信号分子水杨酸减缓干旱胁迫对紫御谷光合和膜脂过氧化的副效应

为研究信号分子水杨酸(SA)对干旱胁迫下紫御谷光合和膜脂过氧化的影响,为SA应用于紫御谷抗旱育苗提供理论依据,测定分析了SA处理对干旱胁迫下紫御谷幼苗叶片光合和膜脂过氧化相关指标的变化。结果表明:(1)干旱胁迫破坏了紫御谷叶绿体的膜结构,使基粒数量明显减少,垛叠不明显,排列比较松散,而SA处理能在一定程度上保护叶绿体的膜结构。(2)干旱胁迫降低了紫御谷幼苗叶片的叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量,而SA处理能提高干旱胁迫下紫御谷幼苗叶片的叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素和胡萝卜素含量。(3)干旱胁迫降低了叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、光饱和点和暗呼吸速率,增加了叶片的光补偿点、CO₂饱和点、CO₂补偿点和光呼吸速率,而SA处理则增加了紫御谷幼苗叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度、光饱和点和暗呼吸速率,降低了紫御谷幼苗叶片的光补偿点、CO₂饱和点、CO₂补偿点和光呼吸速率。(4)干旱胁迫降低了紫御谷幼苗叶片的F_v/F_m和Φ_PSⅡ,显著增加了叶片的相对电导率和丙二醛含量,而SA处理则增加了幼苗叶片的F_v/F_m和Φ_PSⅡ,降低了叶片的相对电导率和丙二醛含量。表明:信号分子水杨酸能够有效减缓干旱胁迫对紫御谷光合和膜脂过氧化的影响。     

3种荒漠植物光合及叶绿素荧光对干旱胁迫的响应及抗旱性评价

利用盆栽试验结合人工浇水后自然耗水的方法测定干旱胁迫对梭梭、白刺、沙蒿3种荒漠植物叶片水分、光合及叶绿素荧光参数的影响,探讨各指标在干旱胁迫过程中的变化特征、响应机制及其与土壤水分的定量关系,并用隶属函数法对其进行抗旱性排序。结果表明：(1)3种植物叶片相对含水量(RWC)随干旱胁迫天数增加持续降低,最大水分亏缺(RWD)呈波动式上升趋势。(2)3种植物总叶绿素含量(Chl)和叶绿素a(Chla)、叶绿素b(Chlb)含量,以及梭梭、白刺类胡萝卜素含量均随胁迫天数增加而降低;沙蒿类胡萝卜素随土壤含水率降低逐渐升高。(3)梭梭、白刺、沙蒿叶片净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、水分利用效率(WUE)等主要光合气体交换参数对土壤水分表现出明显的阈值响应,适宜的土壤含水率分别为8.04%～19.33%、4.17%～19.10%、6.48%～17.51%。(4)3种植物 PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/F_m)、实际光化学效率(F_v′/F_m′)及光化学淬灭系数(qP)均随干旱胁迫天数增加和光照强度增大而降低,非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)则呈逐渐上升趋势;干旱胁迫中后期,梭梭、沙蒿的F_v/F_m及F_v′/F_m′均下降,光合机构光合活性遭到破坏,电子传递受阻,PSⅡ反应中心受损,表现出光抑制,而白刺调节自身PSⅡ反应中心免受伤害的能力较强。(5)隶属函数法综合分析表明,3种植物耐旱能力大小依次为白刺>梭梭>沙蒿。研究发现,3种荒漠植物均可通过调节 PSⅡ反应中心开放程度与活性,对干旱胁迫表现出较强的耐性,胁迫后期植物PSⅡ反应中心关闭或不可逆失活,表现出光抑制。     

呼伦贝尔草甸草原不同土壤水分梯度下羊草的光合特性

为探索气候变化引起的干旱可能对呼伦贝尔草甸草原生产力造成的影响,利用Li-6400便携式光合测定系统对呼伦贝尔草原4个土壤水分梯度下羊草的光合生理指标进行测定.结果表明:羊草叶片净光合速率的日变化在土壤质量含水量为(40±1)%、(20±1)%及(10±1)%的条件下呈双峰曲线,峰值分别出现在8:00和16:00,有明显的光合午休现象,在干旱胁迫(土壤质量含水量为(5±1)%)条件下变化趋势平缓,曲线双峰特征不明显,净光合速率大幅下降;叶片蒸腾速率和气孔导度的日变化趋势均呈双峰曲线;不同土壤水分梯度下羊草叶片胞间CO2浓度的日变化与净光合速率日变化趋势相反.通过光响应的研究表明,土壤水分胁迫使最大净光合速率、光饱和点、表观量子效率以及水分利用效率降低,而光补偿点升高.干旱胁迫降低了呼伦贝尔草甸草原植被的光合生产能力,从而可能导致草地生产力大幅下降.     

水盐梯度下克里雅河流域芦苇光合响应特征

选择新疆克里雅河流域地下水埋深不同的样点芦苇为材料,采用Li-6400便携式光合系统仪对各样点芦苇的光合响应特征进行实地测定,探讨其适应干旱胁迫和盐胁迫环境的光合机理。结果显示:(1)在干旱区,当地下水位大于2m时,芦苇的光饱和点、表观量子效率、光呼吸速率随地下水位的下降显著降低,而水分利用效率却随着地下水位的下降呈上升趋势;随着地下水位的下降,芦苇的羧化效率、最大净光合速率、CO2饱和点显著下降,水分利用效率随之增大;1.6m地下水位的芦苇相对于2.7m地下水位下芦苇的最大净光合速率、光饱和点、光补偿点、暗呼吸速率分别下降19.98%、40.61%、37%、74.56%。(2)在盐胁迫下芦苇的光合参数整体低于受干旱胁迫的参数;盐胁迫下的芦苇水分利用效率大于受干旱胁迫环境。(3)与陆生环境下的芦苇相比,渍水条件下芦苇的最大净光合速率、光饱和点、光补偿点分别下降41.32%、14.56%、55.55%。研究表明,提高空气CO2供应量可降低水分利用效率从而缓解芦苇盐胁迫伤害,并且可通过调节气孔开闭程度显著增加水生芦苇最大净光合速率,这种变化是植物自身对环境因素变化的生理性反馈和适应性选择对策的结果。     

基于叶绿体基因组数据的芸香科属间系统发育初步分析（专题约稿）

该研究在人工控制水分条件下,设置3个干旱胁迫处理,选用3个主栽油菜品种‘陇油10号’、‘陇油2号’、‘青杂5号’幼苗进行盆栽试验,测定干旱胁迫条件下叶片相对含水量、叶绿素含量、光合气体交换参数及叶绿素荧光参数等指标,考察各指标在干旱胁迫过程中的变化特征,并通过主成分分析(PCA)和隶属函数法评价品种的抗旱性及其主要响应因子,以揭示西北地区油菜幼苗响应干旱胁迫的光合调控机制。结果表明：(1)各品种油菜幼苗的叶片相对含水量(RWC)均随干旱胁迫程度的递增而逐渐降低,最大水分亏缺(WSD)却逐渐上升。(2)各品种油菜幼苗叶片的叶绿素a含量、叶绿素总含量随着干旱胁迫程度的递增而先增加后递减,且同一种幼苗在不同处理间差异显著。(3)各品种油菜幼苗叶片的净光合速率(P_n)、水分利用效率(WUE)、单株生物量、气孔导度(G_s)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)均在受到干旱胁迫时迅速降低,且同一品种幼苗在不同处理间差异显著,而其叶片蒸腾速率(T_r)在干旱胁迫下无显著变化。(4)各品种油菜幼苗叶片光化学猝灭系数(qP)和非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)随着干旱胁迫程度的递增先增加后递减,最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)和电子传递速率(ETR)在受到干旱胁迫时迅速降低,且同一品种幼苗在不同处理间差异显著。(5)主成分分析结果表明,在油菜幼苗受到干旱胁迫时RWC、C_i、G_s、P_n、WUE、叶绿素总含量、叶绿素a含量和NPQ起主要调控作用;隶属函数法综合评价表明,3个品种油菜幼苗耐旱能力由高到低依次为‘陇油10号’＞‘陇油2号’＞‘青杂5号’。     

谷子对干旱胁迫的生理生态响应

干旱少雨严重限制了我国西北地区谷子的产量,为明确谷子响应干旱的生理特征,以干旱敏感谷子品种安04和不敏感品种豫谷1号以及xiaomi为材料,通过盆栽试验,研究了谷子不同生育期叶片光合参数、叶绿素含量、非结构性碳、β-淀粉酶基因表达对水分亏缺的响应。结果表明,正常水分条件下安04产量高于豫谷1号,干旱胁迫严重限制了两个谷子品种的产量形成,安04和豫谷1号分别减产71.2%和56.0%,豫谷1号产量显著高于安04。正常水分条件下,安04具有比豫谷1号更高的净光合速率（P<0.05）,干旱胁迫下,豫谷1号叶片净光合速率显著高于安04;叶片蒸腾速率结果同光合结果一致。干旱条件下,豫谷1号具有更高的叶片相对含水量。干旱胁迫显著降低了两个谷子品种花期的叶绿素a、叶绿素b及总叶绿素含量,且安04降低幅度均大于豫谷1号。干旱胁迫均显著增加了豫谷1号拔节期和开花期的叶片可溶性糖含量,而安04叶片可溶性糖含量并没有发生显著性变化,同时干旱胁迫显著增加了豫谷1号β-淀粉酶基因SiBAM1的表达水平。施用β-淀粉酶活性抑制剂α-环糊精,xiaomi叶片可溶性糖及脯氨酸含量显著降低,进一步加重了干旱对xiaomi的生长抑制。综上所述,干旱胁迫诱导谷子β-淀粉酶基因表达和β-淀粉酶活性升高从而水解淀粉形成可溶性糖,高可溶性糖含量对谷子提高抗旱性起重要作用。     

干旱胁迫对多花黄精叶片光合特性的影响

以3年生多花黄精实生苗为材料,通过盆栽控水方式设置对照(80%土壤含水量)、轻度干旱(65%土壤含水量)、中度干旱(50%土壤含水量)和重度干旱(35%土壤含水量)4个处理,研究干旱胁迫对多花黄精叶片光合特性的影响,探讨多花黄精光合特性对干旱胁迫的响应规律。结果表明：(1)随着干旱胁迫程度的加深,多花黄精叶片叶绿素(a+b)含量、叶绿素b含量均呈先升高后下降的变化趋势,叶绿素a含量却逐渐下降,叶绿素a/b值和类胡萝卜素含量则呈“升高-下降-升高”的变化趋势。(2)多花黄精叶片净光合速率日变化在正常和轻度干旱胁迫条件下呈“单峰”曲线,而在中度和重度干旱胁迫条件下则表现为“双峰”曲线,且其“光合午休”现象的主要影响因素为非气孔限制。(3)随着干旱胁迫程度的加深,多花黄精叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、光能利用效率日均值均随之下降,但其水分利用效率日均值却随之上升。(4)随着干旱胁迫程度的加深,多花黄精的光补偿点先降低再急剧增加,而光饱和点则呈先增加再降低的变化趋势,且其表观量子效率逐渐降低;同时,其CO₂补偿点和CO₂饱和点均随着干旱胁迫程度...     

干旱胁迫对夏蜡梅光合特性的影响

以2年生夏蜡梅(Sinocalycanthus chinensis)苗木为材料,通过盆栽试验,研究土壤干旱胁迫对夏蜡梅叶片光合特性的影响,结果显示:随着干旱胁迫程度的加重,夏蜡梅叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度显著降低;胞间CO2浓度在轻度和中度胁迫下显著低于对照,但在重度胁迫下显著高于对照;水分利用效率在胁迫下提高,且以中度胁迫为最大.温度升高使叶片净光合速率和水分利用效率降低、蒸腾速率升高,加重了干旱对光合作用的不利影响.对照及轻度和中度干旱胁迫处理的净光合速率、气孔导度和水分利用效率日变化曲线均为双峰型,但重度胁迫下净光合速率和气孔导度日变化转变为峰值很小的单峰型;各处理的蒸腾速率日变化曲线为单峰型并以午间最高.表明夏蜡梅光合作用对干旱胁迫有一定的适应能力,但重度胁迫对其造成严重影响.     

水分胁迫和温度对夏蜡梅叶片气体交换和叶绿素荧光特性的影响

夏蜡梅是浙江省特有的濒危单种属物种.本文研究了不同程度土壤水分胁迫和不同温度处理对2年生盆栽夏蜡梅光合作用的影响.结果表明:轻度和中度水分胁迫下夏蜡梅净光合速率分别下降至对照的92.3%和74.3%,净光合速率的降低主要由气孔限制引起;重度水分胁迫下,净光合速率仅为对照的44.4%,主要由非气孔限制引起.夏季夏蜡梅的光合适宜温度范围在20 ℃～28 ℃,39 ℃下其净光合速率、水分利用效率和最大光化学效率显著降低,暗呼吸速率和蒸腾速率显著升高.随着水分胁迫的加重及处理温度的升高,夏蜡梅光补偿点上升,光饱和点、表观量子效率和最大净光合速率下降.重度水分胁迫及高温是制约夏蜡梅生存的重要环境因子.     

水分胁迫对极小种群东兴金花茶幼苗光合特性的影响

为了解东兴金花茶幼苗对水分胁迫的适应能力和响应机制,该文以东兴金花茶1年生实生苗为材料,采用盆栽控水试验,研究不同控水时间处理对东兴金花茶幼苗的生理生态特性的影响。结果表明:随着控水时间的延长,水分胁迫的程度不断加剧,东兴金花茶叶片净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、蒸腾速率(T_r)呈现显著下降趋势; 胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)呈现先低后高的变化趋势,水分利用效率(WUE)呈现先高后低的变化趋势。土壤含水率和叶片相对含水量均呈现不断下降的趋势,丙二醛呈现先降后升的变化趋势; 东兴金花茶幼苗的荧光参数F_v/F_m和F_v/F_o呈现先增加后不断下降趋势,分别从0.806下降至0.754和4.17下降至3.08,表明水分胁迫降低了PS Ⅱ原初光能转化效率,光合作用原初反应过程受到抑制。基于水分胁迫的生理生态指标和叶片生物性状的变化表明,控水时间在4 d情况下东兴金花茶可以提高自身水分利用效率来抵抗干旱,说明东兴金花茶幼苗对水分胁迫具有一定的适应性和响应机制。控水8～12 d,东兴金花茶的光合指标下降显著,土壤含水率下降至14.157%～15.065%,其叶片萎蔫、打卷,低于此水平东兴金花茶幼苗会因过度干旱而死亡,表明东兴金花茶幼苗对水分胁迫的耐受极限土壤含水率为14.157%～15.065%。研究结果有助于营建适宜的环境以保证东兴金花茶的正常生长和繁殖,对东兴金花茶迁地保护、引种培育和回归自然具有重要的科学指导意义。     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

The effect of cyanobacteria and azolla on the performance of rice under different levels of fertilizer nitrogen

Cyanobacteria and/or azolla were inoculated, with urea at 0, 72 or 144 kg N/ha, in plots in which azolla-free Indica rice var. IR 28 was grown. Productive tillers, yield and nitrogen contents of grain and straw positively responded to inoculation with cyanobacteria or azolla, even with fertilizer-N up to 144 kg N/ha. Inoculation improved colonization by cyanobacteria. Azolla were superior to the asymbiotic cyanobacteria in enhancing rice performance. Urea at a rate of 72 kg N/ha was found to support the best colonizations when applied with cyanobacteria or azolla or, to give maximum rice yields, both inoculants.     

Host plants of someRhinanthoideae (Scrophulariaceae) of eastern North America

Twenty three species in 11 genera were examined in the field to determine hosts. OnlyStriga asiatica andSeymeria cassioides have a narrow host range being restricted to grasses and pines, respectively. These are the only species which cause pronounced and sometimes serious host damage. The other species attach to a great diversity of hosts.     

Anti-fungal effects of phenolic amides isolated from the root bark of Lycium chinense

Four phenolic amides, dihydro-N-caffeoyltyramine (1), trans-N-feruloyloctopamine (2), trans-N -caffeoyltyramine (3), and cis-N-caffeoyltyramine (4), were isolated from an ethyl acetate extract of the root bark of Lycium chinense Miller. All had an anti-fungal effect; compounds 1-3 were potent at 5-10 microg ml(-1) and were without hemolytic activity against human erythrocyte cells. Compound 4 was active at 40 microg ml(-1). All four compounds impeded the dimorphic transition of pathogen, Candida albicans.     

广西青藓科分类学修订

通过对采自广西24个县(市)的1 147份青藓科植物标本的逐一鉴定及相关文献的查阅,确认有广西青藓科植物11属、44种,其中包括广西青藓科植物新记录属1属,即拟异叶藓属(Pseudokindbergia),新记录种7种,分别为匐枝青藓(Brachythecium procumbens)、阔叶尖喙藓(Oxyrrhynchium latifolium)、泛生尖喙藓(O. vagans)、拟异叶藓(Pseudokindbergia dumosa)、华东细喙藓(Rhynchostegiella sinensis)、长肋拟青藓(Sciurohypnum populeum)和弯叶拟青藓(S. reflexum)。该文提供了修订后的广西青藓科植物名录,并对其中的新记录属、种的主要形态学识别特征、生境和地理分布等进行了详细描述。     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.