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1.
研究了五指山黑桫椤(Alsophila podophylla)种群密度、高度和胸径等基本特征及种群与立木密度和土壤因子的关系.结果表明:山地雨林和低地雨林黑桫椤平均密度及立木平均密度各自差异极显著,黑桫椤平均高度和平均胸径各自差异不显著.低地雨林黑桫椤平均密度(0.12 ind·m-2)是山地雨林(0.06 ind·m-2)的2倍,后者的立木平均密度(0.467 ind·m-2)是前者(0.343 ind·m-2)的1.4倍,在一定海拔范围内,随海拔升高,黑桫椤种群密度逐渐减少,立木平均密度增大.山地雨林黑桫椤平均密度与平均高度正相关,黑桫椤种群趋于稳定;低地雨林中两者负相关,黑桫椤种群呈增长型,其相关关系都可用二项式方程拟合.山地雨林黑桫椤平均密度与立木平均密度负相关,低地雨林中两者正相关,相关关系可用一元线性方程拟合.山地雨林与低地雨林比较,土壤有机质、全氮、水含量和pH总体上表现为增大趋势,而全磷和全钾含量总体上表现为下降趋势;黑桫椤种群平均密度、高度和胸径与土壤pH、全磷含量和全钾含量关系密切,各自可用二元线性回归方程拟合;3个土壤因子对黑桫椤的作用大小是全钾含量>pH>全磷含量.可以根据以上模型指导黑桫椤保护、繁殖和栽培研究.  相似文献   

2.
采用样方法对桃源洞国家级自然保护区的牛石坪南方铁杉(Tsuga chinensis)群落和梨树洲南方铁杉群落进行调查,分析群落种类组成和结构特征;采用Shannon-Weiner指数、Simpson指数和Pielou均匀度指数研究群落各层的物种多样性;依据径级频率分布分析2个南方铁杉群落中南方铁杉种群的年龄结构和更新状况。结果表明:(1)桃源洞的2个南方铁杉群落中常绿植物占优势,群落有一定的季相变化,夏季呈暗绿色,秋冬淡黄绿色。(2)牛石坪南方铁杉群落共有维管植物13科21属26种,梨树洲南方铁杉群落共有维管植物22科30属36种;地理成分分析表明温带成分明显高于热带成分,表现为亚热带山地性质。(3)群落垂直结构可分为乔木层(进一步分为乔木上层、乔木中层、乔木下层3个亚层)、灌木层和草本层。(4)2个群落的Shannon-Wiener指数和Simpson指数均为乔木下层乔木中层灌木层乔木上层,Pielou均匀度指数为乔木中层和乔木下层乔木上层和灌木层。(5)牛石坪南方铁杉群落的优势种群为马银花(Rhododendron ovatum)、南方铁杉、尖连蕊茶(Camellia cuspidata)和鹿角杜鹃(Rhododendron latoucheae),梨树洲南方铁杉群落的优势种群为银木荷(Schima argentea)、南方铁杉、鹿角杜鹃和背绒杜鹃(Rhododendron hypoblematosum)。(6)根据年龄结构和生存分析,牛石坪的南方铁杉种群为衰退型,低龄级个体和种群数量都严重不足,难以实现自然更新;梨树洲的南方铁杉种群为增长型,低龄级个体数较丰富,年龄结构分布基本连续,惟其群落郁闭度较高,自我更新还存在一定的挑战。根据以上结果建议对牛石坪的南方铁杉群落进行就地保护和适当人为干扰,对梨树洲群落加强后续监测工作。  相似文献   

3.
西双版纳热带雨林与海南热带雨林的比较研究   总被引:25,自引:2,他引:23  
西双版纳的热带雨林与海南低地热带雨林和热带季雨林有基本一致的植物区系组成,群落中优势科无论在种数百分比还是重要值排名上均较接近,显然属于同样性质的植物区系。在生态特征上,西双版纳热带雨林群落高大,分层不明显,B层为林冠层,散生巨树常见,在生活型谱上以高位芽植物占绝对优势,大、中高位芽植物相对较多,落叶树种比例小;以中叶、纸质,全缘和复叶比例较高为特征,具有最接近海南低地湿润雨林的群落垂直结构和生态外貌,其雨林特点虽不如湿润雨林浓厚,但明显强于海南的热带常绿季雨林和山地雨林,海南常绿季雨林群落高度明显较矮,小叶比例通常较高,革质叶比例亦较高,群落具遥明显的旱生特点,海南的山地雨林群落高度较矮,A层连续,成为林冠,无散生巨树,分层明显,在生活型谱上大高位芽植物比例减少,附生植物丰富,并具有相当比例的地面芽植物;叶级虽以中叶占优势,但通常革质,非全缘和单叶比例较高,明显由于热量不足的影响而带有亚热带森林特色,在物种多样性上,西双版纳热带雨林的乔木物种多样性指数似乎与海南的低地热带雨林相当,低于海南的山地雨林群落,海南的热带雨林群落种类丰富度不同人研究的结果差异较大,如果这些用于比较的数据可靠和具有可比性的话,西双版纳热带雨林的物种多样性要比海南的山地雨林低。  相似文献   

4.
为了解中国特有孑遗植物银杉( Cathaya argyrophylla Chun et Kuang)的生存现状,对位于湖南八面山脚盆辽的银杉+南方铁杉﹝Tsuga chinensis var. tchekiangensis ( Flous) Cheng et L. K. Fu﹞+甜槠﹝Castanopsis eyrei ( Champ.) Tutch.﹞-猴头杜鹃( Rhododendron simiarum Hance)群落进行调查,分析其群落特征及种群年龄结构,比较分布在不同区域的6个银杉群落中种子植物属的分布区类型及其相似性系数;在此基础上,讨论了银杉群落的残遗性特征。结果显示:脚盆辽银杉群落共有维管植物66种,包括蕨类植物4种和种子植物62种(裸子植物4种、被子植物58种);该群落乔木层的主要优势种为甜槠、猴头杜鹃、银杉和南方铁杉,重要值分别为13.12%、9.28%、8.86%和7.49%;该群落的Simpson和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数分别为0.94和3.20, Pielou均匀度指数Jsw和Jsi分别为0.81和0.92,说明该群落物种多样性偏低但物种分布均匀,与中亚热带山地的暖性针阔叶混交林特征一致。从生活型谱看,该群落中各频度百分比由高至低依次为A级、B级、C级、D级、E级,与Raunkiaer标准频度图谱基本一致,表明该群落整体上处于较为稳定的亚顶极状态。从银杉种群年龄结构看,种群中幼龄个体占一定比例,但80~180 a的中龄个体比例偏低;从该群落优势种的径级结构看,甜槠、猴头杜鹃和鹿角杜鹃( Rhododendron latoucheae Franch.)种群为增长型种群,而银杉、南方铁杉和福建柏﹝Fokienia hodginsii ( Dunn) Henry et Thomas﹞种群为衰退型种群。从脚盆辽银杉群落种子植物属的分布区类型看,温带分布型属占51.06%,略高于热带分布型属(占48.94%),说明该区域属于热带亚热带过渡区;除纬度外,海拔也能够在一定程度上影响其分布区类型组成。在处于粤北、粤桂山地和贵州高原3个植物区系亚地区的6个银杉群落中,种子植物属分布区类型的相似性系数为0.35~0.67,群落建群种所在属如铁杉属﹝Tsuga ( Endlicher) Carrière﹞、润楠属( Machilus Nees)、水青冈属( Fagus Linn.)和福建柏属( Fokienia Henry et Thomas)等在各群落间有相似性和共通性,且多为古老成分和孑遗成分,表明现存的银杉群落具有相近的变迁历史,分布地域具有明显的亚热带山地避难所特征,体现出其演替过程的残遗性和保守性。研究结果表明:在银杉群落中适度疏通林窗,降低林下郁闭度,有利于银杉幼树的生长,使银杉种群得到可持续更新和演替。  相似文献   

5.
海南贪岛霸王岭山地雨林群落的结构特征   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
本文在2.75ha永久样地的调查资料的基础上,分析了海南岛霸王岭山地雨林的区系组成和群落的外貌、水平结构及垂直结构。在区系组成方面,山地雨林与热带雨林及亚热带常绿阔叶林关系密切,其群落外貌富有热带雨林的特征。应用年龄结构曲线来分析群落和种群的发展趋势,表明该群落是一稳定发展的群落,其乔木层可分为3层:第一层高22.5-25m,集二层高15-22.5m,第三层高5-15m。  相似文献   

6.
永定桫椤群落的结构特征   总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13  
在相邻格子抽样调查的基础上,分析了福建省永定桫椤[Alsophila spinulosa(Wall.ex Hook.)Tryon]群落的种类组成、重要值、种内与种间的竞争指数、水平结构和垂直结构特征。该群落共有植物186种,隶属于75个科132属,植物种类丰富。该群落乔木种群的重要值,以及桫椤与其他优势种群种内和种间的竞争指数表明,该群落由多个种群共建而成,初步认定有5个共建种群或优势种群。在水平空间上,5个可能的共建种群均服从聚集分布,在垂直空间上层次分化明显。通过分析表明永定桫椤群落是保存完好、结构典型、物种丰富多样的珍贵群落,应很好加以保护。  相似文献   

7.
 以海南岛霸王岭自然保护区1 hm2老龄原始林样地的调查材料为基础,分析了热带山地雨林群落的组成、高度结构、径级结构及有关的树种多样性特征。结果表明:霸王岭热带山地雨林树种较丰富,物种多样性指数较高。树种数和树木的密度都随高度级、径级的增加而呈负指数或负幂函数递减;热带山地雨林不同高度级、不同径级和不同小样方斑块内的树种数都与树木密度呈显著的正相关关系。热带山地雨林经过自然的演替达到老龄顶极群落后,最后进入主林层的只是少部分树种的少数个体。  相似文献   

8.
从植物群落组成和结构的角度研究森林群落的演替规律,是探究森林群落的退化与恢复过程及相关机制的重要途径,对于指导天然林保护和恢复具有重要理论价值和实践意义。2018年,对面积为9.6 hm~2的武夷山亚热带常绿阔叶林样地进行了第2轮调查,并从重要值、物种多度、物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson指数、Margalef丰富度指数、Pielou均匀度指数、死亡率、补员率、种群大小变化率、相对适合度、胸径变异系数等角度分析了乔木层群落动态。结果表明:2018年的乔木个体为48科88属174种,较2013年增加了1种。Margalef丰富度指数上升,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson指数、Pielou均匀度指数均略有下降。DBH≥1 cm的乔木个体从68336个减少到63897个,共死亡7430个个体,补员2991个个体。群落的年死亡率为2.30%,年补员率为0.96%,种群大小变化率为-1.34%,相对适合度为0.42。群落的平均胸径从5.02(±0.02) cm上升为5.49(±0.03) cm。28个重要值之和由71.92%下降为71.81...  相似文献   

9.
采用样地调查法,对赣中南观光木种群及群落特征进行了研究.结果表明:观光木种群分布格局呈集群分布,径级结构为衰退型.观光木所在群落有维管植物60科94属112种,植物生活型以高位芽植物为主,占总种数的69.64%.植物区系起源古老,成分复杂,具有明显的热带性质.群落除Pielou指数较高外,其它各种多样性指数偏低,各样地间多样性指数有一定的差异;测度观光木所在群落物种多样性时,4种多样性指数未表现出相同的趋势,Simpson指数和Pielou指数在群落不同层次的变化规律为:灌木层>草本层>乔木层,Shannon-wiener指数和物种丰富度指数在群落不同层次的变化规律为:灌木层>乔木层>草本层.观光木本身的生物学特性和人类掠夺式的破坏是导致观光木种群濒危的主要原因.  相似文献   

10.
针对山东省大青山省级自然保护区典型植物群落,设置21个样方,分析主要乔木种群和群落特征.结果表明:1)大青山样方内共发现维管植物111种,其中乔木29种、灌木14种、草本植物68种,群落植物种类少,物种多样性低.2)29种乔木根据径级结构划分为13种扩展种、2种隐退种,5种稳定侵入种、6种随机侵入种和3种随机隐退种.主要乔木种群径级结构型为2种:黑松种群、栓皮栎种群、麻栎种群、小叶朴种群、黄檀种群、君迁子种群和槲树种群为增长型;刺槐种群和赤松种群为稳定型.大青山群落乔木整体上为增长型群落.3)大青山乔木层物种丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Simpson多样性指数从高到低依次为赤松林、黑松林、刺槐林,而Pielou均匀度指数从高到低依次为黑松林、赤松林、刺槐林,显示赤松更适合作为大青山造林树种.  相似文献   

11.
The availability of phosphorus (P) can limit net primary production (NPP) in tropical rainforests growing on highly weathered soils. Although it is well known that plant roots release organic acids to acquire P from P-deficient soils, the importance of organic acid exudation in P-limited tropical rainforests has rarely been verified. Study sites were located in two tropical montane rainforests (a P-deficient older soil and a P-rich younger soil) and a tropical lowland rainforest on Mt. Kinabalu, Borneo to analyze environmental control of organic acid exudation with respect to soil P availability, tree genus, and NPP. We quantified root exudation of oxalic, citric, and malic acids using in situ methods in which live fine roots were placed in syringes containing nutrient solution. Exudation rates of organic acids were greatest in the P-deficient soil in the tropical montane rainforest. The carbon (C) fluxes of organic acid exudation in the P-deficient soil (0.7?mol?C?m?2?month?1) represented 16.6% of the aboveground NPP, which was greater than those in the P-rich soil (3.1%) and in the lowland rainforest (4.7%), which exhibited higher NPP. The exudation rates of organic acids increased with increasing root surface area and tip number. A shift in vegetation composition toward dominance by tree species exhibiting a larger root surface area might contribute to the higher organic acid exudation observed in P-deficient soil. Our results quantitatively showed that tree roots can release greater quantities of organic acids in response to P deficiency in tropical rainforests.  相似文献   

12.
海南五指山热带山地雨林主要种群结构特征分析   总被引:31,自引:2,他引:29  
对海南五指山热带山地雨林线枝蒲桃、毛荔枝、鸭脚木、谷木、山苦茶和海南柿6 个主要种群进行年龄结构分析,结果表明这6 个种群均为增长型结构,现处于发展阶段.这些种群的发展状况将直接决定五指山热带山地雨林未来的类型.同时对其中的线枝蒲桃进行静态生命表和波谱分析,结果表明线枝蒲桃种群的动态过程存在周期性,其更新与林窗有密切关系.  相似文献   

13.
基于地理格局对西双版纳热带雨林的干湿度梯度效应和生态化学计量学的研究思路,结合野外试验监测和室内分析,对西双版纳热带雨林土壤-植物系统元素化学计量特征对海拔和干湿度效应响应进行了研究探讨,结果发现:西双版纳热带雨林土壤和叶片碳氮磷化学计量特征均不同程度的受到海拔和干湿季影响。季雨林与山地雨林的水热梯度受海拔梯度重要影响,随海拔梯度升高,土壤含水率变化显著,且含水率在干湿季均对土壤有机碳(SOC)存在显著影响(P0.01),雨季其对土壤全氮(STN)和土壤全磷(STP)的影响要显著于干季;叶片全磷(TP)随含水率的增大而升高,而叶片全氮(TN)在干季会随含水率的升高而增大,雨季含水率升高到一定程度时会抑制TN含量的增加并出现单峰现象;而土壤C/P与海拔和干季土壤含水率的极显著相关性(P0.01)及干季叶片C/N与叶片含水率的显著相关关系(P0.05)说明,干季水分匮乏条件下,土壤含水率影响土壤P的矿化度和植物对P的吸收利用水平,而且叶片C/N对反馈植物水分含量具有明显指示作用。因此,水热梯度是土壤-叶片系统碳氮磷生态化学计量特征变化的重要驱动因素。此外,全球变化区域响应方面,多雨高温可能会削弱季雨林叶片C的同化能力,且叶N含量降低,但受氮沉降的影响,对C/N的影响尚无法确定;由于P循环对其他元素的耦合作用,雨林土壤-叶片系统的元素循环周期将会被缩短,但干季山地雨林植物生态系统P的限制作用有可能会减弱。  相似文献   

14.
I estimated habitat-specific population densities for a population of Bornean white-bearded gibbons Hylobates albibarbis inhabiting seven distinct forest types at Gunung Palung National Park, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Population densities in montane forests (0.44 individuals/km2) were almost ten times lower than those in the next best habitat (upland granite forest; 4.2 individuals/km2) and far lower than those in lowland forest types. Demographic data on 33 gibbon groups living across the seven forest types showed that reproduction was substantially depressed in montane forests compared to high-quality lowland habitats. A simple model suggests that montane forests are demographic sinks for gibbons at Gunung Palung. Follow-up data from observations of montane groups 5 yr after the initial observation period support this result. As high-quality lowland forests (source habitat for gibbons) are being disproportionately lost in and around Gunung Palung National Park due to illegal logging and conversion to oil palm plantations, an increasing percentage of the remaining forest in the park comprises sink habitat for gibbons. This result has disquieting implications for the long-term viability of gibbon populations at Gunung Palung. In addition, as montane forests are generally low-quality habitat for most rainforest vertebrates, and since lowland forests are being lost at alarming rates across the tropics, source-sink population dynamics similar to those I describe here may characterize populations of other tropical vertebrate species.  相似文献   

15.
Tropical forests are among the most species-diverse ecosystems on Earth. Their structures and ecological functions are complex to understand. Functional group is defined as a group of species that play similar roles in an ecosystem. The functional group approach has been regarded as an effective way of linking the compositions of complex ecosystems with their ecological functions. To understand the variation of functional groups in species-rich ecosystems after disturbance, the present study investigated the spatial pattern and temporal dynamics of woody plants in a typically fragmented natural forest landscape of Hainan Island in South China. The study area was classified into eight landscape types based on vegetation type, disturbance manner and the time of recovery. The woody plant species were aggregated into seven functional groups based on the growth form, successional status and plant size. The results gained from the present study showed that all functional groups, except for the emergent and canopy tree species, were present in all eight landscape types. Each landscape type had different numbers of dominant functional groups. There are similar species richness and stem abundance structure among functional groups between mid-successional clear cut lowland rainforest and old growth tropical coniferous forest. This similarity exists in selective logged lowland rainforest and old-growth lowland rainforest, as well as among landscape types of montane rainforest. The functional groups with the same successional status had similar patterns of species richness and stem abundance ratios among different landscape types. The variation patterns of functional groups along the successional stages in terms of species richness and stem abundance among the tropical lowland rainforest landscape types were more similar to each other than those in the tropical montane reinforest landscape types. This study provides further support for the competition-colonization tradeoff and successional niche theory as opposed to models of neutrality and ecological equivalence.  相似文献   

16.
冯慧芳  刘落鱼  薛立 《植物生态学报》2019,43(11):1010-1020
大气氮(N)沉降随着人类的活动而日趋严重, 加上中国热带亚热带红壤普遍缺磷(P), 许多森林生态系统由于广泛使用磷肥而产生P富集, 直接影响了森林土壤化学特性。林分密度改变林地的光照、温度、湿度和凋落物持水量, 从而影响土壤特性。为了解外源性N和P添加与林分密度对大叶相思(Acacia auriculiformis)林地土壤化学性质的影响, 为大叶相思人工林的种植密度和土壤养分管理提供科学依据, 该研究于2013到2015年, 以4种不同密度(1 667、2 500、4 444和10 000 trees·hm -2)的10年生大叶相思人工林为研究对象, 分别进行添加N、P和N+P处理, 在试验结束时采集0-10 cm土壤, 对其pH、有机质含量、N含量、P含量和钾(K)含量进行了测定分析。结果表明: 施N和N+P均显著降低了土壤的pH和速效K含量, 显著提高了林地土壤的碱解N含量。施N还显著提高了林分土壤的全N含量, 施P显著提高了土壤pH, 降低了林分土壤的全N含量。施P和N+P显著提高了土壤有机质、全P和有效P含量。随着林分密度的增加, 各处理的土壤有机质、全N、碱解N、全P、有效P和速效K含量显著提高。N、P添加处理和密度处理对大叶相思林的土壤pH、有机质和N、P、K含量有显著的交互作用。总体来看, N添加、P添加、林分密度及其交互作用对大叶相思的土壤化学性质有显著影响。  相似文献   

17.
海南五指山热带山地雨林植物物种多样性研究   总被引:39,自引:4,他引:35  
王指山热带山地雨林的物种种类十分丰富,在1hm^2样地中共出现54个科,100个属的乔木树种177种,1337个个体。区系地理分析表明属的分布区类型以热带分布型成分占优,为89.0%,充分体现了五指山山地雨林的热带性质。多样性指数分析结果为:样地1Margalef指数17.822,Shannon-Wiener指数5.621,均匀度0.823,Simpson指数0.050,均匀度6.775,表明五指  相似文献   

18.
Species range boundaries often form along environmental gradients that dictate the success of the phenotypes present in each habitat. Sociality may allow colonization of environments where related species with a solitary lifestyle cannot persist. Social spiders in the genus Anelosimus appear restricted to low- and mid-elevation moist environments in the tropics, while subsocial spiders, common at higher elevations and latitudes, appear to be absent from the lowland tropical rainforest. Here, we seek factors that may simultaneously prevent subsocial Anelosimus species from colonizing the lowland rainforest while favouring species with large social groups in this habitat. To this end, we transplanted small groups of a subsocial species, which contain the offspring of a single female, from cloud forest habitat in the centre of its natural range to lower montane rainforest on the range margin and to lowland rainforest outside of the species range. Groups transplanted at the range margin and below their range limit were less likely to disperse and experienced increased mortality. This was correlated with greater rainfall intensity and ant abundance. We show that protection from rainfall enhances the performance of small groups of spiders in the lowland rainforest, and suggest that predation or disturbance by ants may influence the geographical range limits of this species.  相似文献   

19.
Estimating population connectivity and species' abilities to disperse across the landscape is crucial for understanding the long‐term persistence of species in changing environments. Surprisingly, few landscape genetic studies focused on tropical regions despite the alarming extinction rates within these ecosystems. Here, we compared the influence of landscape features on the distribution of genetic variation of an Afromontane frog, Amietia wittei, with that of its more broadly distributed lowland congener, Amietia angolensis, on Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. We predicted high gene flow in the montane species with movements enhanced through terrestrial habitats of the continuous rainforest. In contrast, dispersal might be restricted to aquatic corridors and reduced by anthropogenic disturbance in the lowland species. We found high gene flow in A. wittei relative to other montane amphibians. Nonetheless, gene flow was lower than in the lowland species which showed little population structure. Least‐cost path analysis suggested that dispersal is facilitated by stream networks in both species, but different landscape features were identified to influence connectivity among populations. Contrary to a previous study, gene flow in the lowland species was negatively correlated with the presence of human settlements. Also, genetic subdivision in A. wittei did not coincide with specific physical barriers as in other landscape genetic studies, suggesting that factors other than topography may contribute to population divergence. Overall, these results highlight the importance of a comparative landscape genetic approach for assessing the influence of the landscape matrix on population connectivity, particularly because nonintuitive results can alter the course of conservation and management.  相似文献   

20.
Increasing temperatures are predicted to have profound effects on montane ecosystems. In tropical forests, biotic attrition may reduce lowland diversity if losses of species due to upslope range shifts are not matched by influxes of warmer‐adapted species, either because there are none or their dispersal is impeded. Australian rainforests consist of a north–south chain of patches, broken by dry corridors that are barriers to the dispersal of rainforest species. These rainforests have repeatedly contracted and expanded during Quaternary glacial cycles. Many lowland rainforests are expansions since the Last Glacial Maximum and may, therefore, show a signal of historical biotic attrition. We surveyed ants from replicated sites along three rainforest elevational transects in eastern Australia spanning 200 to 1200 m a.s.l. and nearly 14° of latitude. We examined elevational patterns of ant diversity and if there was possible evidence of lowland biotic attrition. Each transect was in a different biogeographic region; the Australian Wet Tropics (16.3°S), the central Queensland coast (21.1°S) and subtropical south‐eastern Queensland (28.1°S). We calculated ant species density (mean species per site) and species richness (estimated number of species by incorporating site‐to‐site species turnover) within elevational bands. Ant species density showed no signal of lowland attrition and was high at low and mid‐elevations and declined only at high elevations at all transects. Similarly, estimated species richness showed no evidence of lowland attrition in the Wet Tropics and subtropical south‐east Queensland; species richness peaked at low elevations and declined monotonically with increasing elevation. Persistence of lowland rainforest refugia in the Wet Tropics during the Last Glacial Maximum and latitudinal range shifts of ants in subtropical rainforests during the Holocene climatic optimum may have counteracted lowland biotic attrition. In central Queensland, however, estimated richness was similar in the lowlands and mid‐elevations, and few ant species were indicative of lower elevations. This may reflect historical biotic attrition due perhaps to a lack of lowland glacial refugia and the isolation of this region by a dry forest barrier to the north.  相似文献   

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