西伯利亚蓼钙调蛋白基因的克隆及其在盐胁迫下的表达

已从西伯利亚蓼叶中cDNA文库中获得的钙调蛋白EST序列,采用cDNA末端快速扩增（RACE）技术克隆了具有完整编码区的钙调蛋白基因的cDNA序列（GenBank登录号GQ988382）,命名为PsCaM。该基因全长615bp,编码区为450bp,编码149个氨基酸,5＇非翻译区为63bp,3＇非翻译区为102bp。同源性分析表明,该蛋白与其他植物钙调蛋白高度保守,氨基酸同源性高达98%。用实时荧光定量PCR研究3%NaHCO3胁迫下西伯利亚蓼基因表达的结果显示,自然条件下,该基因在叶中表达量最高,地下茎次之,茎中最低;盐胁迫下CaM在西伯利亚蓼的地下茎、茎和叶中均有表达,表达模式不同。     

砂梨脂氧合酶cDNA片段克隆与RNAi载体构建

以砂梨‘若光’的成熟果实为材料,根据脂氧合酶氨基酸保守区设计1对简并引物,采用RT-PCR克隆到1段长827 bp的序列,经Blast比对和DNAstar软件聚类分析,结果表明由该序列推导出的氨基酸序列含有脂氧合酶氨基酸保守结构域,与马铃薯脂氧合酶基因的氨基酸序列相似性达到77.5%,判断其为砂梨脂氧合酶基因片段,命名为LOX1,并将序列登录到GenBank,登录号为EF215448。根据RNAi载体的构建原则,选择LOX1一开放阅读框设计携带酶切位点的特异引物,通过PCR扩增正、反向基因片段,再与YYT间隔区串连,插入植物表达载体pYF7713中的相应位置,成功地构建了干扰LOX基因表达的RNAi的植物双元表达载体pYL028,为深入研究该基因在砂梨果实成熟过程中的功能及耐贮藏基因工程育种奠定了基础。     

绵羊CAST基因2型和4型转录本的克隆及特性分析

钙蛋白酶抑制蛋白(Calpastatin, CAST)是一种内源性的需要Ca²⁺激活的钙蛋白酶抑制剂, 在肌肉组织的蛋白质降解过程中起重要的调节作用。文章利用牛^CAST基因的mRNA序列, 通过逆转录RT-PCR首次克隆获得绵羊CAST基因2型转录本和4型转录本的部分cDNA序列, 并对序列进行生物信息学分析。CAST基因2型转录本的扩增片段为4 385 bp, 完整的开放阅读框为2 361 bp, 编码786个氨基酸; CAST基因4型转录本的扩增片段为1 467 bp, 完整的开放阅读框为1 317 bp, 编码438个氨基酸。CASTⅡ型蛋白序列存在4个保守结构域, CASTⅣ型蛋白序列存在3个保守结构域; 两者的二级结构均以螺旋为主, 富含疏水区域, 其氨基酸序列存在多个磷酸化位点以及蛋白激酶C(Protein kinase C, PKC)的磷酸化位点。通过RT-PCR分析CAST基因2型转录本和4型转录本的组织表达谱, 结果表明CAST基因2型转录本在所检测的10个组织中均表达, CAST基因4型转录本仅在睾丸组织中表达。     

紫杆柽柳与其它物种脂质转运蛋白基因编码蛋白的同源性比较

根据从柽柳cDNA文库克隆获得的脂质转运蛋白(LTP)的部分序列,用RACE技术克隆出其全长cDNA序列.基因的5'非翻译区96bp,3'非翻译区222bp,开放阅读框285bp,编码94个氨基酸,预计蛋白的分子量为9.9 kD,等电点为8.02.此基因有8个位置保守的Cys残基及26个氨基酸的信号肽,为典型的植物脂质转运蛋白基因.其基因序列数据库(GenBank)登录号为AY574218(基因)和AAS79106(蛋白).     

雅致枝霉Δ6-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因的克隆及在酿酒酵母中的表达

根据真菌Δ6-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因保守的组氨酸Ⅱ区和Ⅲ区附近保守序列设计兼并引物进行RT-PCR,得到雅致枝霉(Thamnidium elegans)As3.2806Δ6-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因459bp部分cDNA序列,然后通过快速扩增cDNA末端技术(RACE)向两端延伸得到1504bp的Δ6-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因全长cDNA序列。序列分析表明有一个1377bp、编码459个氨基酸的开放阅读框TED6。推测的氨基酸序列与已知其他真菌的Δ6-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因的氨基酸序列比对,具有3个组氨酸保守区、2个疏水区及N末端细胞色素b5融合区。将此编码区序列亚克隆到酿酒酵母缺陷型菌株INVSc1的表达载体pYES2.0中,构建表达载体pYTED6,并在酿酒酵母INVSc1中异源表达。通过气相色谱(GC)和气相色谱/质谱(GC-MS)分析表明,该序列在酿酒酵母中获得表达,产生γ-亚麻酸(GLA)的含量占酵母总脂肪酸的7.5%。证明此序列编码的蛋白能将外加的亚油酸转化为γ-亚麻酸,是一个新的有功能的Δ6-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因(GenBank,AY941161)。     

西伯利亚蓼硫堇基因的克隆和序列分析

根据西伯利亚蓼抑制消减文库(SSH)中获得的硫堇(THI)基因的部分序列,应用RACE技术克隆了具有PolyA的全长cDNA序列。基因全长789bp,5'非翻译区90bp,3'非翻译区276bp,开放阅读框编码140个氨基酸。序列分析表明,该编码蛋白与大多数植物THI蛋白前体高度相似,N端具24个氨基酸的信号肽,中间46个氨基酸为成熟THI部分,C端的70个氨基酸为酸性多肽部分。西伯利亚蓼THI蛋白与丹参等双子叶植物THI蛋白有较高的同源性,具保守的植物THI标签序列C-C-X(5)-R-X(2)-[FY]-X(2)-C。此成熟THI蛋白带正电荷,偏碱性,推定可能具有抗病原微生物活性,为一种新的植物THI蛋白,GenBank登录号为DQ981482。     

柑橘钙结合蛋白基因的克隆及其在果皮褐变中的表达分析

从柑橘果皮褐变相关基因的差减cDNA文库中,筛选了一个与钙结合蛋白基因家族同源的EST片段,通过RACE技术克隆了其全长cDNA序列(CsCAB,GenBank登录号EF010854).CsCAB基因全长984 bp,含有一个621 bp的开放阅读框,编码207个氨基酸,预测蛋白质分子量为22.95 kD,理论等电点为4.5;序列分析结果显示CsCAB与钙结合蛋白具有很高的同源性,且具有钙结合蛋白的保守结构域EF-hand.Northern blot结果显示CsCAB在褐变果皮中上调表达,说明该基因与柑橘果实的果皮褐变有密切关系.     

雅致枝霉△6-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因的克隆及在酿酒酵母中的表达

根据真菌△^6 -脂肪酸脱氢酶基因保守的组氨酸Ⅱ区和Ⅲ区附近保守序列设计兼并引物进行RT-PCR,得到雅致枝霉（Thamnidium elegans）As3．2806△^6 -脂肪酸脱氢酶基因459bp部分cDNA序列,然后通过快速扩增cDNA末端技术（RACE）向两端延伸得到1504bp的△^6 -脂肪酸脱氢酶基因全长cDNA序列。序列分析表明有一个1377bp、编码459个氨基酸的开放阅读框TED6。推测的氨基酸序列与已知其他真菌的△^6 -脂肪酸脱氧酶基因的氨基酸序列比对,具有3个组氨酸保守区、2个疏水区及N末端细胞色素b5融合区。将此编码区序列亚克隆到酿酒酵母缺陷型菌株INVSel的表达载体pYES2.0中,构建表达载体pYTED6,并在酿酒酵母INVSel中异源表达。通过气相色谱（GC）和气相色谱,质谱（GC-MS）分析表明,该序列在酿酒酵母中获得表达,产生γ-亚麻酸（GLA）的含量占酵母总脂肪酸的7．5％。证明此序列编码的蛋白能将外加的亚油酸转化为γ-亚麻酸,是一个新的有功能的△^6 -脂肪酸脱氢酶基因（GenBank．AY941161）。     

两个枣树扩展蛋白基因cDNA全序列的克隆及分析

用定向克隆法构建了枣树(Ziziphus jujubaMill.)快速生长初期结果枝的cDNA文库,经过重组质粒的筛选,克隆获得两个扩展蛋白基因cDNA全序列,分别命名为ZjEXP1(GenBank登录号:FJ449891)和ZjEXP2(GenBank登录号:FJ449892)。ZjEXP1全长1 037 bp,包含编码254个氨基酸的完整开放阅读框;ZjEXP2全长905 bp,包含编码251个氨基酸的完整开放阅读框。两个序列有共同的结构特征,即在N-末端有8个保守的半胱氨酸残基的丰富域,C-末端有4个保守的色氨酸残基的丰富域,中间有一个组氨酸(His-Phe-Asp,HFD)功能域。两者之间的氨基酸同源性为74.0%。从已知的扩展蛋白基因家族的进化分析表明,ZjEXP1和ZjEXP2由一个祖先进化而来,又分别属于两个不同的分支。     

四翅滨藜Osmotin-like Protein基因的克隆、序列分析及其原核表达北大核心CSCD

在构建四翅滨藜(Atriplex canescens)全长cDNA文库中通过随机克隆测序并进行EST分析基础上,得到四翅滨藜osmotin-like protein的1个cDNA序列,命名为AcOLP。AcOLPcDNA包含一个全长为687 bp完整开放阅读框,编码229个氨基酸,属于GH64-TLP-SF超家族,是一种病程相关5(PR-5)蛋白,其核酸序列与大洋洲滨藜(Atriplex nummularia)的osmotin-likeprotein基因的同源性为94%,对应编码氨基酸序列同源性为87%。将得到的序列提交GenBank,序列号为JN632587.1。与其他植物PR-5蛋白的氨基酸序列比对,AcOLP具有保守的半胱氨酸残基,与二硫键的形成有关。对AcOLP与其他植物的氨基酸序列的进化分析表明,其与大洋洲滨藜的亲缘关系较近。将AcOLP基因与原核表达载体pET-28a连接,进行融合表达,在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中诱导表达出分子质量约29 kD的蛋白。     

牲畜废水对两种红树植物幼苗的影响

研究了淡水(盐度为0）和海水(盐度为30)两种盐水度条件下温室盆栽系统红树植物秋茄和榄对牲畜废水的生长和生理反应．结果表明,牧畜废水对秋茄和木榄的生长指标(包括高度、基径、叶片生成量、最大叶面积和相对生长率)有显著促进作用;盐度水平和废水的加入均对秋茄生物量的分配无明显影响,但废水使木榄的根生物量比和根／茎比减小而叶生物量比增加;两种盐度下废水处理组秋茄加绿素a、叶绿素b含量与相应对照组无显著差异,而木榄有比对照高的叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量;废水处理组秋茄叶片电导率高于对照组,但木榄叶片电导率在淡水条件下与对照组无显著差异,在海水条件下甚至低于对照组;牲畜废水对秋茄和木榄的根系活力均无显著影响;在两种盐度条件下牲畜废水均导致秋茄茎和根POX活性的明显增强,而对叶POX活性则无显著影响,牲畜废水对木榄叶和茎POX活性无显著影响,而木榄根POX活性淡水条件下下降、海水条件下则升高;两种盐度条件下牲畜废水均使得木榄各器官的SOD活性显著下降,而对秋茄SOD活性基本无显著影响。     

Triterpene synthases from the Okinawan mangrove tribe, Rhizophoraceae

Oleanane-type triterpene is one of the most widespread triterpenes found in plants, together with the lupane type, and these two types often occur together in the same plant. Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lamk. and Rhizophora stylosa Griff. (Rhizophoraceae) are known to produce both types of triterpenes. Four oxidosqualene cyclase cDNAs were cloned from the leaves of B. gymnorrhiza and R. stylosa by a homology-based PCR method. The ORFs of full-length clones termed BgbAS (2280 bp, coding for 759 amino acids), BgLUS (2286 bp, coding for 761 amino acids), RsM1 (2280 bp, coding for 759 amino acids) and RsM2 (2316 bp coding for 771 amino acids) were ligated into yeast expression plasmid pYES2 under the control of the GAL1 promoter. Expression of BgbAS and BgLUS in GIL77 resulted in the production of beta-amyrin and lupeol, suggesting that these genes encode beta-amyrin and lupeol synthase (LUS), respectively. Furthermore, RsM1 produced germanicol, beta-amyrin, and lupeol in the ratio of 63 : 33 : 4, whereas RsM2 produced taraxerol, beta-amyrin, and lupeol in the proportions 70 : 17 : 13. This result indicates that these are multifunctional triterpene synthases. Phylogenetic analysis and sequence comparisons revealed that BgbAS and RsM1 demonstrated high similarities (78-93%) to beta-amyrin synthases, and were located in the same branch as beta-amyrin synthase. BgLUS formed a new branch for lupeol synthase that was closely related to the beta-amyrin synthase cluster, whereas RsM2 was found in the first branch of the multifunctional triterpene synthase evolved from lupeol to beta-amyrin synthase. Based on these sequence comparisons and product profiles, we discuss the molecular evolution of triterpene synthases and the involvement of these genes in the formation of terpenoids in mangrove leaves.     

红树林植物木榄水通道基因的克隆和表达

根据植物水通道基因保守区设计简并引物,采用RT-PCR方法,从木榄树叶中分离出水通道基因的cDNA片段;3′RACE获得3′端cDNA序列;再经5′RACE获得5′端部分cDNA序列,命名为PIP2,GenBank登录号为EF126757。该基因全长843个碱基,编码281个氨基酸,具有典型的植物水通道基因结构。该基因编码的蛋白质与含羞草(PIP2;5)、欧洲葡萄(PIP)、拟南芥(PIP3)等水通道蛋白的同源性分别为90%、91%、88%。Northern杂交分析表明,该基因在木榄树不同器官中的表达差异明显:根部有较高的表达水平,茎部较弱,而在叶中只能检测到微弱的信号。     

Acidic/IQ motif regulator of calmodulin

The small IQ motif proteins PEP-19 (62 amino acids) and RC3 (78 amino acids) greatly accelerate the rates of Ca(2+) binding to sites III and IV in the C-domain of calmodulin (CaM). We show here that PEP-19 decreases the degree of cooperativity of Ca(2+) binding to sites III and IV, and we present a model showing that this could increase Ca(2+) binding rate constants. Comparative sequence analysis showed that residues 28 to 58 from PEP-19 are conserved in other proteins. This region includes the IQ motif (amino acids 39-62), and an adjacent acidic cluster of amino acids (amino acids 28-40). A synthetic peptide spanning residues 28-62 faithfully mimics intact PEP-19 with respect to increasing the rates of Ca(2+) association and dissociation, as well as binding preferentially to the C-domain of CaM. In contrast, a peptide encoding only the core IQ motif does not modulate Ca(2+) binding, and binds to multiple sites on CaM. A peptide that includes only the acidic region does not bind to CaM. These results show that PEP-19 has a novel acidic/IQ CaM regulatory motif in which the IQ sequence provides a targeting function that allows binding of PEP-19 to CaM, whereas the acidic residues modify the nature of this interaction, and are essential for modulating Ca(2+) binding to the C-domain of CaM.     

Genomic markers reveal introgressive hybridization in the Indo-West Pacific mangroves: a case study

Biodiversity of mangrove ecosystems is difficult to assess, at least partly due to lack of genetic verification of morphology-based documentation of species. Natural hybridization, on the one hand, plays an important role in evolution as a source of novel gene combinations and a mechanism of speciation. However, on the other hand, recurrent introgression allows gene flow between species and could reverse the process of genetic differentiation among populations required for speciation. To understand the dynamic evolutionary consequences of hybridization, this study examines genomic structure of hybrids and parental species at the population level. In the Indo-West Pacific, Bruguiera is one of the dominant mangrove genera and species ranges overlap extensively with one another. Morphological intermediates between sympatric Bruguiera gymnorrhiza and Bruguiera sexangula have been reported as a variety of B. sexangula or a new hybrid species, B. × rhynchopetala. However, the direction of hybridization and extent of introgression are unclear. A large number of species-specific inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were found in B. gymnorrhiza and B. sexangula, and the additive ISSR profiling of B. × rhynchopetala ascertained its hybrid status and identified its parental origin. The varying degree of scatterness among hybrid individuals in Principal Coordinate Analysis and results from NewHybrids analysis indicate that B. × rhynchopetala comprises different generations of introgressants in addition to F(1)s. High genetic relatedness between B. × rhynchopetala and B. gymnorrhiza based on nuclear and chloroplast sequences suggests preferential hybrid backcrosses to B. gymnorrhiza. We conclude that B. × rhynchopetala has not evolved into an incipient hybrid species, and its persistence can be explained by recurrent hybridization and introgression. Genomic data provide insights into the hybridization dynamics of mangrove plants. Such information can assist in biodiversity assessment by helping detect novel taxa and/or define species boundaries.     

木榄和秋茄对水渍的生长与生理反应的比较研究

研究了不同水渍时间对两种红树植物木榄(Bruguiera gymnorrhiza(L.)Lam)和秋茄(Kandelia candel(L.)Druce)的生长与生理的影响.随着淹水时     

甘薯贮藏蛋白(sporam in)A基因编码区克隆及序列同源性分析

采用 PCR技术 ,从我国广泛栽培甘薯品种南薯 88基因组中扩增和克隆到甘薯贮藏蛋白 A基因编码区段 ,并测定了其全部核苷酸序列 .该编码区长 65 7bp,编码一个长 2 1 9个氨基酸残基的蛋白质 ,其中信号肽长 37个氨基酸残基 ,成熟蛋白质长 1 82个氨基酸残基 ,其分子量为 2 0 k D.将该片段的核苷酸序列与已登录在 Gen Bank中的另外 6个甘薯贮藏蛋白 A基因编码区序列进行比较 ,发现其同源性高达 90 % ,说明甘薯贮藏蛋白 A基因编码区序列具有高度保守性 .虽然 7个基因编码区的核苷酸总变异为 1 0 % ,但在每两个基因之间的比较则表明其核苷酸的变异范围小于 7% .     

Characterization of a novel plant PP2C-like protein Ser/Thr phosphatase as a calmodulin-binding protein

Protein phosphatases regulated by calmodulin (CaM) mediate the action of intracellular Ca2+ and modulate functions of various target proteins by dephosphorylation. In plants, however, the role of Ca2+ in the regulation of protein dephosphorylation is not well understood due to a lack of information on characteristics of CaM-regulated protein phosphatases. Screening of a cDNA library of the moss Physcomitrella patens by using 35S-labeled calmodulin as a ligand resulted in identification of a gene, PCaMPP, that encodes a protein serine/threonine phosphatase with 373 amino acids. PCaMPP had a catalytic domain with sequence similarity to type 2C protein phosphatases (PP2Cs) with six conserved metal-associating amino acid residues and also had an extra C-terminal domain. Recombinant GST fusion proteins of PCaMPP exhibited Mn2+-dependent phosphatase activity, and the activity was inhibited by pyrophosphate and 1 mm Ca2+ but not by okadaic acid, orthovanadate, or beta-glycerophosphate. Furthermore, the PCaMPP activity was increased 1.7-fold by addition of CaM at nanomolar concentrations. CaM binding assays using deletion proteins and a synthetic peptide revealed that the CaM-binding region resides within the basic amphiphilic amino acid region 324-346 in the C-terminal domain. The CaM-binding region had sequence similarity to amino acids in one of three alpha-helices in the C-terminal domain of human PP2Calpha, suggesting a novel role of the C-terminal domains for the phosphatase activity. These results provide the first evidence showing possible regulation of PP2C-related phosphatases by Ca2+/CaM in plants. Genes similar to PCaMPP were found in genomes of various higher plant species, suggesting that PCaMPP-type protein phosphatases are conserved in land plants.