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1.
强光对高等植物的光合作用具有抑制和破坏作用,光抑制的原初部位及主要部位在PS 。综述了高等植物PS 的光破坏的分子机理及其保护机制研究进展,提出了今后进一步研究的方向。  相似文献   

2.
菠菜叶绿体的光抑制部位   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
有氧条件下,叶绿体的光抑制部位不是专一的。强光可使PSⅡ氧化侧、PSⅡ反应中心、PSⅡ还原侧,PSⅡ及类囊体膜透性都有不同程度的破坏。这种非专一性可能与类囊体膜蛋白在强光下的降解有关。无氧条件下,叶绿体的光抑制部位只是在PSⅡ反应中心及Q_B蛋白上。  相似文献   

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高等植物在强光照射下光合作用受到抑制。现已普遍认为,光抑制的原初部位是光系统Ⅱ(PS Ⅱ)的反应中心。无论在整个叶片,还是在类囊体膜以及 PS Ⅱ颗粒、放氧颗粒中均能发现光破坏现象。但是,由于在这些颗粒中有许多与光破坏不直接相关的色素和蛋白分子,因此很难确定具体哪个分子受到破坏。而以只含有少数色素和多肽分子的 PSⅡ反应中心 D_1/D_2/cyt b599复合物为材料可以克服这个困难。该反应中心复合物的获得大大推动了光破坏机理的研究。现已证明,D_1/D_2/cyt b559复合物对光照十分敏感,光照可引起原初电子供体 P680的破坏。我们发现该反应中心的破坏是多步  相似文献   

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快速叶绿素荧光动力学可以在无损情况下探知叶片光合机构的损伤程度,快速叶绿素荧光测定和分析技术(JIP-test)将测量值转化为多种具有生物学意义的参数,因而被广泛应用于植物光合机构对环境的响应机制研究.该文研究了超大甜椒(Capsicum annuum)幼苗在强光及不同NaCl浓度胁迫下的荧光响应情况.与单纯强光胁迫相比,NaCl胁迫引起了叶绿素荧光诱导曲线的明显改变,光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)光抑制加重,同时PSⅡ反应中心和受体侧受到明显影响,而且高NaCl浓度胁迫下PSⅡ供体侧受伤害明显,同时PSⅠ反应中心活性(P700+)在盐胁迫下明显降低.这些结果表明,NaCl胁迫会增强强光对超大甜椒光系统的光抑制,并且浓度越高抑制越明显,但对PSⅠ的抑制作用低于PSⅡ.高NaCl浓度胁迫易对PSⅡ供体侧造成破坏,且PSⅠ光抑制严重.  相似文献   

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冬季低温胁迫对亚热带常绿阔叶树光合活性的主要影响之一,体现在光合机构的低温光抑制。为了阐明冬季低温胁迫下常绿阔叶树光系统Ⅱ的光抑制程度及光保护机制,该文研究了冬季自然低温胁迫(零下低温冻害和零上低温寒害)对红叶石楠、枇杷和猴樟三种亚热带常绿阔叶树光合机构光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)光抑制的影响以及春季气温回暖后的恢复情况。结果表明:冻害和寒害低温胁迫使猴樟的PSⅡ活性显著降低,PSⅡ受到较严重的光抑制,低温胁迫解除后PSⅡ活性未能完全恢复。红叶石楠PSⅡ活性下降程度和光抑制程度最轻,春季PSⅡ活性显著上升,光抑制显著下降。枇杷PSⅡ活性和光抑制程度介于猴樟和红叶石楠之间。低温胁迫下红叶石楠的非光化学猝灭(NPQ)接近常温水平; 枇杷的NPQ略有降低,春季恢复正常; 猴樟NPQ最低,春季低温解除后仍不能完全恢复。此外,三种常绿阔叶树在冬季低温胁迫和春季恢复时期的NPQ与PSⅡ的光抑制程度存在显著的负相关关系。综合以上结果分析表明,冬季低温对红叶石楠PSⅡ影响不大,对枇杷有一定影响但春季气温回暖后可以及时恢复,对猴樟PSⅡ有显著的光抑制且恢复过程较慢,同时NPQ对保护常绿阔叶树PSⅡ免受冬季低温光抑制有重要的贡献。  相似文献   

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AOX途径在苹果离体叶片失水过程中的光破坏防御作用   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为探讨线粒体交替氧化酶呼吸途径(AOX途径)对水分胁迫下苹果叶片光破坏的防御作用,以苹果砧木平邑甜茶离体叶片为试材,通过AOX抑制剂水杨基羟肟酸(SHAM)处理,同时测定苹果叶片叶绿素荧光诱导动力学曲线和820 nm光的吸收曲线,结合JIP test分析,探讨了失水过程中AOX途径的光保护作用。结果表明:水分胁迫条件下,平邑甜茶叶片的AOX活性显著增加, SHAM抑制AOX途径后,叶片发生更严重的光抑制;在失水胁迫条件下,平邑甜茶叶片PSⅡ原初光化学反应的量子产额(TRo/ABS)、PSⅡ捕获的电子从QA传递到QB的概率(ETo/TRo)下降,PSⅡ单位反应中心吸收的光能(ABS/RC)上升,而PSⅠ的最大氧化还原活性(ΔI/Io)未受影响;SHAM抑制AOX途径后,TRo/ABS和ETo/TRo进一步下降,ABS/RC进一步上升,同时引起了ΔI/Io的下降。研究认为,水分胁迫条件下,平邑甜茶叶片PSⅡ发生了光抑制,而SHAM处理在加重PSⅡ光抑制的同时,引起了PSⅠ的光抑制;叶片失水过程中,AOX呼吸上调是平邑甜茶叶片的重要光破坏防御机制,特别是对PSⅠ具有重要的保护作用。  相似文献   

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杨梅光合作用的低温光抑制   总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14  
利用便携式调制叶绿素荧光仪和光合作用测定系统研究了短期低温光照对杨梅幼树光合作用的影响。结果表明,低温光照处理后,杨梅叶片的Pn(净光合速率)、Gs(气孔导度)、Fv/Fm(最大的光系统Ⅱ光化学效率)、qP(光化学猝灭系数)和①PSⅡ(光系统Ⅱ的量子产量)下降,Ci/Ca(细胞间隙CO2浓度/环境CO2浓度)、Fo(初始荧光)、qN(非光化学猝灭系数)和(Fi—Fo)/(Fp—Fo)(失活的PSⅡ反应中心数量)上升。此外在同一水平低温下,中等强光(350μmol m^-2s^-1)加剧了PSⅡ反应中心的失活或破坏并且需要更长时间来恢复。这些结果说明低温和有光照条件下引起的杨梅光合作用下降是由于光合机构活性下降所致,即主要是PSⅡ反应中心的失活或破坏:我们推测QA^-(还原态质体醌A)和非还原QB(质体醌B)数量的积累可能是导致PSⅡ反应中心失活或破坏的原因,在低温光抑制过程中非辐射能量耗散对保护光合机构起着重要作用。  相似文献   

8.
25~30℃和30 μmol m~(-2)s~(-1)光下培养的黄瓜幼苗,在黑暗下经 1~7℃处理24h或5℃处理24~72h,光合电子传递活性受不同程度的抑制;其抑制部位主要在PSⅡ氧化侧;随温度的降低和时间的延长,抑制部位可发展至PSⅡ及之后的电子递体上,但尚未影响PSⅠ的活性。160μmol m~(-2)s~(-1)的光强加重低温对电子传递活性的抑制,光强越高,则加重的程度越高;抑制部位从PSⅡ氧化侧发展至PSⅡ反应中心以及PSⅠ。  相似文献   

9.
Cyt b559是由两条多肽,即α、β-两个亚基组成的一种血红蛋白,是光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)蛋白复合体必不可少的组分。简要介绍了Cyt b559的分子组成及其氧化还原特性。重点阐述了在光抑制条件下cyt b559对PSⅡ反应中心的可能保护机制和由Cyt b559参与的围绕PSⅡ的循环电子传递。  相似文献   

10.
李新国  孟庆伟 《植物学报》2003,20(6):680-687
Cyt b559是由两条多肽,即α_、β_两个亚基组成的一种血红蛋白,是光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)蛋白复合体必不可少的组分。简要介绍了Cyt b559的分子组成及其氧化还原特性。重点阐述了在光抑制条件下Cyt b559对PSⅡ反应中心的可能保护机制和由Cyt b559参与的围绕PSⅡ的循环电子传递。  相似文献   

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Summary The problem of hidromeiosis is its mechanism.Hidromeiosis is a rapidly reversible process and an active sweat gland and a wetted skin are necessary conditions for its development. The threshold for hidromeiosis is lower for unacclimatized than acclimatized males. The facts suggest that accumulation of water in the skin and depression of the eccrine sweat gland may be involved in the explanation of the condition.Histochemical studies of the sweat glands during the development of hidromeiosis should elucidate curious individual differences in the manner in which the depression of sweating develops and the role of the sweat gland in the process.
Zusammenfassung Der Wirkungsmechanismus der Hidromiosis (progressiver Abfall der Schweissmenge bei hoher Umgebungstemperatur) ist noch nicht aufgeklärt. Aktive Schweissdrüsen und nasse Haut sind für die Auslösung der Hidromiosis notwendig; der Vorgang is leicht reversibel. Der Hidromiosis-Schwellenwert ist bei nicht-akklimatisierten Männern niedriger als bei akklimatisierten. Diese Tatsachen führen zu der Annahme,dass die Ansammlung von Wasser in der Haut und die Unterdrückung der Sekretion der Schweissdrüsen für die Erklärung des Vorgangs eine Rolle spielen können. Durch histochemische Untersuchungen der Schweissdrüsen während Hidromiosis sollte es möglich sein die sonderbaren individuellen Unterschiede in der Art wie sich der Abfall des Schwitzens entwickelt und die Holle der Schweissdrüsen dabei aufzuklären.

Résumé Le mécanisme de l'hidromiose (diminution progressive de la quantité de sueur lors de températures externes éleyées) n'est pas encore éclairci.Des glandes sudoripares actives et une peau humide sont nécessaires pour que l'hidromiose se produise; le processus est aisément réversible.Le senil de température de l'hidromiose est plus bas pour des hommes non acclimatés. Les faits font supposer que l'accumulation d'eau dans la peau et la gène de la sécrétion des glandes sudoripares peuvent jouer un rÔle dans l'explication du processus. L'examen histochimique des glandes sudoripares pendant l'hidromiose devrait expliquer les remarquables différences individuelles dans l'apparition de la diminution de sudation et le rÔle des glandes sudoripares.
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Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (N-BPs) are potent inhibitors of bone resorption widely used in the treatment of osteoporosis and other bone degrading disorders. At the tissue level, N-BPs reduce bone turnover, increase bone mass and mineralization, measured clinically as a rise in bone mineral density, increase bone strength and reduce fracture risk. At the cellular level, N-BPs, localize preferentially at sites of bone resorption, where mineral is exposed, are taken up by ostoclasts and inhibit osteoclast activity. The bone formation that follows incroporates the N-BP in the matrix, where it becomes pharmacologically inactive until released at a future time during bone remodeling. At the molecular level, N-BPs inhibit an enzyme in the cholesterol synthesis pathway, farnesyl diphosphate synthase. As a result, there is a reduction in the lipid geranylgeranyl diphosphate, which prenylates GTPases required for cytoskeletal organization and vesicular traffic in the osteoclast, leading to osteoclast inactivation.  相似文献   

18.
Autoinhibition mechanism of proto-Dbl   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5       下载免费PDF全文
The dbl oncogene encodes a prototype member of the Rho GTPase guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) family. Oncogenic activation of proto-Dbl occurs through truncation of the N-terminal 497 residues. The C-terminal half of proto-Dbl includes residues 498 to 680 and 710 to 815, which fold into the Dbl homology (DH) domain and the pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, respectively, both of which are essential for cell transformation via the Rho GEF activity or cytoskeletal targeting function. Here we have investigated the mechanism of the apparent negative regulation of proto-Dbl imposed by the N-terminal sequences. Deletion of the N-terminal 285 or C-terminal 100 residues of proto-Dbl did not significantly affect either its transforming activity or GEF activity, while removal of the N-terminal 348 amino acids resulted in a significant increase in both transformation and GEF potential. Proto-Dbl displayed a mostly perinuclear distribution pattern, similar to a polypeptide derived from its N-terminal sequences, whereas onco-Dbl colocalized with actin stress fibers, like the PH domain. Coexpression of the N-terminal 482 residues with onco-Dbl resulted in disruption of its cytoskeletal localization and led to inhibition of onco-Dbl transforming activity. The apparent interference with the DH and PH functions by the N-terminal sequences can be rationalized by the observation that the N-terminal 482 residues or a fragment containing residues 286 to 482 binds specifically to the PH domain, limiting the access of Rho GTPases to the catalytic DH domain and masking the intracellular targeting function of the PH domain. Taken together, our findings unveiled an autoinhibitory mode of regulation of proto-Dbl that is mediated by the intramolecular interaction between its N-terminal sequences and PH domain, directly impacting both the GEF function and intracellular distribution.  相似文献   

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Monoglyceride esters of fatty acids occur naturally and encompass a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. Monocaprylate is generally regarded as safe (GRAS) and can function both as an emulsifier and as a preservative in food. However, knowledge about its mode of action is lacking. The aim of this study was therefore to elucidate the mechanism behind monocaprylate's antimicrobial effect. The cause of cell death in Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus xylosus, and Zygosaccharomyces bailii was investigated by examining monocaprylate's effect on cell structure, membrane integrity, and its interaction with model membranes. Changes in cell structure were visible by atomic force microscopy (AFM), and propidium iodide staining showed membrane disruption, indicating the membrane as a site of action. This indication was confirmed by measuring calcein leakage from membrane vesicles exposed to monocaprylate. AFM imaging of supported lipid bilayers visualized the integration of monocaprylate into the liquid disordered, and not the solid ordered, phase of the membrane. The integration of monocaprylate was confirmed by quartz crystal microbalance measurements, showing an abrupt increase in mass and hydration of the membrane after exposure to monocaprylate above a threshold concentration. We hypothesize that monocaprylate destabilizes membranes by increasing membrane fluidity and the number of phase boundary defects. The sensitivity of cells to monocaprylate will therefore depend on the lipid composition, fluidity, and curvature of the membrane.  相似文献   

20.
The non-Newtonian behavior and dynamic viscoelasticity of a series of aqueous solutions of agarose were measured with a rheogoniometer. The flow curve, at 25°, of agarose solution approximated to plastic behavior at 0.1, 0.13, and 0.15% concentrations. Gelation occurred at concentration of 0.13% at low temperature (0°). The dynamic modulus of agarose showed a very high value at low temperature, and increased with an increase in temperature, showing a maximum value at 30°, then it decreased. In the presence of NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, and MgCl2 for a solution of agarose at 0.08% concentration, the transition temperature, at which dynamic modulus decreased rapidly, was observed at 60°. Gelation was also observed at low temperature (0°) in acid and alkaline range after reaching pH values of 2.3 and 9.5, respectively, by addition of 100m HCl, H2SO4, NaOH, and Ca(OH)2 to a 0.08% agarose solution. A possible mode of intra- and inter-molecular hydrogen bonding within and between the agarose molecules in aqueous solution is proposed.  相似文献   

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