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1.
湿地退化研究进展   总被引:25,自引:3,他引:25       下载免费PDF全文
韩大勇  杨永兴  杨杨  李珂 《生态学报》2012,32(4):1293-1307
受经济发展、城市扩张、气候变化的影响,湿地退化已经成为全球性现象,是当前国际湿地科学前沿领域的热点。从湿地退化标准、退化特征、退化分级、退化过程、退化机理、退化监测体系、退化评价指标与指标体系、退化监测新技术及其生态恢复理论与技术9个方面系统地介绍了当前湿地退化研究进展。结果表明湿地退化过程、退化机理、退化评价指标体系和退化湿地监测、恢复与重建研究是当前研究的重点,在未来相当长的时间内,全球气候变化、湿地退化的微观过程与机理、湿地生态系统的可持续利用将会是重要的研究方向。最后就我国当前湿地退化研究存在的问题进行了分析,并提出近期湿地退化研究亟待开展的11项研究工作,供我国湿地退化研究工作者参考。  相似文献   

2.
以水体盐度作为核心指标,综合水文结构连通指标(沟渠水面率、进出水渠密度、海陆距离以及沟塘距离)构建海陆水文连通性指数.在多尺度空间分析的基础上,选择150 mx 150 m网格作为评价单元,对研究区内海陆水文连通性进行空间定量分析和等级划分.结果表明:研究区海陆水文连通性由海向陆逐渐递减,但递减速率存在差异,这是由于研...  相似文献   

3.
湿地退化的经济成因分析   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
邓培雁  刘威  陈桂珠 《生态科学》2005,24(3):261-263,267
运用环境经济学中的外部性与产权等理论,结合天然湿地的一些经济属性,对湿地退化的经济学原因进行探讨与分析,以期为湿地保护提供理论基础。湿地的“椎公共资源性”决定了在湿地资源的使用过程中不能排除他人使用这种财产的权利,以至造成对湿地的抢先使用和过度开发:从外部性理论的角度分析,湿地保护的正外部性行为未得到应有补偿,湿地破坏的负外部性行为未付出应有代价,缺乏正反两种外部性的补偿与制约是造成湿地退化的主要原因之一:湿地资源的特点决定其产权不完整,湿地保护者无法完整拥有湿地带来的所有收益或无法控制湿地收益的稳定,故而对湿地保护不足;湿地资源具有稀缺性,但由于其许多效益缺乏市场或湿地资源价格偏低,使得市场无法真实反映湿地资源的价值,造成湿地资源退化或丧失。  相似文献   

4.
王志强  崔爱花  缪建群  王海  黄国勤 《生态学报》2017,37(18):6253-6264
目前我国多数淡水湖泊污染、退化问题非常严重,诸多修复技术也已初见成效。影响淡水湖泊生态系统退化的驱动因子众多,既有生物因素也有非生物因素,它们之间相互联系,相互作用,且作用机理错综复杂。首先介绍了淡水湖泊生态系统退化的含义及形式;其次,分析、总结了淡水湖泊生态系统退化的驱动因子,从退化的生态学完整性意义和退化修复的技术手段上看,淡水湖泊生态系统主要受物理、化学和生物三大驱动因子影响,且基本遵循\"环境变化-驱动力-压力(阈值)-状态-响应\"原理;再次,在厘清湖泊生态系统退化驱动原理的基础上,从淡水湖泊生态系统功能模块和湖泊生态系统修复实践经验总结的角度出发,构建了淡水湖泊生态系统修复模块技术体系,并就湖泊富营养化和湖滨湿地生态系统退化修复的技术进行了讨论和对比;最后,对淡水湖泊生态系统修复的环境变化驱动因子的作用机制、作用途径和修复技术的长效机制等方面进行了展望。  相似文献   

5.
黄河三角洲滨海湿地微生物多样性及其驱动因子   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
李金业  陈庆锋  李青  赵长盛  冯优  李磊 《生态学报》2021,41(15):6103-6114
微生物在湿地的生物地球化学循环和生态功能调节中发挥着重要作用,对全球气候变化具有重大影响,对维持全球生态系统的健康至关重要。以黄河三角洲滨海湿地为研究对象,通过采集代表性植被群落的土壤表层和部分植物根系,探究土壤微生物群落组成、根际微生物、环境因子及其内在的关联性和影响机制。研究结果表明不同植被覆盖地区微生物多样性存在差异,芦苇区和柽柳区微生物丰度高于泥滩区、碱蓬区和棉田,海漫滩微生物丰度高于河漫滩地和泥滩。土壤微生物菌群结构和多样性显著高于根际:土壤细菌的香农指数约为4-5.5,根际微生物的香农指数约为0-4。土壤细菌主要为厚壁菌门、变形菌门、拟杆菌门和放线菌门,占样品总数的90%以上;而根际细菌主要是蓝藻门、变形菌门和放线菌门,二者在属水平上的菌群结构差异更加明显。环境因子的含量与生境类型有关,SO42-和NO3-的相关性最高,植被覆盖区土壤中Mn4+、Fe3+和水解氮的含量低于滩涂裸地。冗余分析(RDA)表明,pH值在小空间尺度上对湿地土壤中细菌群落的影响较小,环境因子在门和属水平的解释率分别为89.7%和86.8%,其中K(23.4%)、NO2-(11.8%)、Mn4+(9.8%)和Na(8.0%)是解释门水平微生物区系结构变化和组成的主要因子。研究为理解湿地微生物多样性与湿地生态系统功能之间的影响机制提供了一个生态学视角,有助于了解黄河三角洲滨海湿地土壤和植物根际的细菌分布特征,对黄河三角洲退化滨海湿地的生物修复具有重要的指导意义。  相似文献   

6.
湿地生态水文模型研究综述   总被引:6,自引:2,他引:6       下载免费PDF全文
吴燕锋  章光新 《生态学报》2018,38(7):2588-2598
变化环境下湿地生态水文格局及过程发生了深刻变化,已对流域、区域乃至我国水安全和生态安全构成威胁。湿地生态水文模型是揭示湿地生态格局与生态过程的水文学机制的有效工具和重要手段。介绍了湿地生态水文模型的概念、内涵、构建方法及分类,回顾了湿地生态水文模型的国内外发展历程,论述了目前湿地生态水文模型研究应用的重点领域:湿地生态水文调控与生态补水、流域湿地生态恢复重建与水资源综合管控和气候变化下湿地生态水文变化评估与应对策略。针对目前研究中存在的问题及薄弱环节,提出未来研究的发展趋势和亟需加强研究的重点方向。  相似文献   

7.
金河湾城市湿地浮游植物功能类群演替及驱动因子   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
范小晨  代存芳  陆欣鑫  范亚文 《生态学报》2018,38(16):5726-5738
于2015年春(5月)、夏(8月)、秋(10月)三季,在金河湾湿地4类水体共设置12个采样点对浮游植物功能类群演替及与水环境变量关系进行分析。研究期间共鉴定浮游植物376个种,隶属于8门10纲19目19科101属。浮游植物种类组成主要以硅藻门(39.62%)和绿藻门(35.64%)为主,其次裸藻门(10.11%)和蓝藻门(9.84%)的藻类所占比例较高,甲藻门、隐藻门、金藻门和黄藻门所占比例较低。调查期间金河湾湿地浮游植物细胞丰度季节间差异显著(P0.05),整体上呈现夏季秋季春季的规律。春、夏、秋三季共划分20个不同的功能类群,双因素方差分析(Two-way ANOVA)和单因子交叉相似性检验(One-way ANOSIM)表明:代表性功能类群在季节间演替明显(P0.05),群落构成差异显著(P0.01)。SIMPER分析指出,S2/H1/B/D/Lo/X1/MP是引起金河湾湿地各季节之间浮游植物群落结构差异的主要贡献类群。通过代表性功能类群和10个水环境变量的典范对应分析(CCA)探索环境变量与功能类群演替的关系。经分析,总氮(TN)是驱动金河湾湿地浮游植物功能类群演替的主要环境变量,电导率(SpCond)、pH与功能类群演替密切相关。  相似文献   

8.
草原区河流河漫滩草甸是生物多样性表现最充分和生物生产力最高的地段, 但由于过度放牧利用, 绝大部分草甸处于退化状态。该文以锡林河流域中游的河漫滩草甸为研究对象, 比较分析了围封保育湿地与放牧退化湿地的群落组成、地上生物量, 以及共有植物种的植株高度、节间长、叶长、叶宽, 土壤含水量、容重, 群落地下根量及根的分布, 土壤微生物生物量碳、氮的变化。结果表明: 1)放牧使得湿地植物群落优势种发生变化, 原有湿生植物逐渐向旱生化转变, 同时地上及地下生物量明显降低。2)退化湿地的植物呈现显著小型化现象。3)放牧退化湿地的土壤含水量较围封保育湿地低, 其垂直分布及地下根的垂直分布也发生变化。在低河漫滩, 土壤水分随土层的增加而增加, 根量也趋于深层化。但在高河漫滩湿地, 土壤含水量接近典型草原, 根未出现深层化分布趋势。4)放牧践踏引起土壤容重和土壤紧实度增加。5)放牧使得低河漫滩湿地土壤微生物生物量增加, 而在过渡区及高河漫滩湿地, 放牧使得土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量显著降低。  相似文献   

9.
湿地水文生态学模型的理论与方法   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
定量模拟生态模式与水文机制间的关系是当前生态学、水文学和湿地科学的一个热点研究领域。本文介绍了湿地水文生态学的概念、多学科理论体系以及跨学科特征,概括了湿地水文生态模型构建原理与方法,及国内外研究进展和特点。分析了湿地水文生态模型存在的尺度冲突、模型变量选择与模型不确定性,缺少有效校验方法等主要问题。指出湿地水文生态模型未来发展中与新兴交叉学科和地学信息技术耦合的特征由当前数学模型为主逐步过渡到物理模型的趋势。本文还以内陆平原淡水湿地为例,构建了以生境湿度特征为核心的湿地水文生态概念模型,同时设计了一个在集水区尺度上基于RS和GIS方法的湿地水文生态模型范式,以便于增加对此类模型的理解和认识。  相似文献   

10.
区域植被生物量及其与水文连通之间的定量关系对于湿地保护和管理具有重要意义。基于多期Landsat-8遥感影像和野外实地调查数据,提取了新疆科克苏湿地生长季不同月份的湿地水体斑块,反演并分析了湿地植被地上生物量及时空分布特征,量化了水文连通与科克苏湿地植被地上生物量和植被碳库的关系。结果表明: 6月新疆科克苏湿地水体斑块面积最大,占保护区面积的63.12%,之后湿地水体斑块面积逐渐减少,8月水体斑块面积仅占保护区面积的6.27%,水体斑块分布具有明显的季节性特征。科克苏湿地植被生物量呈现聚集分布的空间分布模式,额尔齐斯河及克兰河河道两侧以及支流两侧湿地为高生物量区域,北部阿热勒齐及阔克苏村和东南部萨尔胡松乡为低生物量区域。7月地上生物量达到生长季最高值,该时段科克苏湿地的植被总生物量为1.09×109 kg,最大总生物量为4832 g/m2,地上生物量较高区域分布在西部的阿克铁热克村及东部的巴勒喀木斯村。水文连通与植被地上生物量及植被碳库呈现抛物线关系,水文连通度为0.6左右时,植被地上生物量及植被总碳库最大,植被总碳库达到4.5×1011 kg C。研究揭示了科克苏湿地植被生物量的时空分布特征,建立了科克苏湿地水文连通度与植被地上生物量及植被碳库的量化关系,明确了适宜的水文连通度对植被生物量积累存在促进作用,可为湿地水文连通调控和植被碳储存功能提升提供有效参考。  相似文献   

11.
广东湿地资源及其分布特征研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
采用遥感技术对最新卫星图象数据进行解译,分类统计广东全省湿地面积。结果表明,广东湿地类型丰富,有五类20型,包括了中国湿地所有的类、80%的型;湿地总面积1864101.3hm2,占广东陆地总面积的10.4%,高于全国和全世界的相关比例。同时近海近岸湿地面积有1081988.3hm2,占全省湿地总面积的58.04%,显示了广东是海洋大省的特征。此外,广东湿地分布有丰富的湿地植物,湿地动物和湿地鱼类以及众多珍稀濒危和国家保护物种,显示出保护广东湿地的迫切性和重要性。  相似文献   

12.
    
《Ecohydrology》2018,11(7)
Ecosystem trajectories are inextricably linked to hydrology; however, water availability is not easily observed within the landscape. The response of vegetation to soil water availability may provide an indicator of local hydrology and the resilience or sensitivity of ecosystems to long‐term changes in water balance. In this study, vegetation trajectories derived from Landsat Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index over a 22‐year period are used as an indicator of spatio‐temporal changes of watershed water balance and surface water storage within 6 proximal watersheds of the Boreal Plains ecozone of Alberta, Canada. The interactions between hydrology, topography, geology, and land cover type are examined as they relate to vegetation change. In this study, we find that run‐off ratio (run‐off/precipitation) is greater within watersheds with greater variability of relief, compared within subhumid, wetland‐dominated watersheds (average = 0.35, 0.20, respectively), which experience lagged run‐off response. A 2‐year drought had a greater impact on vegetation trajectories within variable relief watersheds containing a high proportion of coarse‐grain surficial geology, compared with peatland‐dominated watersheds. The drought extended for an additional 1 to 2 years within 3 subhumid watersheds, reducing watershed run‐off to less than 50 mm per water year (November to October) in 2 watersheds. However, proportional area of decline of Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index was significantly less within these watersheds. The results of this study indicate that wetlands play an important role for local water balance and ecosystem maintenance during periods of water stress and should be considered within land use planning and reclamation strategies of the Boreal Plains.  相似文献   

13.
海岸线变化研究综述   总被引:17,自引:3,他引:17       下载免费PDF全文
毋亭  侯西勇 《生态学报》2016,36(4):1170-1182
受全球及海岸带区域环境过程与人类活动的综合影响,海岸线发生剧烈的变化,对生态、环境及经济社会的影响不容忽视,海岸线变化相关研究因此得到普遍的关注。在讨论海岸线的定义和分类的基础上,介绍岸线信息提取的方法与技术,总结国内外海岸线变化的特征、机制与影响方面研究的进展,并指出未来研究的趋势,包括:对海岸线变化过程进行动态监测仍将是普遍关注的研究重点之一;对海岸线变化特征、规律与机理的认识已经日益深化,基于大量高精度数据和机理模型的研究已成为热点和前沿问题;针对不同的海岸带区域,聚焦海岸线变化的原因和机制及其对环境和生态的影响,以及不同区域之间的相互联系与影响特征,这将是未来研究的重点之一;中国海岸线变化的独特性、复杂性突出,促进和支撑中国的海岸带综合管理实践,提高决策者与管理者对岸线变化所带来的灾害风险的重视,为中国海岸带的科学规划与发展提供依据,这应该是我国海岸线变化研究的重要目标。  相似文献   

14.
    
Hydrological characteristics significantly drive the formation of and variations in wetland vegetation. Given increasing impact from human activities and climate change, the hydrological regime has become exceedingly unstable, thereby heavily affecting the distribution and dynamics of wetland vegetation. The relationship between inundation frequency – an important hydrological factor – and vegetation community distribution in Dongting Lake was analysed to depict how the hydrological regime determines the distribution of wetland vegetation cover. Wide tempo‐spatial scales were used to calculate the inundation frequency in the lake and to compare the distribution patterns of the communities. For the implementation of the aforementioned tasks, this study provides remote sensing‐ and geographical information system‐based methods. The responses of individual vegetation communities to inundation frequency differ depending on their specific physiological characteristics. Wood and reed communities are more suitable for regions with low inundation frequency, whereas grass and lake‐grass communities are more adaptable to areas of high inundation frequency. The variations in inundation frequency may explain the succession of vegetation communities, which occurs when inundation frequency decreases with increasing wood and reed communities. These results can serve as support for evaluating the impact of hydrological changes on the community structures and distributions of wetland vegetation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

15.
    
Much of eastern Australia's coastal lowlands are underlain by Holocene sulfidic sediments. Large areas have been drained for agriculture. Drained, sulfidic sediments oxidize and produce highly acidic discharge (pH<4) with significant impacts on estuarine ecosystems. The rate of production of acid from drained floodplains is between 100 to 300 kg H2SO4 /ha/y and hundreds of tonnes of H2SO4 can be discharged in a single flood from the floodplain. Generation and export of acidity is controlled by the water balance of the floodplain, the characteristics of the drainage system and the distribution of sulfides. Evapotranspiration by native plants and crops plays a dominant role in the oxidation of sediments in dry periods. In wet periods, upland discharges to floodplains dominate the water balance. Drain spacing and drain depth are critical factors in the export of acidity into coastal streams. Amelioration of acidic outflows requires an understanding of the interaction between chemical and hydrological processes in sulfidic landscapes. Redesign of drainage systems to manage surface waters and reduce drain density with the treatment of drains with lime offer promise for treating acidic discharge and reducing impacts. Reflooding of drained, partially oxidized floodplains with freshwater may not be a panacea because of the large volumes of acid stored in the soil, a lack of labile organic matter in the sediments needed to reduce sulfate and irreversible changes to the soil due to oxidation. Tidal brackish water reflooding of unproductive acidified lowlands offers promise for rehabilitating wetlands. Sulfidic wetlands which are still undrained should remain so unless all acidic discharge can be treated.  相似文献   

16.
A 12 month investigation on the hydrology of a southern Ontario wetland was completed. The mass flux of water and concentrations of total phosphates, ortho-phosphates, and chlorides were measured in all components of the hydrologic budget; over 800 grab samples were analyzed.The study showed that both groundwater recharge and discharge could occur within a wetland; data on these opposing flows must be quantified in order to develop effective long-term wetland management strategies and to accurately determine nutrient budgets. The study concluded that theoretical formulae may greatly underestimate summer evapotranspiration rates for hydrophyte dominated marshes. Storm inputs of physio-chemical parameters were found to be very significant, accounting for 32 to 51 percent of the total surface water loadings; failure to measure and/or model these inputs would have greatly distorted the study findings. Finally, since flow rates and concentrations of the chemical parameters were less variable at the wetland outflow, it was concluded that the wetland moderates event response inputs into stable response outputs.Over the study period total phosphate imports were double that of total phosphate exports while the ortho-phosphate discharge from the wetland was 22 percent more than the inputs. This indicates that the wetland is transforming sediment-bound phosphate to plant available ortho-phosphate, thus contributing to downstream eutrophication problems.  相似文献   

17.
唐玥  谢永宏  李峰  陈心胜 《生态学杂志》2013,24(11):3229-3236
基于多时相的Landsat MSS/TM/ETM+遥感影像数据,采用决策树分类法提取1989-2011年共49景东洞庭湖不同水位条件下的草洲出露面积,结合1985-2011年城陵矶日水位数据及数字高程模型,分析草洲时空变化特征并阐明其变化趋势.结果表明: 研究区出露草洲面积受水位影响显著,两者呈极显著的线性关系(R2=0.875,P<0.001),出露草洲面积随水位的升高而逐渐减小,且水位越高,对草洲出露面积的影响越小.草洲出露面积随水位呈现规律性变化,1-7月,水位上升,草洲面积减少;7-12月,水位下降,草洲出露面积增加.1989-2011年,草洲出露面积持续增加,新增草洲主要由泥滩地转化而来;草洲扩张是各高程段草洲面积共同增加的结果,低位洲滩(黄海高程22~25 m)草洲面积的快速增加是湿地草洲扩张的主导部分.各高程水位变化是研究期间东洞庭湖草洲出露面积变化的主要原因.  相似文献   

18.
Wetlands of the Amazon River basin are globally significant sources of atmospheric methane. Satellite remote sensing (passive and active microwave) of the temporally varying extent of inundation and vegetation was combined with field measurements to calculate regional rates of methane emission for Amazonian wetlands. Monthly inundation areas for the fringing floodplains of the mainstem Solimões/Amazon River were derived from analysis of the 37 GHz polarization difference observed by the Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer from 1979 to 1987. L‐band synthetic aperture radar data (Japanese Earth Resources Satellite‐1) were used to determine inundation and wetland vegetation for the Amazon basin (<500 m elevation) at high (May–June 1996) and low water (October 1995). An extensive set of measurements of methane emission is available from the literature for the fringing floodplains of the central Amazon, segregated into open water, flooded forest and floating macrophyte habitats. Uncertainties in the regional emission rates were determined by Monte Carlo error analyses that combined error estimates for the measurements of emission and for calculations of inundation and habitat areas. The mainstem Solimões/Amazon floodplain (54–70°W) emitted methane at a mean annual rate of 1.3 Tg C yr?1, with a standard deviation (SD) of the mean of 0.3 Tg C yr?1; 67% of this range in uncertainty is owed to the range in rates of methane emission and 33% is owed to uncertainty in the areal estimates of inundation and vegetative cover. Methane emission from a 1.77 million square kilometers area in the central basin had a mean of 6.8 Tg C yr?1 with a SD of 1.3 Tg C yr?1. If extrapolated to the whole basin below the 500 m contour, approximately 22 Tg C yr?1 is emitted; this mean flux has a greenhouse warming potential of about 0.5 Pg C as CO2. Improvement of these regional estimates will require many more field measurements of methane emission, further examination of remotely sensed data for types of wetlands not represented in the central basin, and process‐based models of methane production and emission.  相似文献   

19.
    
Restoration of riparian and wet meadow ecosystems in semiarid rangelands of the western United States is a high priority given their ecological and hydrological importance in the region. However, traditional restoration approaches are often intensive and costly, limiting the extent over which they can be applied. Practitioners are increasingly trying new restoration techniques that are more cost‐effective, less intensive, and can more practically scale up to the scope of degradation. Unfortunately, practitioners typically lack resources to undertake outcome‐based evaluations necessary to judge the efficacy of these techniques. In this study, we use freely available, satellite remote sensing to explore changes in vegetation productivity (normalized difference vegetation index) of three distinct, low‐tech, riparian and wet meadow restoration projects. Case studies are presented that range in geographic location (Colorado, Oregon, and Nevada), restoration practice (Zeedyk structures, beaver dam analogs, and grazing management), and time since implementation. Restoration practices resulted in increased vegetation productivity of up to 25% and increased annual persistence of productive vegetation. Improvements in productivity with time since restoration suggest that elevated resilience may further enhance wildlife habitat and increase forage production. Long‐term, documented outcomes of conservation are rare; we hope our findings empower practitioners to further monitor and explore the use of low‐tech methods for restoration of ecohydrologic processes at meaningful spatial scales.  相似文献   

20.
张轲  尹力  赵浪  魏伟  薄立明 《生态学报》2025,45(10):4697-4715
中原城市群是推动黄河流域高质量发展的核心空间载体,科学认知其水生态空间演变的时空特征及形成机制,对黄河下游地区水生态空间管制和国土空间规划具有重要支撑作用。采用时空立方体刻画2000-2023年长时序中原城市群水生态空间年际演变动态及典型模式,从规模-位置2个维度综合分析空间结构转型特征,进而利用Mantel test矩阵分析水生态空间结构转型与驱动因素的相关性关系,在此基础上运用XGBoost模型和可解释机器学习VIVI-PDP框架从驱动因素重要程度、交互作用强度和非线性依赖关系分析演变机制。结果表明:①近23年中原城市群水生态空间增加805.53km2,增幅高达33.52%,整体呈现\"上升-平稳-上升-平稳\"的动态变化趋势,在稳定的基础上逐步提升;②\"农业空间-水生态空间\"的动态转换现象尤为显著,且在城市群的六大功能分区中差异明显,其中高效生态示范区的水生态空间转型最为活跃,核心发展区与跨区域协同发展区相对活跃,而转型创新发展区和承接产业转移区转换度较低;水生态空间动态转换的高-高聚类区,即水生态空间的转入和转出均较为频繁的区域,主要集中于水资源丰富的西部、南部与东部地区,低-低聚类区则多位于北部和中部地区,其水生态空间的转入和转出均较为有限;③自然地理基础与交通区位条件是中原城市群水生态空间动态转型过程中的主导因素,然而,在水生态空间向农业空间的转出和城镇空间向水生态空间的转入过程中,社会经济因素作用逐渐凸显,自然与人文因素的交织作用使得转型过程呈现出多重因素交织、区域差异显著的驱动机制。  相似文献   

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