阔叶红松林森林资源可持续利用方案

天保工程实施后,为了促进次生林向原始阔叶红松林恢复,不采红松只采伐阔叶树种的经营方式在长白山地区被广泛应用,部分林区陷入可采伐资源匮乏的困境。为了探究阔叶红松林森林资源可持续利用方案,针对红松(蓄积)比例不同的阔叶红松林次生林,利用林木材积生长方程与保留系数模型,模拟了预设经营方案下林分总蓄积量与可采蓄积量动态变化。研究结果表明,在禁止采伐红松的经营方式下,红松(蓄积)比例较高的次生林将无法达到森林资源可持续利用的目标,次生林的经营方案需要根据林分中红松(蓄积)比例不同而区别制定:对于红松蓄积低于40%的次生林,推荐不采伐红松、20%采伐强度、40a周期的经营方案;对于红松蓄积高于40%的次生林,推荐可以采伐红松、20%采伐强度、30a周期的经营方案。另外,可采蓄积量的恢复期比总蓄积量的恢复期更长,以可采蓄积恢复期作为评价指标,确定采伐周期,更有利于森林资源的可持续利用。     

择伐对阔叶红松林资源可持续利用的影响

科学评估目前的择伐方式对森林结构与功能的影响对区域森林资源的可持续利用具有重要意义。以择伐过的阔叶红松林为研究对象,并以原始林为对照,分析了择伐对物种组成、林分结构以及对木材生产的影响。结果表明,低强度择伐(≤20%)对物种组成和蓄积结构均没有显著影响,而高强度择伐则显著改变了物种组成和蓄积结构。择伐后林分蓄积量均显著小于原始林,不同择伐强度间没有显著差异。择伐显著影响了用材树种的数量和质量,导致择伐后样地中用材树种的株数和蓄积量均显著减少,严重影响了林分的木材持续生产能力。因此,从阔叶红松林木材可持续利用角度来看,需要重新思考红松不作为采伐树种的用材林经营技术模式。     

长白山区阔叶红松林经营历史与研究历程

长白山区位于中国东北东部的山地森林区,地带性植被是阔叶红松林,是我国珍贵木材生产和东北森林带的重要载体,孕育着丰富的物种资源.短短120年来,长白山区广袤的原始森林几乎消失殆尽,被次生林、过伐林和人工林等替代.建国以来,东北的阔叶红松林经营理论与技术在红松更新规律、皆伐与择伐的争论中,在人们对阔叶红松林结构和功能认识不断深入的过程中逐渐完善.但目前红松更新问题依然存在,森林经营依然十分粗放.本文梳理了过去70年来阔叶红松林的经营历史及研究历程,分析当前森林资源类型和经营制度的形成过程,以期为该区天然林可持续经营和质量的精准提升等提供借鉴.     

长白山阔叶红松林树木种群动态的长期监测

基于1981-2016年对长白山阔叶红松林固定样地(面积 1 hm²)4次调查的监测数据,研究了阔叶红松林树种组成与结构的变化特征,分析了各树种的径阶分布、空间分布、数量变化等.结果表明: 35年间,林分的树种组成变化不大,林分总密度呈下降趋势.总胸高断面积和蓄积量分别为 43～45 m²·hm^-2和474～496 m³·hm^-2,其中,红松的优势度最大,胸高断面积和蓄积量分别占57.8%～59.7%和62.5%～65.4%.所有优势树种的空间分布无明显变化,均呈随机分布.其中,红松的径级结构呈近似正态分布,乔木层全部树种的径级结构呈倒 “J” 型分布.小径级(10～26 cm)死亡个体的绝对数量最多,死亡比例为30%,而中径级(30～50 cm)死亡比例最高,为30%～50%.乔木层中除色木槭外的主要树种均没有明显进阶,死亡率高于更新率,特别是红松,完全没有更新或进阶,种群处于衰退状态.原始阔叶红松林中红松、紫椴等优势树种的更新受到阻碍,这些树种的种群维持可能需要自然干扰.     

不同采伐强度对阔叶红松林主要树种空间分布格局和物种空间关联性的影响

分析采伐后森林群落中物种的空间格局有助于认识该格局形成的生态学过程、种群的生物学特性及其与环境因子之间的相互关系,并对制定可持续的森林经营方案具有重要意义。以长白山地区经历不同采伐方式形成的阔叶红松林次生林为研究对象,利用空间点格局分析的研究方法,探讨了采伐对阔叶红松林主要树种空间分布格局、种间关联性以及更新的影响。研究结果显示:较低强度的择伐对阔叶红松林主要树种的空间分布格局、种间关联性的改变较小,群落可以在较短时间内恢复。中等强度的择伐减少了成年树种对幼树的抑制作用,可以促进森林的天然更新。皆伐后,森林的群落结构,物种的空间分布格局、种间关联性都发生显著变化,尽管更新状况良好,但要恢复到伐前水平仍需要较长时间。择伐不仅通过改变主要树种的密度对阔叶红松林群落结构产生影响,还通过改变物种空间关联性改变群落的结构动态。因此,在制定森林生态系统经营管理方案时,不仅要选择适合的采伐强度,还要综合考虑采伐时物种的选择以及种间关系。     

长白山自然保护区阔叶红松林林隙更新的研究

通过对林隙及非林隙林分组成树种数量特征的对比分析,研究了长白山自然保护区阔叶红松林中主要树种对林隙的更新反应特点,阐述了林隙在阔叶红松林结构与多样性维持中的作用．随着林隙与非林隙的交替变化,红松和阔叶树以及主林层和中下层树种的相对优势（或重要性）亦呈现出交替变化的规律．林隙提高了阔叶红松林的物种丰富度,增加了其多样性,为不同特性物种的共存提供了可能,从而保持了阔叶红松林的整体稳定性．     

长白山阔叶红松林主要树种凋落叶分解速率及其与叶性状的关系

阔叶红松林是我国东北地区地带性顶级森林群落,对维持区域生态系统稳定性具有重要作用。对阔叶红松林内主要树种凋落叶分解过程及影响因素进行研究,有助于增加长白山阔叶红松林生态系统的基础数据,为明确阔叶红松林的养分循环和物质流动提供依据。选取了长白山阔叶红松林内30个常见乔灌树种和16个凋落叶性状,采用野外分解袋法和室内样品分析等方法研究了长白山阔叶红松林内主要树种凋落叶分解速率及其与凋落叶性状的关系。1年的野外分解实验表明,30个树种的凋落叶重量损失率表现出较大差异。不同树种凋落叶的重量损失率在20.56%—92.11%之间,以红松(Pinus koraiensis)质量损失率最低,东北山梅花(Philadelphus schrenkii)质量损失率最高。不同生活型树种的凋落叶在质量损失率上存在显著差异,以灌木树种凋落叶的质量损失率最高,小乔木次之,乔木树种质量损失率最低。Olson模型拟合结果表明,不同树种凋落叶的分解速率k以红松最低,瘤枝卫矛(Euonymus verrucosus)最高,分别为0.24和1.64。不同树种分解50%和95%所需的时间分别在0.43—2.86年,1.83—...     

中国东北小兴安岭阔叶红松林更新及其恢复研究

研究了中国东北小兴安岭地区阔叶红松林的更新和红松的生长及其影响因素。研究结果表明由于成树树冠的遮蔽作用所导致的光照减少是制约幼树生长和存活的关键因素。阔叶红松林是该区最典型和稳定的植被类型,但是在过去的50a中,由于皆伐和更新不良导致了它的分布面积和蓄积量的减少。阔叶红松林是地带性“顶极”植被,并通过具有连续性年龄结构的树种有规律的替代和演替过程中不同阔叶树种组成而处于优势地位。这种林型无疑应作为一种重要的基因库加以保护。次生阔叶林是在阔叶红松林受干扰后出现的,但它的种类组成简单,而且结构也很不稳定。因此,必须对现有的林分结构加以调整以利于林分的长期稳定和高产。同时,提出了红松阔叶林的恢复和重建的经营方式。     

长白山阔叶红松林演替序列水分利用效率特征

水分利用效率是反映植物水分利用的客观指标,对其研究有助于了解陆地生态系统的碳水耦合机制。本研究利用稳定碳同位素技术分析了长白山阔叶红松林演替序列下3种林分(中龄杨桦林、成熟杨桦林、阔叶红松林)中优势树种的水分利用效率。结果表明: 3种林分的水分利用效率在不同演替阶段存在阔叶红松林＞中龄杨桦林＞成熟杨桦林的大小顺序,且同一树种在不同林分中水分利用效率不同,中龄杨桦林中山杨和白桦的水分利用效率高于成熟杨桦林,阔叶红松林中水曲柳的水分利用效率远高于其在中龄杨桦林,阔叶红松林中色木槭和蒙古栎的水分利用效率高于其在成熟杨桦林;优势树种的水分利用效率存在木材类型上的差异,总体呈现环孔材树种＞散孔材树种;阔叶红松林优势树种中,阔叶树种和针叶树种的水分利用效率在生长季呈现两种不同的变化趋势,水曲柳、色木槭、蒙古栎、紫椴总体呈现先减小后增加的趋势,而红松呈现先增加后减小的趋势。生长季阔叶红松林的水分利用效率与温度呈显著负相关。不同的水分利用效率是长白山阔叶红松林优势树种适应演替进程、响应气候和环境变化的策略之一。     

采伐对红松种群结构与动态的影响

红松是我国长白山阔叶红松林的主要建群种,受森林采伐的影响,种群数量急剧下降,现已被列为国家二级保护植物。通过绘制种群静态生命表、生存函数、存活曲线和径级分布图,研究原始林,15%择伐、40%择伐和皆伐后恢复的天然次生林内,红松种群结构和动态的变化规律。结果表明:(1)采伐干扰对红松种群的波动周期影响不大,15%的择伐强度可以提高红松种群的生存期望。(2)原始林和15%择伐林内红松种群存活曲线均为DeeveyⅡ型,种群处于稳定期;40%择伐林内存活曲线介于DeeveyⅡ型和DeeveyⅢ型之间,种群由稳定期向成熟期过渡;皆伐林内存活曲线为DeeveyⅠ型,种群处在增长期。(3)原始阔叶红松林林、15%择伐林和40%择伐林内,红松种群径级结构均呈稳定的倒J型,且在幼树阶段均存在生长更新的停滞现象;与原始林相比,15%择伐林内幼树比例略有下降;40%择伐林和皆伐迹地,随采伐强度的增加,幼树比例明显增大。(4)方差分析表明,4个种群的生存过程差异较大,采伐干扰对红松种群生存过程的影响达到显著水平。     

我国东北天然林保护工程区森林植被的碳储量

以东北天然林保护工程区森林生态系统为对象,通过对其主要森林类型进行调查,探讨天保工程经营区划对森林植被固碳现状的影响,并结合已有的东北林区生物量与蓄积量数据库,建立了东北林区主要树种组的生物量-蓄积量回归模型,然后以第7次森林资源清查为基础,对东北天保工程区森林植被碳储量进行估算,以期为全国森林生物量的估算和天保工程的评估提供参考。结果表明,不同经营区之间(重点公益林、一般公益林和商品林)森林植被碳密度的差异并不显著,这可能与天然林保护工程实施初期经营区划的标准、样地的选择以及天保工程实施过程中粗放的管理方式有关。东北天保工程区森林植被碳储量为1045 Tg C,占东北、内蒙古三省森林植被总碳储量的68%;工程区以天然林为主,占工程区总植被碳储量的97%。工程区森林植被平均碳密度为41 Mg/hm2,较东北、内蒙古三省平均植被碳密度高14%;工程区植被碳密度随林龄的增加逐渐增大,由幼龄林的13 Mg/hm2到过熟林的63 Mg/hm2。因此,继续加强天然林保护工程的实施,提高其林分质量,这对未来我国森林碳汇潜力的增加和森林的可持续发展都具有重要的意义。     

Tree water dynamics non-destructively assessed through sap flow measurements and potential evapotranspiration

Sap flow and potential evapotranspiration rates were analyzed for two coniferous tree species (Douglas-fir and Scots pine) and one broadleaf species (sessile oak) in a mixed Carpineto-Quercetum forest during the growing season 2005. The relationship between sap flow and potential evapotranspiration rates, effective crown area as a measure of the relative transpiration and daily relative proportion of the storage water used for transpiration were used as indicators of the tree water dynamics. These indicators were determined on four consecutive days and all three showed good reliability concerning tree water dynamics.     

Spatial Patterns and Predictors of Forest Carbon Stocks in Western Mediterranean

Mediterranean semi-arid forest ecosystems are especially sensitive to external forcing. An understanding of the relationship between forest carbon (C) stock, and environmental conditions and forest structure enable prediction of the impacts of climate change on C stocks and help to define management strategies that maximize the value of forests for C mitigation. Based on the national forest inventory of Spain (1997?C2008 with 70,912 plots), we estimated the forest C stock and spatial variability in Peninsular Spain and, we determined the extent to which the observed patterns of stand C stock can be explained by structural and species richness, climate and disturbances. Spain has an average stand C stock of 45.1?Mg C/ha. Total C stock in living biomass is 621 Tg C (7.8% of the C stock of European forests). The statistical models show that structural richness, which is driven by past land use and life forest history including age, development stage, management activities, and disturbance regime, is the main predictor of stand tree C stock with larger C stocks in structurally richer stands. Richness of broadleaf species has a positive effect on both conifer and broadleaf forests, whereas richness of conifer species shows no significant or even a negative effect on C stock. Climate variables have mainly an indirect effect through structural richness but a smaller direct predictive ability when all predictors are considered. To achieve a greater standing C stock, our results suggest promoting high structural richness by managing for uneven-aged stands and favoring broadleaf over conifer species.     

Development of Tree Regeneration in Fern-dominated Forest Understories After Reduction of Deer Browsing

Dennstaedtia punctilobula (hay‐scented fern) can act as a native invasive species in forests in eastern North America where prolonged deer browsing occurs in stands with partially open overstory canopies. Ferns dominate the understory with a 60‐cm tall canopy, with little regeneration of native tree species. It has been hypothesized that, once established, ferns may continue to inhibit tree regeneration after deer browsing has been reduced. To test this hypothesis, we documented the pattern of recovery of the tree seedling understory in plantations of Pinus strobus (white pine) and Pinus resinosa (red pine) on the Quabbin Reservation watershed protection forest in central Massachusetts, where after 40 years of intensive deer browsing the deer herd was rapidly reduced through controlled hunting. Dense fern understories occur on nearly 4,000 ha of the predominantly oak–pine forest. Three years after deer herd reduction, stands with the highest density fern cover (77% of plots with>90% cover) had significantly fewer seedlings at least 30 cm in height, compared with stands with lower fern density, and those seedlings consisted almost entirely of Betula lenta (black birch) and white pine. Height growth analysis showed that black birch and white pine grew above the height of the fern canopy in 3 and 6 years, respectively. In contrast, two common species, Fraxinus americana (white ash) and Quercus rubra (red oak), grew beneath the dense fern cover for 5 years with height growth less than 5 cm/yr after the first year. A study of spring phenology indicated that the ability of black birch to grow through the fern canopy might have been due to its early leaf development in spring before the fern canopy was formed, in contrast to oak and ash with delayed leaf development. Thus, the ferns showed differential interference among species with seedling development after reduction of deer browse.     

广东翁源青云森林公园6种林分土壤理化特性分析

以广东省翁源县青云森林公园6种不同林分为研究对象,采集土壤样品进行理化性质分析,并利用主成分分析法进行评价,揭示不同林分土壤特性的差异,为森林公园资源保护管理与改造提供依据。结果表明,6种林分土壤理化性质优劣顺序为：白水寨毛竹林 > 天然居针叶混交林 > 下鹿角幼杉林 > 水缸阔叶林 > 烂泥坳桉树林 > 下排马尾松林。     

蒙古栎红松林物种组成和结构动态的研究

 通过对蒙古栎红松林3个年龄阶段物种和结构动态的研究,结果表明,该类型森林的更新状况良好,早期阶段红松(Pinus koraiensis)和阔叶树的更新数量相同,后期更新树种以红松为主;在森林发育早期阶段蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)等阳性树种占优势,中期为红松和阔叶树占优势的混交林,后期形成红松占优势的林分;随着森林的发育,灌木和草本层动态呈现复杂的变化。通过对该类型森林直径分布变化的研究得出,在林分发育的早期,阔叶树中大径级木较多,针叶树中小径级木多,在林分发育的后期呈相反的规律。用理论概率模型拟合直径分布表明,韦布尔概率分布模型是描述蒙古栎红松林直径分布的最适模型。     

采伐对长白山阔叶红松林生态系统碳密度的影响

采伐对森林生态系统碳密度和固碳能力有重要的影响,且影响的程度因采伐强度和方式不同而有巨大差异。以长白山地区原始阔叶红松林在不同采伐方式、采伐强度干扰后形成的次生林为研究对象,通过对2007至2009年建立的11块1 hm2永久样地中植被层、凋落物层和土壤层碳密度在采伐前后变化特征的分析,研究了采伐强度与恢复时间对阔叶红松林生态系统碳密度的影响。结果表明:在短期内,采伐导致了植被层和土壤表层(0—20cm)碳密度值的减少,其中植被碳密度与采伐强度有显著的线性负相关关系(y=-0.9x+91.17,R2=0.626,P<0.01),而后,随着植被的恢复,生态系统碳密度增加,其中植被、土壤层碳密度呈显著线性正相关关系。根据植被碳密度与恢复时间之间的相关关系,确定以生态系统恢复、木材生产与固碳三者兼顾的合适采伐强度为30%,轮伐期为45a。     

Impacts of Selective Logging and Agricultural Clearing on Forest Structure, Floristic Composition and Diversity, and Timber Tree Regeneration in the Ituri Forest, Democratic Republic of Congo

Mature tropical forests at agricultural frontiers are of global conservation concern as the leading edge of global deforestation. In the Ituri Forest of DRC, as in other tropical forest areas, road creation associated with selective logging results in spontaneous human colonization, leading to the clearing of mature forest for agricultural purposes. Following 1-3 years of cultivation, farmlands are left fallow for periods that may exceed 20 years, resulting in extensive secondary forest areas impacted by both selective logging and swidden agriculture. In this study, we assessed forest structure, tree species composition and diversity and the regeneration of timber trees in secondary forest stands (5-10 and ~40 years old), selectively logged forest stands, and undisturbed forests at two sites in the Ituri region. Stem density was lower in old secondary forests (~40 years old) than in either young secondary or mature forests. Overall tree diversity did not significantly differ between forest types, but the diversity of trees ≥10 cm dbh was substantially lower in young secondary forest stands than in old secondary or mature forests. The species composition of secondary forests differed from that of mature forests, with the dominant Caesalpinoid legume species of mature forests poorly represented in secondary forests. However, in spite of prior logging, the regeneration of high value timber trees such as African mahoganies (Khaya anthotheca and Entandrophragma spp.) was at least 10 times greater in young secondary forests than in mature forests. We argue that, if properly managed and protected, secondary forests, even those impacted by both selective logging and small-scale shifting agriculture, may have high potential conservation and economic value.     

Small Spruce Bark Beetle Ips amitinus (Eichhoff, 1872) (Coleoptera,Curculionidae: Scolytinae): a New Alien Species in West Siberia

The small spruce bark beetle Ips amitinus is a widespread species in many European countries that has been actively spreading into Northern Europe in the recent decades. In Russia, I. amitinus is present in the western, northwestern, and northern regions of the European part, with a tendency for range expansion. The species was first recognized in West Siberia in 2019 by characteristic morphological features and molecular genetic analysis. This bark beetle is abundant on Pinus sibirica in Siberian pine forests located near settlements within Tomsk and Kemerovo provinces, and is also sporadically found on the Siberian spruce Picea obovata. It colonizes the upper trunk and branches of standing and windfall trees. In the outbreak foci this bark beetle causes catastrophic drying of Siberian pines, starting from the crown top. This pattern of tree drying was noted for the first time near settlements in Yashkinsky District of Kemerovo Province in 2014, and now outbreak foci of I. amitinus exist in all the Siberian pine forests in this district. The population growth of I. amitinus was probably facilitated by dry and hot summer weather in the southeast of West Siberia during the last decade, in 2011 and 2012, and also by heavy winter snowfalls leaving numerous snapped tree branches which are easily colonized by the pest. In Tomsk Province, the most active outbreak focus of I. amitinus appeared in 2018 in the Siberian pine forest near Luchanovo and Ipatovo, following an outbreak of the Siberian moth Dendrolimus sibiricus. The invasion of I. amitinus in Siberia may increase the degradation rates not only of the gene-reserve Siberian pine forests but also of other dark coniferous stands.