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1.
植物膜联蛋白属于D类膜联蛋白是在植物中的一类钙和磷脂结合蛋白。植物膜联蛋白约占植物总蛋白含量的0.1%,与动物膜联蛋白在分子量、氨基酸序列及Ca~(2+)与磷脂结合的能力上,都拥有较高的同源性。植物膜联蛋白的亚细胞定位具有多样性,与胞质Ca~(2+)浓度、细胞所处pH、植物组织及外界环境有关。植物膜联蛋白的表达具有组织特异性,且受到各种生物及非生物因子在转录及翻译后水平的调控。植物膜联蛋白具有与植物肌动蛋白结合、参与钙离子通道形成、膜动力学功能、具有ATPase/GTPase及过氧化物酶活性等生物功能,在植物生长发育及响应逆境胁迫过程中起重要作用。本综述从植物膜联蛋白的进化、结构、亚细胞定位、表达调控和生物学功能方面进行综述,旨在为深入研究植物膜联蛋白的功能及其应用提供参考。  相似文献   

2.
Ca2+是植物体内重要的第二信使,当植物受到各种环境刺激时,细胞内的Ca2+浓度瞬间产生变化,并被Ca2+信号效应器识别,通过与下游的靶蛋白结合并调节其活性,参与调控植物各种生理活动。钙调素结合蛋白以依赖Ca2+或不依赖Ca2+的方式结合钙调素。对目前已经鉴定的植物钙调素结合蛋白结构特点进行了综述,并着重介绍了钙调素结合蛋白是如何参与调节植物对生物胁迫和非生物胁迫的反应,为提高作物抗病抗逆能力研究提供理论基础。  相似文献   

3.
膜联蛋白(annexin)是一类依赖钙离子的多功能磷脂结合蛋白家族,在进化上高度保守,但不同的膜联蛋白基因的表达模式和蛋白质的亚细胞定位具有特异性。拟南芥中已经鉴定出8个编码膜联蛋白的基因,在生长发育和对逆境胁迫响应过程中起作用。已知拟南芥膜联蛋白2参与根的分泌活动和生长素介导的根的向地性反应,但作用机制不清楚。蛋白质的亚细胞定位能为研究其功能和作用机制提供重要参考信息。将编码膜联蛋白2的序列克隆到植物双元表达载体p CAMBIA1300-m Cherry上,在拟南芥中表达Ann At2-m Cherry。利用荧光蛋白技术、m Cherry与绿色荧光蛋白标记的细胞器标记物共定位技术以及细胞器特异性荧光染料染色技术,作者研究了膜联蛋白2的亚细胞定位。结果显示,膜联蛋白2定位于细胞质、细胞核、高尔基体和内质网中,表明该蛋白质可能具有非常重要的功能和复杂的蛋白质翻译与转运调控机制。更多结果发现,转基因拟南芥中膜联蛋白2与绿色荧光蛋白标记的微丝骨架存在共定位现象,推测该蛋白可能通过微丝骨架调节及微丝骨架介导的囊泡运输参与细胞分泌活动。该文为进一步研究膜联蛋白2蛋白质的翻译与转运调控以及作用机制提供了实验依据。  相似文献   

4.
植物非共生血红蛋白(nsHb)基因在植物界广泛存在。许多生物和非生物胁迫可以诱导nsHb的表达。nsHb在植物的生长发育和逆境胁迫中具有重要功能,其作用机制与NO的代谢密切相关。文章综述了非共生血红蛋白的表达特性、生物学功能及其作用机制等方面的研究进展。  相似文献   

5.
真核生物mRNA存在多种甲基化修饰,其中N6-腺苷酸甲基化(N6-methyladenosine, m6A)修饰是最为常见的一种动态内部修饰。m6A是指RNA腺嘌呤的第6位氮原子上发生甲基化修饰,它能够动态的被甲基转移酶添加,被去甲基化酶去除,以及被甲基化阅读蛋白识别。近年来,植物m6A修饰相关的酶被陆续鉴定,研究发现m6A修饰调控植物胚胎发育、茎尖分生组织分化、开花等生长发育过程,在植物抗逆境胁迫响应中也具有重要调控作用。本文就m6A修饰相关酶的组成及其在植物生长发育和植物抗逆境胁迫过程中的功能相关研究进展进行综述,并对甘蓝型油菜中m6A修饰相关的酶进行了生物信息学分析。  相似文献   

6.
植物体内干旱信号的传递与基因表达   总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14  
干旱是严重影响植物生长发育的重要环境胁迫因子之一。干旱能影响植物的水分状态,使植物缺水遭受伤害。近年来,相继从拟南芥等植物中克隆出了一些受干旱诱导的基因,如蛋白激酶基因、光合基因、渗透调节基因、功能蛋白基因(如LEA基因)等。干旱等胁迫信号经历一系列的传递过程,最后诱导这些特定基因的表达。在植物体中,可能存在依赖ABA型和不依赖ABA型两条干旱信号的传递途径。近年来从高等植物中分离出一系列调控干旱相关基因表达的转录因子,通过转录因子之间以及与其它相关蛋白之间的相互作用,激活或抑制干旱等胁迫因子诱导的基因表达。  相似文献   

7.
转录因子是一类能够与启动子区域顺式作用元件特异性结合的蛋白质,是一大类转录调控因子,也是植物中最大的基因家族之一。转录因子可以调节众多下游基因的表达,对植物的生长发育、形态建成、激素调节,以及抵抗多种生物和非生物胁迫具有重要作用。结合近年来转录因子的研究进展,归纳总结了植物非生物胁迫相关转录因子研究的主要策略和方法,包括转录因子结构域、亚细胞定位、转录激活作用、转录因子复合体以及转录因子功能的研究,为植物转录因子的相关研究提供理论和方法的参考。  相似文献   

8.
转录因子是一类在生物生命活动过程中起到调控作用的重要因子,参与了各种信号转导和调控过程,可以直接或间接结合在顺式作用元件上,实现调控目标基因转录效率的抑制或增强,从而使植物在应对逆境胁迫下做出反应。WRKY转录因子在大多数植物体内都有分布,是一类进化非常保守的转录因子家族,参与植物生长发育以及响应逆境胁迫的生理过程。众多研究表明,WRKY转录因子在植物中能够应答各种生物胁迫,如细菌、病毒和真菌等;多种非生物胁迫,包括高温、冷害、高光和高盐等;以及在各种植物激素,包括茉莉酸(JA)、水杨酸(SA)、脱落酸(ABA)和赤霉素(GA)等,在其信号传递途径中都起着重要作用。WRKY转录因子家族蛋白至少含有一段60个氨基酸左右的高度保守序列,被称为WRKY结构域,其中WRKYGQK多肽序列是最为保守的,因此而得名。该转录因子的WRKY结构域能与目标基因启动子中的顺式作用元件Wbox(TTGAC序列)特异结合,从而调节目标基因的表达,其调控基因表达主要受病原菌、虫咬、机械损伤、外界胁迫压力和信号分子的诱导。该文介绍了植物WRKY转录因子在植物应对冷害、干旱、高盐等非生物胁迫与病菌、虫害等生物胁迫反应中的重要调控功能,并总结了WRKY转录因子在调控这些逆境胁迫反应过程中的主要生理机制。  相似文献   

9.
钙依赖的蛋白激酶与植物抗逆性   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
植物钙依赖的蛋白激酶(Calcium-dependent protein kinases,CDPKs)是细胞Ca2 信号的受体,同时具有Ca2 受体蛋白和Ser/Thr蛋白激酶的功能。许多植物CDPKs基因受环境胁迫刺激发生表达水平的改变,这些基因在植物逆境胁迫的Ca2 信号转导中起着十分重要的作用,为植物CDPKs抗逆功能的研究和植物的抗逆遗传改良提供了理论基础和基因资源。  相似文献   

10.
WRKY转录因子的研究进展   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
WRKYs是高等植物中最大的转录因子家族(TFs)之一。它具有特殊结构-WRKY结构域,这些结构可使WRKY转录因子拥有不同的转录调控功能。WRKY TFs不仅可以通过调节植物激素信号转导途径来调节它们的应激反应,还可以结合其靶基因启动子中的W-box[TGACC(A/T)],通过激活或抑制下游基因的表达来调节它们的应激反应。此外,WRKY蛋白不仅可以与其他TFs相互作用来调控植物防御反应,而且还可以通过识别和结合本身目标基因中的W-box进行自我调节以调控其对各种压力的防御反应。因此,WRKY TFs不管是在植物响应生物胁迫中,还是非生物胁迫中都具有重要的作用。但是,近年来,关于WRKY TFs在高等植物中的调控作用的研究综述稀少且深度较浅。重点阐述了WRKY TFs的结构特征和分类,在植物生物胁迫和非生物胁迫中发挥的作用,以及通过调节植物激素信号转导途径、MAPK信号级联和自调控来调控各种胁迫,以期为将来WRKY TFs的研究提供理论参考和思路。  相似文献   

11.
Annexins are soluble proteins that undergo conditional association or insertion into membranes. Plants contain several isoforms, each of which may be capable of supporting more than one in vitro activity such as actin binding, phosphodiesterase activity, peroxidase activity, and cation transport. Enzymatic activities are modulated by lipid binding, Ca2+ and S-glutathionylation. A given annexin can occupy diverse positions in cells, including the apoplast and organelles, with membrane association and expression often as a consequence of perception of a stimulus (for example, salinity, nodulation) that may involve reactive oxygen species. The ability to translocate Ca2+ in vitro identifies annexins as a novel class of plant ion transporters that could account for channel activities in plasma- and endo-membranes and suggests roles in plant signalling and development. Studies on loss of function or overexpressing lines firmly implicate annexins as participating in the regulation of drought and salinity stress responses. How annexins operate in vivo, in terms of localisation and protein function now needs to be determined. With several tiers of regulation (space, time, post-translational modification) potentially operating on the soluble and membrane populations, annexins are complex components of plant cell Ca2+ networks.  相似文献   

12.
Cotton plant is one of the most important economic crops in the world which supplies natural fiber for textile industry. The crucial traits of cotton fiber quality are fiber length and strength, which are mostly determined by the fiber elongation stage. Annexins are assumed to be involved in regulating fiber elongation, but direct evidences remain elusive. Recently, we have investigated the activities of fiber-specific expressed annexins AnGb5/6 and their interacted proteins in cotton. AnGb5 and 6 can interact reciprocally to generate a protein macro-raft in cell membrane. This macro-raft is probably a stabilized scaffold for Actin1 organization. The actin assembling direction and density are correlated with AnGb6 gene expression and fiber expanding rate among three fiber length genotypes. These results suggest that annexins may act as the adaptor that linked fiber cell membrane to actin assembling. Due to the strong Ca2+ and lipid binding ability of annexins, these results also indicate that annexins complex may function as an intermediate to receive Ca2+ or lipid signals during fiber elongation.  相似文献   

13.
该文介绍了植物膜联蛋白(annexins)以及在生长过程中不同生理活动所扮演的角色,如钙离子通道的形成、膜融合、囊泡运输、信号转导和细胞骨架蛋白间的相互作用,以及可以结合F-肌动蛋白,具有过氧化物酶、离子通道,使ATP和GTP水解的功能。  相似文献   

14.
Calcium (Ca2+) signals are essential transducers and regulators in many adaptive and developmental processes in plants. Protective responses of plants to a variety of environmental stress factors are mediated by transient changes of Ca2+ concentration in plant cells. Ca2+ ions are quickly transported by channel proteins present on the plasma membrane. During responses to external stimuli, various signal molecules are transported directly from extracellular to intracellular compartments via Ca2+ channel proteins. Three types of Ca2+ channels have been identified in plant cell membranes: voltage-dependent Ca2+-permeable channels (VDCCs), which is sorted to depolarization-activated Ca2+-permeable channels (DACCs) and hyperpolarization-activated Ca2+-permeable channels (HACCs), voltage-independent Ca2+-permeable channels (VICCs). They make functions in the abiotic stress such as TPCs, CNGCs, MS channels, annexins which distribute in the organelles, plasma membrane, mitochondria, cytosol, intracelluar membrane. This review summarizes recent advances in our knowledge of many types of Ca2+ channels and Ca2+ signals involved in abiotic stress resistance and responses in plant cells.  相似文献   

15.
Properties and partial protein sequence of plant annexins   总被引:20,自引:6,他引:14       下载免费PDF全文
We have examined the characteristics of Ca2+-dependent phospholipid-binding proteins (annexins) in maize (Zea mays L.) coleoptiles and tip-growing pollen tubes of Lilium longiflorum. In maize, there are three such proteins, p35, p33, and p23. Partial sequence analysis reveals that peptides from p35 and p33 have identity to members of the annexin family of animal proteins and to annexins from tomato. Interestingly, multiple sequence alignments reveal that the domain responsible for Ca2+ binding in animal annexins is not conserved in these plant peptide sequences. Although p33 and p35 share the annexin characteristic of binding to membrane lipid, unlike annexins II and VI they do not associate with detergent-insoluble cytoskeletal proteins or with F-actin from either plants or animals. Immunoblotting with antiserum raised to p33/p35 from maize reveals that cross-reactive polypeptides of 33 to 35 kilodaltons are also present in protein extracts from pollen tubes of L. longiflorum. Immunolocalization at the light microscope level suggests that these proteins are predominantly confined to the nongranular zone at the tube tip, a region rich in secretory vesicles. Our hypothesis that plant annexins mediate exocytotic events is supported by the finding that p23, p33, and p35 bind to these secretory vesicles in a Ca2+-dependent manner.  相似文献   

16.
Abstract

Annexins are physiologically important proteins that play a role in calcium buffering but also influence membrane structure, participate in Ca2+-dependent membrane repair events and in remodelling of the cytoskeleton. Thirty years ago several peptides isolated from lung perfusates, peritoneal leukocytes, neutrophiles and renal cells were proven inhibitory to the activity of phospholipase A2. Those peptides were found to derive from structurally related proteins: annexins AnxA1 and AnxA2. These findings raised the question whether annexins may participate in regulation of the production of lipid second messengers and, therefore, modulate numerous lipid mediated signaling pathways in the cell. Recent advances in the field of annexins made also with the use of knock-out animal models revealed that these proteins are indeed important constituents of specific signaling pathways. In this review we provide evidence supporting the hypothesis that annexins, as membrane-binding proteins and organizers of the membrane lateral heterogeneity, may participate in lipid mediated signaling pathways by affecting the distribution and activity of lipid metabolizing enzymes (most of the reports point to phospholipase A2) and of protein kinases regulating activity of these enzymes. Moreover, some experimental data suggest that annexins may directly interact with lipid metabolizing enzymes and, in a calcium-dependent or independent manner, with some of their substrates and products. On the basis of these observations, many investigators suggest that annexins are capable of linking Ca2+, redox and lipid signaling to coordinate vital cellular responses to the environmental stimuli.  相似文献   

17.
Calcium ion (Ca2+) is one of the very important ubiquitous intracellular second messenger molecules involved in many signal transduction pathways in plants. The cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]cyt) have been found to increased in response to many physiological stimuli such as light, touch, pathogenic elicitor, plant hormones and abiotic stresses including high salinity, cold and drought. This Ca2+ spikes normally result from two opposing reactions, Ca2+ influx through channels or Ca2+ efflux through pumps. The removal of Ca2+ from the cytosol against its electrochemical gradient to either the apoplast or to intracellular organelles requires energized ‘active’ transport. Ca2+-ATPases and H+/Ca2+ antiporters are the key proteins catalyzing this movement. The increased level of Ca2+ is recognised by some Ca2+-sensors or calcium-binding proteins, which can activate many calcium dependent protein kinases. These kinases regulate the function of many genes including stress responsive genes, resulted in the phenotypic response of stress tolerance. Calcium signaling is also involved in the regulation of cell cycle progression in response to abiotic stress. The regulation of gene expression by cellular calcium is also crucial for plant defense against various stresses. However, the number of genes known to respond to specific transient calcium signals is limited. This review article describes several aspects of calcium signaling such as Ca2+ requiremant and its role in plants, Ca2+ transporters, Ca2+-ATPases, H+/ Ca2+-antiporter, Ca2+-signature, Ca2+-memory and various Ca2+-binding proteins (with and without EF hand).Key Words: Calcium binding proteins, Ca2+ channel, Ca2+-dependent protein kinases, Ca2+/H+ antiport, calcium memory, calcium sensors, calcium signatures, Ca2+-transporters, EF hand motifs, plant signal transduction  相似文献   

18.
Annexins are a superfamily of calcium-dependent membrane-associated proteins which interact with phospholipids. The primary structure of Annexins I, III, VII, VIII and XI contain a region enriched in proline, glutamate, serine and threonine (PEST sequences) towards the N-terminal end while annexins II, V and VI possess PEST regions somewhat distal to the N-terminus. These PEST sequences are believed to be the signals for rapid intracellular degradation. Annexin I is known to be cleaved by calpain near its PEST region suggesting that its PEST region might be a possible calpain recognition site. Western blot analysis of annexins V and XI in rat lung homogenates suggest that these proteins are resistant to proteolysis by calpain. Annexin V was found to be stable to intrinsic lung proteases in the presence of either Ca2+ or EGTA while annexin XI was found to be partially degraded by intrinsic lung proteases in the presence of EGTA. Eight of the 10 known mammalian annexins also contain a pentapeptide sequence that is biochemically related to the KFERQ motif which is a known signal that targets protein for lysosomal proteolysis. Our data suggest that the annexins may be regulated by limited proteolysis, most likely at their N-terminal end, while most, if not all, of them might be degraded by the lysosomal pathway.  相似文献   

19.
植物体内钙信号及其在调节干旱胁迫中的作用   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
钙作为植物体内第二信使广泛参与了植物响应的各种非生物和生物胁迫的信号传导。胁迫信号通过激活位于细胞质膜上的钙离子通道,产生胞质内特异性的钙信号,传递至钙信号感受蛋白,如钙调素(calmodulin,CaM)、钙依赖蛋白激酶(Ca2+-dependent protein kinases,CDPK)和类钙调磷酸酶B蛋白(calcineurin B-like protein,CBL)等,进而引起胞内一系列生理生化变化,最终对胁迫做出响应。钙信号在植物响应干旱胁迫信号系统中起枢纽作用,主要通过调节气孔运动,水通道蛋白(aquaporin,AQP)和抗氧化酶活性来减少水分流失,提高水分利用率,最终降低干旱对植物细胞的伤害,并具有一定的生态学功能。该文对近年来国内外有关植物体内钙信号的研究进展以及在干旱逆境中的调节作用进行综述,并对今后的研究做了展望。  相似文献   

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