基于MODIS数据的松嫩平原西部芦苇湿地地上生物量遥感估算

芦苇作为湿地生态系统中重要的群落类型,其地上生物量是衡量湿地生态系统质量的关键指标。应用面向对象的土地覆盖分类技术,基于多季相Landsat8 OLI遥感数据,提取松嫩平原西部芦苇湿地分布信息;依托野外实测芦苇地上生物量数据(AGB)和同期MODIS数据源的NDVI、EVI、RVI、MSAVI和WDVI 5种光谱植被指数,探讨不同光谱植被指数对芦苇AGB的敏感性,进而构建松嫩平原西部芦苇AGB遥感估算最优模型,并进行芦苇AGB遥感反演及空间格局分析。结果表明:2014年松嫩平原西部地区芦苇总面积为1653 km~2,其中扎龙湿地自然保护区内芦苇分布面积最大(1178km~2),占区域芦苇总面积的71.3%;所选取的5种植被指数均与芦苇AGB呈极显著正相关(P0.01),基于EVI构建的指数曲线模型为松嫩平原西部芦苇AGB反演的最优模型(R2=0.55)。研究区芦苇平均AGB为372.1g/m~2,AGB总量为6.14×105t,其中扎龙湿地自然保护区内芦苇AGB总量为4.38×105t;各保护区芦苇平均AGB由大到小依次为:向海保护区(469.7 g/m~2)大布苏保护区(454.1 g/m~2)莫莫格保护区(373.0 g/m~2)扎龙保护区(372.4 g/m~2)查干湖保护区(369.8 g/m~2);松嫩平原西部芦苇AGB总体呈现南高北低的分布格局,将为湿地生态系统管理与保护及芦苇资源的合理利用提供科学依据。     

滨海湿地植被-土壤相互作用及其对沉积环境分异的响应格局

开展滨海湿地植被与土壤之间相互作用机制的研究对湿地植被修复工程的实践具有重要的指导意义。本文旨在解析海三棱藨草(Scirpus mariqueter)如何响应湿地土壤沉积环境的改变,并建立植被指数与土壤环境因子之间的统计关系模型。选择南汇东滩滩涂,采集了2015—2017年32个采样点的土壤理化参数数据及高程数据,以及7个采样点的海三菱藨草光谱反射率数据。采用相关分析、回归分析、ArcGIS空间分析等方法,探讨了植被指数、土壤理化参数及滩涂高程变化之间的相互作用。研究将高程变化与NDVI变化的幅度分为12个级别,取中值6作为分析的阈值。结果表明,高程变化值与NDVI变化值同时不低于6的区域占总区域面积的51.45%,主要集中在研究区东部,西部有小范围分布。80.45%的NDVI变化值为级别6及以上区域包含在滩涂高程变化值为级别6以上的区域里,同时,围垦后南汇东滩高程逐年增加,NDVI值也呈增加趋势。这表明,在一定范围里,滩涂高程与植被NDVI变化在空间动态里具有同步性。滩涂高程与土壤理化因子地统计分析表明,高程与土壤盐度、含水率具有统计显著性的空间相关性,土壤盐度、含水率是显著影响海三棱藨草群落空间分布的主导土壤因子。研究表明,沉积环境分异所导致的高程变化是海三棱藨草空间分布的主要控制因素,而基于NDVI的植被指数研究有利于从宏观上把握植被群落的变化及扩散的整体格局动态。     

鄱阳湖湿地地下水埋深及其与典型植被群落分布的关系

地下水位直接影响土壤含水量,进而影响湿地植被生长、分布和演替。本研究以鄱阳湖湿地为研究区,基于2014—2018年地下水位野外定点观测数据,分析湿地地下水年内与年际动态变化特征,构建鄱阳湖湿地地下水数值模型,分析地下水流场空间特征以及地下水埋深分布,结合高斯回归方法分析地下水埋深与典型植被分布之间的关系。结果表明: 年内洲滩湿地地下水位呈明显的动态变化,且地下水位与湖水位变化高度一致。地下水埋深年内变化与降水量季节性分布之间存在1个月的滞后。年际洲滩湿地地下水位由上游向下游呈减小趋势,且上游洲滩湿地地下水埋深变幅较小(0.1～1.1 m),下游洲滩湿地地下水埋深变幅较大(0.1～5.6 m)。研究区地下水流场由上游丘陵地区指向下游地势相对平坦的湖区,其流向与地形高程变化一致。研究区平均地下水埋深为2.07 m,且由远湖区至近湖区,地下水埋深不断减小。苔草、芦苇、茵陈蒿群落生长的最适地下水埋深分别为1.1、3.7、5.7 m;典型植被的分布对地下水埋深梯度的响应差异显著;茵陈蒿群落的生态幅宽大于苔草和芦苇群落;3种植被群落在地下水埋深1.1～5.7 m范围内出现生态位重叠现象,其中,苔草植被分布指数迅速减小,芦苇植被分布指数先增大后减小,茵陈蒿植被分布指数持续增至最大值,在地下水埋深达到5.7 m后开始减小。     

苏干湖湿地植被地上生物量空间格局及其对水盐的响应

地上生物量是反映湿地植物群落数量特征和生产能力的重要因子,内陆盐沼湿地植被地上生物量空间分布格局及其水盐响应机制,对湿地生态水文学研究具有重要的理论意义。采用湿地群落学调查和支持向量回归模型（SVR）相结合的方法,将苏干湖湿地划分为山洪区、泉水区等5个分区,研究了植被地上生物量的空间异质及其影响因素。结果表明：支持向量回归模型在内陆盐沼湿地植被地上生物量反演方面具有较高的拟合精度;苏干湖不同区域湿地植物群落地上生物量空间格局呈现出复杂的空间分异规律,对地下水埋深和土壤全盐量的响应也存在明显差异：河洪区的植被地上生物量随地下水埋深、土壤全盐量的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势,湖水区的植被地上生物量与地下水埋深呈显著正相关关系,而土壤全盐量则相反,山洪区的植被地上生物量随地下水埋深的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势,泉水区的植被地上生物量随地下水埋深的增加逐渐减小,台地区的植被地上生物量与地下水埋深和土壤全盐量均无显著相关性。苏干湖湿地不同等级植被地上生物量在空间上呈现出多斑块组成的镶嵌体结构形态,体现了湿地植物应对土壤水盐等环境因子变化的生态适应机制。     

基于环境卫星数据的黄河湿地植被生物量反演研究

回归模型拟合植被指数与生物量的定量关系是植被生物量反演的重要研究方法之一.研究在此基础上,基于环境卫星遥感数据和同步野外实地采样数据,以郑州黄河湿地自然保护区为试验区,比较MLRM(多元线性回归模型)与SCRM(一元曲线回归模型)反演植被生物量的能力,并估算研究区植被生物量,生成研究区生物量分布图.结果表明,文中所建立的MLRM在研究区具有较好的反演精度和预测能力.其模型显著性检验为极显著,相关系数为0.9791,模型拟合精度达到29.8 g/m2,其模型预测结果系统误差为49.9g/m2,均方根误差为67.2 g/m2,预测决定系数为0.8742,比传统的一元回归模型具有更高的精度和可靠性.估算研究区域2010年8月湿生植被生物量约为6.849199 t/hm2,相对误差为4.73％.     

宁夏灵武白芨滩自然保护区植被覆盖变化地形效应

基于MODIS—NDVI时序数据,运用ArcGIS软件,采取植被指数法和趋势分析法,估算了宁夏灵武白芨滩国家级自然保护区2000—2019年植被覆盖度,分析研究了植被覆盖变化趋势及其与地形因子的关系.结果表明:该保护区植被覆盖度由波动变化不明显逐渐变为波动上升趋势.植被覆盖类型以低覆盖度和中覆盖度类型为主.随着高程的增...     

莱州湾滨海柽柳林湿地植被碳储量的分布特征及其影响因素

莱州湾南岸的柽柳林湿地是我国北方现存面积最大的柽柳林滨海湿地,也是我国“南红北柳”生态工程的重要组成部分.本文基于2014年8月在昌邑海洋生态特别保护区的调查资料,研究了该湿地植被生物量、碳储量的空间分布特征及其影响因素.结果表明: 该湿地植被生物量为949.0 g·m^-2,植被碳储量为393.1 g·m^-2,基本呈中部高、东西部低的分布特征;植被各部分生物量、碳储量均表现为:地上部>地下部>凋落物.该区域主要有柽柳、碱蓬2个单优群落和4个混生群落,植被碳储量以柽柳群落最高,混生群落居中,碱蓬群落最低.受北部潮间带防潮坝的影响,表层土壤的含水量和电导率均不高,土壤盐分不是植被碳储量的主控因子,植被碳储量主要受土壤的营养盐状况(全氮和全磷)和粒径结构(粉粒含量)的影响.土壤水文条件的改变造成了植被群落的演替,在由耐盐群落(盐地碱蓬群落)向轻耐盐群落(茵陈蒿群落、狗尾草群落等)的演替过程中,植被碳储量增大.     

地形对草甸草原植被生产力分布格局的影响

草原植被生产力在陆地生态系统碳平衡分析中扮演重要角色,而地形作为影响植被生产力(NPP)分布格局的重要环境因子在已有的草原遥感监测研究中没有被充分重视。以USGS和GLCF共享MODIS和DEM数据为数据源,选取呼伦贝尔辉河湿地保护区草甸草原核心区为研究对象,在地面光谱生物量模型构建的基础上,采用ARCGIS的空间分析功能对呼伦贝尔草甸草原2000—2012年的NPP分布格局进行了分析。研究结果表明,地形对草甸草原植被生产力分布格局有显著的影响。在海拔高度、坡度和坡向等3个地形因子中,海拔高度引起的NPP变化幅度最大,坡度次之,坡向最小。在总体特征上,海拔高度每升高10m,生产力增加4.78 g/m2;坡度每增加1°生产力增加-1.42 g/m2;N坡向植被生产力水平最高(184.8 g/m2),西南(SW)坡向最低(173.3 g/m2)。从不同地形因子的分布面积特点判断,地形对草甸草原NPP的影响尺度介于土壤环境异质性和草场类型异质性之间。不同生产力水平年份对生产力分布格局的影响趋势一致,但变化幅度不同,在中等生产力水平年份NPP变幅最大。     

青海省东部农业区植被覆盖时空演变遥感监测与分析

基于象元二分模型,利用MODIS植被指数产品定量估算研究区2000—2009年生长季(4—9月)植被覆盖度,采用相关系数法和有序聚类分析方法对植被覆盖度时空变化趋势及突变进行了分析,并结合DEM分析其对地形因子的响应。结果显示:1)研究区2000—2009年整体植被覆盖度在波动中呈不显著增加趋势,其中2001年是显著突变年份,表明研究区植被覆盖度发生比较显著的变化;2)通过对地形因子的响应分析,植被覆盖度在高程2500m和4100m,坡度4°和26°发生突变;对各高程带、坡度带植被覆盖度年际变化趋势及突变年份进行分析,获得了各带的变化趋势及其突变年份。对研究获得的结果进行讨论,结果表明:研究区降水量的变化及退耕还林措施是植被覆盖度变化的重要影响因素,其中退耕还林措施对植被覆盖度变化的影响较大。     

基于遥感空间信息的武夷山国家级自然保护区植被覆盖度变化与生态质量评估

成立于1979年的武夷山国家级自然保护区,是中国东南部面积最大、保留最为完整的中亚热带森林生态系统,对其成立40年以来的植被及其生态质量的变化迄今并无研究涉及。本研究选取1979—2017年的5景Landsat系列影像,借助MODIS的归一化植被指数(NDVI)数据对Landsat影像的NDVI数据进行植被的时相纠正,通过计算植被覆盖度(FVC)和遥感生态指数(RSEI)来评估武夷山国家级自然保护区植被覆盖度及其生态质量的变化。结果表明: 通过近40年的保护,保护区的植被覆盖度有明显提升,从1979年的73.6%上升到2017年的89.5%;生态质量也随之上升,从1988年的0.801上升到2017年的0.823。2017年,整个保护区生态质量为优、良等级的面积占总面积的98.7%。从空间分布来看,生态变好的区域主要分布在东北核心区和西南核心区中部;变差的区域主要分布于道路两侧和山顶。在垂直高程上,以高程1300~1900 m范围内的植被覆盖度和生态质量最好。除了局部年份可能受到气候的影响外,武夷山国家级自然保护区植被和生态质量的改善主要得益于当地政府的有效政策和群众的积极保护。     

基于植物多样性特征的武汉市城市湖泊湿地植被分类保护和恢复

湿地植被多样性特征及其影响因素的调查分析是湿地植被保护与恢复策略制定的基础。借鉴生物多样性热点分析原理,在武汉市城市湖泊湿地植物多样性调查的基础上,研究了湖泊湿地的植被多样性特征,探讨了城市湖泊湿地植被分类保护与恢复对策。结果表明,武汉市湿地维管束植物的物种丰富度、植物多样性、优势度和均匀度指数在各湖泊间的变化趋势较为一致,但在空间变化幅度上存在一定差异。按照物种丰富度、多样性、优势度、均匀度、湿地植被群丛数目,以及典型湿地植物的物种所占比例、丰富度和优势度的差异,可将调查涉及的26个典型湖泊湿地分为原生植被湖泊、次生植被湖泊、人工植被湖泊和退化植被湖泊4类。原生植被湖泊应建立相对严格的湿地保护区,优先保护原有湿地植被。次生植被湖泊最多,城市发展区内的次生植被湖泊应建立30-100m的植被缓冲带,促进植被自然恢复和发育;而农业区的次生植被湖泊应引导和规范湖泊周围的农业生产模式,以减少人类活动干扰。人工植被湖泊应通过建立城市湿地公园,人工促进植被的近自然恢复。而退化植被湖泊则应尽快采用生态工程法促进湿地植被生境改善,并积极开展近自然湿地植被重建与恢复。     

Fire severity affects vegetation and seed bank in a wetland

Questions: How does the severity of prescribed fires affect vegetation and seed bank in a wetland? Location: A fire‐prone reed swamp in northern Japan (250 ha, 40°49′N, 141°22′E, <10 m a.s.l.). Methods: Vegetation, biomass and seed bank were monitored for the 2 yr after annual prescribed fires were discontinued. Plant communities were placed into three categories based on fire severity: high (H) – fire consumed litter completely; moderate (M) – fire removed standing litter but left wet fallen litter; and low (L) – fire incompletely removed standing litter and did not remove fallen litter. Soil samples were collected in autumn 2007 and early summer 2008, and germinable seed bank was investigated by greenhouse trials. Results: High fire severity increased diversity in the next growing season by the establishment of short herbs in the standing vegetation. The biomass of forbs and grasses was greater in H where Phragmites australis biomass was reduced. The density of seed bank was >30 000 seeds m^?2 throughout all the treatments. Perennial plants were dominant in the vegetation, while annuals, biennials and rushes were dominant in the seed bank. Small seeds were more abundant in the soil than in the litter. Qualitative and quantitative similarities between seed bank and the vegetation were low, and tended to be higher in H. Conclusions: Fire contributed to the development of diverse standing vegetation via the positive effects on seed bank dynamics, and can be considered a tool to maintain species‐rich marshes.     

The relationship between nutrient availability,shoot biomass and species richness in grassland and wetland communities

The relationship was studied between shoot biomass, nutrient concentration in the soil and number of species per unit area. The study was carried out in two different parts of the Netherlands, the Gelderse Vallei (east of Amersfoort) and the Westbroekse Zodden (northwest of Utrecht). Four series of vegetation and soil samples were taken: one series in grassland and wetland communities, one series in grassland communities, one series in fen communities and one series in only one wetland community. The two series in grassland communities show a negative correlation between shoot biomass and species number and a positive correlation between shoot biomass and nutrient concentration in the soil. The opposite was found in the series in the fen communities: there was a positive correlation between species number and shoot biomass and a negative correlation between shoot biomass and nutrient concentrations. The series of samples that had been taken in only one wetland community showed an optimum curve for the relation between shoot biomass and number of species. It is concluded that in the plant communities studied the species richness per unit area increases with increasing productivity at low production levels (< 400–500 g/m²) and decreases with increasing productivity at higher production levels (> 400–500 g/m²).     

Variation in vegetation and seed banks of freshwater lakes with contrasting intensity of aquaculture along the Yangtze River, China

We examined species composition and richness in the seed banks and established vegetation in lakes along the Yangtze River with two contrasting aquaculture types: pen-culture lakes, characterized by pen-culture of commercial fish and crab, and lake-culture lake with more intensive stocking of the entire lake. The mean live biomass and species richness of submerged vegetation was significantly reduced or absent in lake-culture lakes (0-159 g m⁻² and 0-0.3 species per sample, respectively), compared to those with pen-culture lakes (1552-2971 g m⁻² and 1.5-3.2 species per sample, respectively) in all three study years. Also mean seedling density and species richness of seed banks were significantly lower in these lake-culture lakes (133 m⁻² vs. 265 m⁻² and 0.6 species vs. 0.9 species per sample, respectively). These results suggest that intensive aquaculture in these lakes has had serious negative effects on submerged vegetation and the associated seed banks. Vegetation history was partly reflected by distribution patterns of seed banks across sediment depth strata. A principal component analysis produced a very clear separation of lakes from pen-culture and lake-culture on the basis of their species composition. Moreover, the principal component analysis also indicated that the variation in the soil seed bank corresponded poorly with vegetation data. This probably reflects species-specific strategies for seed production.     

1998年特大洪水后鄱阳湖自然保护区主要湖泊水生植被的恢复

鄱阳湖自然保护区的湖泊是相对独立于鄱阳湖主体湖的一个区域,是国际重要湿地。1998年的特大洪水导致湖泊中水生植物的地上部分大量毁灭。通过1999年和2001年的植被调查,并与历史资料比较,探讨了特大洪水干扰后的植被恢复动态。结果表明,1999年湖泊水生植物的种类和生物量均低于干扰前的水平;2001年物种种类已经恢复,苦草(Vallisneria spp．)和黑藻(Hydrialla verticillata)的生物量已超过干扰前的水平,但其它物种的生物量仍较低,尚处于恢复的初始阶段。据此推断,物种问恢复速度的差异主要与物种的无性繁殖方式有关。鄱阳湖自然保护区湖泊的植被恢复不同于温带和其它亚热带的湖泊,不经历轮藻(Chara spp．)作为先锋优势种的阶段,苦草和黑藻可以作为先锋种首先在湖泊中恢复。这可能与鄱阳湖作为通江湖泊其水位频繁波动、轮藻不易定居有关。研究显示,洪水导致的水生植物生物量下降和物种数目减少只是短期现象,湖泊水生植物能在几年内恢复到干扰前的水平。     

Establishment of the Baikalian endemic amphipod Gmelinoides fasciatus Stebb. in Lake Ladoga

Gmelinoides fasciatus Stebb., a small amphipod from the Lake Baikal basin, was discovered in July 1988 in Lake Ladoga, the largest European lake. G. fasciatus likely invaded Lake Ladoga as a consequence of its intentional introduction, aimed at enhancing fish production, in some Karelian Isthmus lakes close to Lake Ladoga's western shore in the early 1970's. Benthos studies conducted in 1989 and 1990 revealed that G. fasciatus was well established in littoral communities along the western and northern shores of Lake Ladoga. G. fasciatus was the dominant species in these littoral communities and contributed over 70% of the macroinvertebrate biomass. The species was abundant in different macrophyte beds and stony littoral areas, both in heavily polluted and undisturbed sites. The maximum abundance and biomass of G. fasciatus was about 54,000 ind m^–2 and 160 g (wet wt.) m^–2. Negative impacts of G. fasciatus on native species have been observed. Studies are needed to identify the effects of G. fasciatus on the functioning of littoral communities and to predict and control the spread of this amphipod.     

Phytoplankton biomass and primary productivity of of Lake Leake and Tooms Lake,Tasmania

Phytoplankton biomass and primary productivity were studied in two lakes in eastern Tasmania. Low standing crops (7–746 and 42–180 mm³m⁻³ for Lake Leake and Tooms Lake respectively) and low primary productivity (approx. 9 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹ for both lakes) indicate extreme oligotrophy. During a period when biomass remained constant in Lake Leake the hourly assimilation rate in constant light conditions varied seasonally, indicating physiological adjustment by the algae (“light adaptation”). The relationships between plankton biomass and carbon assimilation are discussed.     

Relationship between the hydrological conditions and the distribution of vegetation communities within the Poyang Lake National Nature Reserve,China

Hydrological characteristics have been recognized as major driving forces for wetland vegetation. The water cycle and hydrological processes of wetland are increasingly influenced by the ongoing climate change and more intensive human activities, which may in turn affect the distribution and structure of vegetation communities. Poyang Lake, located on the south bank of the lower reach of Yangtze River, receives inflows from five tributaries and discharges to the Yangtze River. The unique hydrological conditions of the Poyang Lake wetland create abundant wetland vegetation communities. As a major national hydraulic project, the Three Gorges Dam across the Yangtze River has changed the water regime of Poyang Lake and hence may affect the vegetation distribution. This work aims to investigate the influences of hydrological properties on vegetation structure at broad spatial and temporal scales. Histograms and sensitivity index are used to link the hydrological processes with the vegetation distribution across the Poyang Lake National Nature Reserve. The results show that different vegetation communities react differently to the hydrological conditions. Specifically, certain communities, e.g. Carex and Eremochloa ophiuroides, are able to survive a wide variety of mean water depth and percent time inundated, while others, like Carex–Polygonum criopolitanum, are found to be relatively sensitive to hydrological conditions. It is suggested that this work provides a new insight for evaluating the impact of hydro-engineering projects on vegetation communities and wetland vegetation restoration.     

黄河三角洲自然保护区湿地植被生物量空间分布及其影响因素

以黄河三角洲自然保护区为研究区域,以野外实测湿地植被地上生物量数据、Landsat-8影像数据和土壤各因子检测数据为数据源,通过分析各遥感因子与实测植被生物量的相关关系,建立生物量模型,进行生物量的定量反演。通过研究生物量与土壤、水环境因子的关系,筛选影响生物量的关键因子,进而分析生物量的空间分布规律。结果表明:湿地植被地上生物量的干重与各遥感因子的相关性较高;以NDVI、EVI、MSAVI、DVI、RVI、Band1、Band2、Band3、Band4、Band6共10个因子作为自变量建立的反演模型最优;反演计算的生物量干重分为5个等级区,最低的1级区和最高的5级区面积较小,为82.23、72.16 km2,分别占研究区湿地植被总面积的13.35%、11.71%。生物量干重适中的2、3、4级区所占面积较大,为211.99、136.39、113.29 km2,分别占研究区湿地植被总面积的34.41%、22.14%、18.39%;在各环境因子中水深对芦苇生物量干重影响最大,土壤含水率对碱蓬生物量干重影响最大,水、盐条件是导致优势种植被生物量干重出现空间分异的主导因素;植被生物量干重呈现由陆向海减小,由黄河河道两岸向外递减的趋势。