植物在逆境胁迫中的细胞程序性死亡

细胞程序性死亡(programmed cell death,PCD)是一种由基因控制的、主动的细胞死亡过程,它对植物正常生长发育起重要作用.在逆境胁迫因子如病原体、高盐、低氧、低温、热激和金属离子等作用下,植物为了抵御不良环境的侵害,以活性氧、Ca2+、乙烯和NO等为信号因子,诱导植物体的特定部位发生PCD,形成细胞主动死亡,从而避免逆境对其他组织进一步伤害,并使植物获得对不良环境的适应性.对植物PCD的一般特征、环境胁迫因子及诱导PCD信号分子等进行了综述,为在逆境条件下深入研究植物细胞程序性死亡提供参考.     

中国科学家在植物程序性细胞死亡领域取得重要成果

程序性细胞死亡不仅在植物生长发育中起重要作用, 而且与植物适应逆境密切相关。近日, 中国科学家在解析植物程序性细胞死亡(PCD)信号通路的研究中取得了突破性进展。     

植物受体激酶BAK1介导的细胞死亡调控研究进展

植物在生长发育和抵抗逆境时都会发生细胞程序性死亡,植物受体激酶在细胞死亡调控中发挥着十分重要的作用。植物细胞可以通过质膜表面的受体激酶感受细胞间及环境信号,并将信号传递到下游,诱导一系列级联反应,导致细胞程序性死亡。植物受体激酶BAK1在植物程序性死亡中发挥着关键的作用, BAK1与BRI1、FLS2、BIR1、EFR、BIK1等受体激酶互作,识别和转导胞外信号,共同调控细胞死亡。该文以BAK1为中心,综述了近年发现的参与植物细胞死亡调控的BAK1受体激酶复合物介导的信号转导机制,并提出需要深入研究的科学问题。     

环境因子诱导的植物细胞程序性死亡

细胞发生程序性死亡（Programmed cell death,PCD）是多细胞生物用以消除多余的或有害的细胞的一种重要方式。对于植物个体来说,细胞发生程序性死亡（PCD）是抵抗逆境的一种十分有效的途径。因此,揭示环境因子诱导的植物PCD现象的分子本质就具有十分重要的现实意义。近十年来,有关环境因子诱导的植物PCD研究报道逐年增加。本文重点综述了环境因子与植物PCD相关的研究进展,并对植物PCD的主要生物学意义和研究展望进行了讨论。     

环境因子诱导的植物细胞程序性死亡

细胞发生程序性死亡(Programmed cell death,PCD)是多细胞生物用以消除多余的或有害的细胞的一种重要方式。对于植物个体来说,细胞发生程序性死亡(PCD)是抵抗逆境的一种十分有效的途径。因此,揭示环境因子诱导的植物PCD现象的分子本质就具有十分重要的现实意义。近十年来,有关环境因子诱导的植物PCD研究报道逐年增加。本文重点综述了环境因子与植物PCD相关的研究进展,并对植物PCD的主要生物学意义和研究展望进行了讨论。     

植物细胞程序性死亡中的类caspases蛋白酶

细胞程序性死亡对于植物的正常生长发育及病理过程具有十分重要的生物学意义。现有的实验证据表明,细胞程序性死亡在动物和植物中有许多相似之处,但也各有特点。在植物中,VPEs、metacaspases和saspases等酶类在细胞程序性死亡过程中发挥了关键性作用。该文详细比较了动、植物细胞程序性死亡的差异,并阐述TVPEs、metacaspases和saspases三种类caspases蛋白酶在植物程序性细胞死亡中所起的作用。     

植物类病变突变体的诱发与突变机制

植物类病变突变体（lesion mimic mutant,LMM）是在无明显逆境或病原物侵染时,植物自发地形成类似病斑的一类突变体。它涉及到细胞程序性死亡（programmed cell death,PCD）,往往能提高植物的抗病能力。因此,它对于揭示植物抗病反应机制,增加植物的广谱抗性具有重要意义。现就植物类病变突变体的诱发与表型特点、突变基因的分子定位与克隆及类病变表型的形成机制研究进展作一简要综述,以期为植物细胞程序性死亡机制和抗病分子作用机制研究提供有益的信息。     

植物细胞程序性死亡中的类caspases 蛋白酶

细胞程序性死亡对于植物的正常生长发育及病理过程具有十分重要的生物学意义。现有的实验证据表明, 细胞程序性死亡在动物和植物中有许多相似之处, 但也各有特点。在植物中, VPEs、metacaspases和saspases 等酶类在细胞程序 性死亡过程中发挥了关键性作用。该文详细比较了动、植物细胞程序性死亡的差异, 并阐述了VPEs 、metacas pases 和saspases三种类caspases蛋白酶在植物程序性细胞死亡中所起的作用。     

植物类Caspase及其调控细胞程序性死亡的研究进展

植物细胞程序性死亡（PCD）在植物生长发育和逆境适应中发挥重要作用。半胱氨酸蛋白酶（caspase）调控动物PcD的启动、执行及信号转导。通过人工合成底物、动物caspase抑制剂等方法已证实在植物中存在类caspase,可分为metacas．pases、VPEs（vacuolar processing enzymes）和saspases等。本文综述了植物类caspase的种类、结构、定位、功能及其调控PCD的研究进展,提出植物PCD中类caspase作用的调控途径,为深入研究植物PCD提供参考。     

植物细胞程序性死亡的分类和膜通透性调控蛋白研究进展

程序性细胞死亡是由基因调控的贯穿于真核细胞生理和发育过程的细胞自杀行为。动物细胞的程序性死亡分成3类凋亡、自噬和坏死;线粒体和溶酶体分别在前两个过程中起关键作用。关于植物细胞程序性死亡的分类还存在很多争议,焦点是植物是否有细胞凋亡这种形式,核心问题是植物细胞的线粒体外膜上没有Bcl-2家族的膜通透性调控蛋白。近年,程序性细胞死亡也在细菌中发现,LrgAB家族的膜通透性调控蛋白起着重要作用。最近的研究表明,植物叶绿体外被膜上也有LrgAB家族的同源蛋白,它们在控制叶绿体发育和程序性细胞死亡方面起重要作用。因此,叶绿体在植物细胞死亡调控中的作用应该更加受到关注。     

植物程序性细胞死亡检测技术

程序性细胞死亡(PCD)是细胞死亡的方式之一,在植物发育及逆境响应等方面起着重要作用。主要介绍检测植物PCD的细胞学、生物化学、分子生物学及生理学方法,以及流式细胞仪在植物PCD检测中的应用。 Abstract:Programmed cell death (PCD) is an active way for plant cells marching to death,which plays an important role in plant development and stress responses.Cytological,biochemical,molecular and physiological methods for measuring plant PCD were reviewed.Application of flow cytometer to plant PCD research was also covered.     

Short-term salinity stress in tobacco plants leads to the onset of animal-like PCD hallmarks in planta in contrast to long-term stress

Recent results have identified mitochondria as centers of stress-induced generation of reactive oxygen species in plants. Depolarization of plant mitochondrial membrane during stress results the release of programmed cell death (PCD)-inducing factors in the cytosol in a fashion similar to the onset of animal-like PCD. Herein, we report significant similarities of animal-like PCD and salinity stress-induced plant PCD. Short-term salinity stress (3 h) led to depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane, release of cytochrome c (CYT-c), which was visualized using a contemporary molecular technique, activation of caspase-3 type proteases and the onset of PCD in wild type tobacco plants, Nicotiana tabacum cv. Petit Havana. However, PCD was not manifested during long-term salinity stress (24 h). Interestingly long-term salinity stress led to necrotic-like features, which were accompanied by collapse of respiration, reduction of key components of the respiratory chain, such as CYT-c and alternative oxidase, ATP depletion and high proteolytic activity. The results suggest that salinity stress of tobacco plants in planta leads to the onset of animal-like PCD only during the early stages post-stress, while long-term stress leads to necrotic-like features.     

The involvement of cysteine proteases and protease inhibitor genes in the regulation of programmed cell death in plants

Programmed cell death (PCD) is a process by which cells in many organisms die. The basic morphological and biochemical features of PCD are conserved between the animal and plant kingdoms. Cysteine proteases have emerged as key enzymes in the regulation of animal PCD. Here, we show that in soybean cells, PCD-activating oxidative stress induced a set of cysteine proteases. The activation of one or more of the cysteine proteases was instrumental in the PCD of soybean cells. Inhibition of the cysteine proteases by ectopic expression of cystatin, an endogenous cysteine protease inhibitor gene, inhibited induced cysteine protease activity and blocked PCD triggered either by an avirulent strain of Pseudomonas syringae pv glycinea or directly by oxidative stress. Similar expression of serine protease inhibitors was ineffective. A glutathione S-transferase-cystatin fusion protein was used to purify and characterize the induced proteases. Taken together, our results suggest that plant PCD can be regulated by activity poised between the cysteine proteases and the cysteine protease inhibitors. We also propose a new role for proteinase inhibitor genes as modulators of PCD in plants.     

Al3+对大豆根边缘细胞程序性死亡诱导的生理生态作用

 设置不同的Al ³⁺浓度（0、25、50、100、200、400 μmol·L^-1）和培养时间 （12、24 h）,研究了边缘细胞活性和大豆（Glycine max）根中 过氧化氢酶（CAT）、过氧化物酶POD）、超氧化物歧化酶SOD）随Al ³⁺浓度及处理时间变化的规律,并通过Hoec hst333 42-PI双重荧光染色、 梯状DNA（即DNA ladder）分析和末端脱氧核糖核酸转移酶介导的dUTP切口末端标记（即TUNEL原位标记）检测,研究了Al ³⁺对大豆根边缘细胞 程序性死亡诱导的生理生态作用。结果表明,Al ³⁺胁迫能诱导边缘细胞的死亡,随着Al ³⁺浓度的升高和处理时间的延长,细胞死亡率增加。通 过Hoechst33342-PI双重荧光染色、DNA ladder分析和TUNEL原位标记,检测到Al ³⁺胁迫下发生程序性死亡的边缘细胞。其表现为：在 400μmol·L^-1 Al ³⁺诱导大豆根24 h时, 核酸电泳显示细胞DNA发生特异性降解并形成阶梯状电泳条带(DNA ladder),用TUNEL原位标记检测200 和400μmol·L^-1 Al ³⁺处理12 h后的大豆根 边缘细胞,发现DNA的3′-OH端被原位特异标记,二氨基联苯胺（DAB）显色后,细胞核为阳性或强 阳性。同时,高浓度Al ³⁺ （＞100μmol·L^-1）处理下,CAT、POD和S OD活性均有不同程度的下降,CAT和SOD的活性也随处理时间的延长而降低 。说明在Al ³⁺胁迫下边缘细胞的死亡可能是一种程序性死亡形式,高浓度Al ³⁺胁迫下,通过诱导活性氧在细胞体内的产生和累积而导致细胞凋 亡,此过程是其对逆境胁迫所作出的生理生态防御性应答方式之一。     

Morphological classification of plant cell deaths

Programmed cell death (PCD) is an integral part of plant development and of responses to abiotic stress or pathogens. Although the morphology of plant PCD is, in some cases, well characterised and molecular mechanisms controlling plant PCD are beginning to emerge, there is still confusion about the classification of PCD in plants. Here we suggest a classification based on morphological criteria. According to this classification, the use of the term 'apoptosis' is not justified in plants, but at least two classes of PCD can be distinguished: vacuolar cell death and necrosis. During vacuolar cell death, the cell contents are removed by a combination of autophagy-like process and release of hydrolases from collapsed lytic vacuoles. Necrosis is characterised by early rupture of the plasma membrane, shrinkage of the protoplast and absence of vacuolar cell death features. Vacuolar cell death is common during tissue and organ formation and elimination, whereas necrosis is typically found under abiotic stress. Some examples of plant PCD cannot be ascribed to either major class and are therefore classified as separate modalities. These are PCD associated with the hypersensitive response to biotrophic pathogens, which can express features of both necrosis and vacuolar cell death, PCD in starchy cereal endosperm and during self-incompatibility. The present classification is not static, but will be subject to further revision, especially when specific biochemical pathways are better defined.     

Classes of programmed cell death in plants, compared to those in animals

Relatively little is known about programmed cell death (PCD) in plants. It is nonetheless suggested here that tonoplast rupture and the subsequent rapid destruction of the cytoplasm can distinguish two large PCD classes. One class, which is here called 'autolytic', shows this feature, whilst the second class (called 'non-autolytic') can include tonoplast rupture but does not show the rapid cytoplasm clearance. Examples of the 'autolytic' PCD class mainly occur during normal plant development and after mild abiotic stress. The 'non-autolytic' PCD class is mainly found during PCD that is due to plant-pathogen interactions. Three categories of PCD are currently recognized in animals: apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis. An attempt is made to reconcile the recognized plant PCD classes with these groups. Apoptosis is apparently absent in plants. Autophagic PCD in animals is defined as being accompanied by an increase in the number of autophagosomes, autolysosomes, and small lytic vacuoles produced by autolysosomes. When very strictly adhering to this definition, there is no (proof for) autophagic PCD in plants. Upon a slightly more lenient definition, however, the 'autolytic' class of plant PCD can be merged with the autophagic PCD type in animal cells. The 'non-autolytic' class of plant PCD, as defined here, can be merged with necrotic PCD in animals.