolasia.The phylogeny suggests that the evolution of major clades within a number of these genera (e.g. Phebalium) relates to vicariance events between eastern and south-western Australia. Leionema is an eastern genus, with the most basal taxon being the morphologically distinct Leionema ellipticum from northern Queensland. Leionema also includes one species from New Zealand, but this species (as with some others) proved difficult to sequence and its phylogenetic position remains unknown. Taxonomic changes at the generic level are recommended.The authors wish to thank Paul G.Wilson, PERTH, for advice and discussion, and Paul Forster, BRI, for collecting and providing material of Leionema ellipticum. The project was supported by a Melbourne University Postgraduate Award (to BM), the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS), Australian Systematic Botany Society and Wolf Den (Australia) Investments.  相似文献   

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Ten species of rust fungi (Crossopsora 2, Maravalia 1, Pileolaria 1, Puccinia 1, Ravenelia 1, Sphaerophragmium 1, Uredo 2, and Uromyces 1) are newly recorded together with six new host plants in Thailand.Contribution no. 194, Laboratory of Plant Parasitic Mycology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan  相似文献   

19.
The evolution of larval head morphology in holometabolous insects is characterized by reduction of antennal appendages and the visual system components. Little insight has been gained into molecular developmental changes underlying this morphological diversification. Here we compare the expression of the segment polarity gene wingless (wg) in the pregnathal head of fruit fly, flour beetle and grasshopper embryos. We provide evidence that wg activity contributes to segment border formation, and, subsequently, the separation of the visual system and protocerebrum anlagen in the anterior procephalon. In directly developing insects like grasshopper, seven expression domains are formed during this process. The activation of four of these, which correspond to polar expression pairs in the optic lobe anlagen and the protocerebral ectoderm, has shifted to postembryonic stages in flour beetle and Drosophila. The remaining three domains map to the protocerebral neuroectoderm, and form by disintegration of a large precursor domain in flour beetle and grasshopper. In Drosophila, the precursor domain remains intact, constituting the previously described “head blob”. These data document major changes in the expression of an early patterning gene correlated with the dramatic evolution of embryonic visual system development in the Holometabola.  相似文献   

20.
Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr−1) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.  相似文献   

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