不同抗性品种稻田捕食性节肢动物的群落结构

对3个类型稻田早、晚稻捕食性节肢动物群落调查,结果表明:共有捕食性节肢动物67种,丰富度以蜘蛛高于捕食性昆虫类;早稻高于晚稻;中抗品种高于抗虫和感虫品种。早稻以皿蛛科Linyphiidae的食虫沟瘤蛛UlmmeliatainsecticepesBoes.etStr.占优势,晚稻则以狼蛛科Lycosidae的相对丰盛度最高。早稻捕食性天敌数量动态以中抗品种峰期最长;感性样田中天敌平均密度与中抗样田差异不显著,与抗虫品种差异显著;捕食性节肢动物多样性随着品种抗性的增强呈降低趋势,优势度随着品种抗性的增强而增强。晚稻3个品种样田中天敌的平均密度差异不显著;各品种样田的多样性明显高于早稻,且波动幅度小于早稻,品种之间多样性差异较小,晚稻群落可能具有较高的稳定性。     

烟盲蝽及其天敌蜘蛛空间格局的地统计学分析

利用地统计学的方法研究了烟草(品种为中烟100)不同生长期烟盲蝽及天敌蜘蛛的空间格局,结果表明:烟盲蝽的空间格局随时间的变化呈现为随机、聚集、再随机和再聚集;尽管蜘蛛混合种群的空间格局也依次表现为随机、聚集、随机和聚集分布,但只是在后期与烟盲蝽的空间格局一致。利用BlockKriging进行空间插值分析,得到的三维空间插值模拟图能很好地反映烟盲蝽和蜘蛛种群的田间分布状况。同时,对烟盲蝽及天敌蜘蛛的种群动态进行了分析,发现它们的种群数量变化趋势相似。所有结果表明蜘蛛种群在较大程度上与烟盲蝽种群存在跟随关系。     

茭白田蜘蛛的群落结构及多样性调查

对茭白田中的蜘蛛Spider群落进行了系统的采样调查,对茭白田和蔬菜地、蚕豆地、小麦地、冬闲田、田埂和荒地等生境中的越冬蜘蛛的群落结构和多样性进行了比较,并就茭白田对邻近稻田蛛量的影响进行了初步研究.结果表明,茭白田越冬蜘蛛种类有11科、31属、48种.在茭白田中越冬的蜘蛛密度是其它生境的4倍～40倍.拟水狼蛛Piratasubpiraticus是茭白田蜘蛛的优势种,占总数的50%以上.茭白田可提高邻近稻田蛛量约30%.茭白田是蜘蛛尤其是拟水狼蛛在稻田生态系统主要的越冬场所和避难所,对保护稻田蜘蛛起到重要的作用.     

湘桂走廊单双季稻混栽稻田稻纵卷叶螟、稻飞虱及其天敌的种群动态

2017年和2018年在处于湘桂走廊的广西兴安县设置田间小区试验,研究了单、双季稻混栽稻田中水稻"两迁"害虫及其天敌的种群动态。结果表明,早稻上稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée基本为迁入型,中稻上为迁入+本地繁殖型或迁出型,晚稻上为迁出型。稻纵卷叶螟的落卵量在5月底至6月下旬为全年高峰,集中在早稻拔节期至孕穗期;这导致早稻田6月下旬至7月初卷叶发生严重。鉴定到稻纵卷叶螟寄生性天敌11种,其中幼虫寄生主要发生在早稻和中稻前期。稻飞虱种群数量在早稻和中稻田较高,早中稻上以白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera Horváth为主,晚稻上以褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens St?l为主。捕食性天敌种群数量在水稻生育期的中后期较高,前期较低;晚稻田的蛛虱比高达1.4-6.3。这些结果表明,单、双季稻混栽时,早稻和中稻上"两迁"害虫发生为害较重,晚稻上较轻;这与水稻生产季节前期迁入的"两迁"害虫数量高有关,也与生产季节中后期天敌的控害作用增强有关。     

白背飞虱在稻田内空 间结构的分析

白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera(Horvth)是我国重要的水稻害虫,有着复杂的空间结构。运用地统计学中的半方差函数对不同季度种植的水稻及其不同生长期中白背飞虱若虫的空间结构进行了分析。结果表明：白背飞虱迁入稻田后,其空间分布为聚集型,且聚集的范围随水稻的生长而增加;白背飞虱田间种群空间结构的局部不连续程度较小,空间相关范围为17.3?m到60?m,或大于样地直径。白背飞虱在早稻田中的种群密度和空间相关范围小于晚稻田。空间分布模拟图能较好地反映白背飞虱若虫在田间的具体分布情况。     

稻田飞虱卵寄生蜂群落结构和动态的初步研究

报道了广东省四会市大沙镇稻田中褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens卵期寄生蜂的结构和动态。该群落由缨小蜂科和赤眼蜂科的6个属、共19种卵寄生蜂组成。其中,稻虱缨小蜂Anagrus nilaparvatae、长管稻虱缨小蜂A. longitubulosus和拟稻虱缨小蜂A. paranilaparvatae是群落中的优势种群,它们对控制褐飞虱种群卵期的存活率起主要作用。6个属在群落中的优势地位相对稳定,但不同物种包括优势种类在群落中的地位并不稳定。早、晚稻前期,群落的寄生蜂数量与稻田褐飞虱数量正相关;中期,寄生蜂数量在一定的范围内波动;后期,其数量先上升,然后急剧下降。水稻生长前、中和后期,寄生蜂对褐飞虱卵的平均寄生率分别约为76%,70%和50%。     

稻草还田对晚稻土微生物及酶活性的影响

通过早稻秸秆翻耕还田对晚稻土微生物数量与活度、秸秆腐解酶活性和氨化、硝化作用强度的动态影响试验研究表明：稻草翻耕还田的条件下,在晚稻生长发育过程中,除土壤放线菌数量一直呈下降态势之外,土壤好气性细菌、厌气性细菌和真菌数量均呈现前期急剧增加、中期缓慢减少、后期迅速减少的变化特征,土壤微生物活度则呈现前期迅速增强、达到最大值,中期迅速下降,后期缓慢回升的变化趋势;土壤木聚糖酶活性与土壤微生物数量变化趋势基本相同,而土壤纤维素酶活性则呈前期增加、中期最高、后期迅速下降的特点;土壤氨化作用强度一直呈下降态势,而土壤硝化作用强度则呈前期增强、中期最高、后期下降的变化趋势.随着稻草还田量的增加,上述土壤微生物数量与活度、秸秆腐解酶活性和氨化和硝化作用强度的动态变化趋势更加明显.土壤微生物及酶活性分析评价发现,在晚稻栽培时,配合水稻专用复混肥一次性施用,以早稻秸秆2500～5000kg/hm^2翻耕还田较为适宜.     

农田蜘蛛群落结构及其多样性研究

本文对南宁地区农田自然蜘蛛群落和旱地狼蛛亚群落结构及其多样性进行了研究。 1.农田区蜘蛛群落有14科、41属、80种。主要成分是食虫瘤胸蛛、拟环纹狼蛛、拟水狼蛛、奇异獾蛛和豹蛛属种类,个体数以食虫瘤胸蛛最多。旱地狼蛛亚群落主要成分是奇异獾蛛和豹蛛属种类。 2.稻田区蜘蛛群落多样性指数以田埂杂草群落最高,早稻田群落最低。多样性、均匀度和种类丰富度时间格局是早、晚稻皆随时间序列增加。平均多样性、均匀度和个体数,晚稻均高于早稻。狼蛛更群落多样性和均匀度以草地最高。 3.应用群落比例相似性和聚类分析表明,拟环纹狼蛛与拟水狼蛛和奇异獾蛛与豹蛛属种类是组成当地农田区的水田和旱地生境具有代表性的两个狼蛛亚群落主要成分。 本文试图揭示农田生态系统中的稻田蜘蛛,在不受化学农药干扰下群落结构及其多样性变化,并以狼蛛亚群落为代表,比较农田区内不同生境的群落结构及多样性与生境生态特征的关系,为害虫防治和动物资源的利用提供参考。     

稻田害虫和捕食性节肢动物群落结构和动态

广西南宁市郊稻田害虫和捕食性节肢动物群落,由46科159种组成,其中害虫21科65种;捕食性昆虫12科39种;蜘蛛13科55种。早、晚稻构成群落的物种基本相似,但各物种的数量结构及优势种差异明显。文中分析了晚稻害虫、捕食性昆虫和蜘蛛亚群落的垂直分层、时空格局及其数量变动的原因。     

红火蚁入侵对玉米地蜘蛛类群多样性的影响

采用陷阱法和目测法系统研究了红火蚁入侵玉米地对蜘蛛类群多样性的影响.期间共调查到蜘蛛8科16种,其中红火蚁发生区有6科10种,药防区4科5种,对照区8科11种;蜘蛛种类以游猎型为主,隶属于猫蛛科和跳蛛科,优势种包括斜纹猫蛛、乔氏蚁蛛和蚁蛛.在红火蚁发生区,从玉米心叶后期开始红火蚁种群数量不断增加,在玉米抽穗开花期达到最大,为225头,之后缓慢降低,相应的猫蛛属蜘蛛种群数量则逐渐降低,降幅达79.2％;而蚁蛛属蜘蛛的种群数量变化不大.随着玉米植株的生长,红火蚁发生区和药防区的蜘蛛种类、多样性指数和均匀度指数逐渐降低,生态优势度指数却不断升高,而对照区相关指标则相反.表明红火蚁入侵显著改变了玉米地蜘蛛的类群结构.     

ANALYSIS ON THE DYNAMICS OF SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN OF MIXED SPIDER POPULATION IN RICE FIELD

Abstract The results make it clear that there are total 11 families, 29 genera and 43 species of spiders in the rice field of Dong Fang Hong Farm. Among them, there are 8 families, 19 genera and 28 species in the early rice field, and 10 families, 27 genera and 36 species in the late rice field. The spatial distribution pattern of mixed spider populations in rice fields was different during different development stages of rice plant. During the prophase, metaphase and anaphase of early rice plant development, the spatial distribution pattern of mixed spider populations was aggregative, random and aggregative respectively. During the prophase, metaphase and anaphase of late rice plant development, the spatial distribution pattern was uniform, aggregative and uniform respectively.     

Visualization and Characterization of High-Order Chromatin Fibers under Light Microscope during Interphase and Mitotic Stages in Plants

Using genomic in situ hybridization with genomic DNA, high-order chromatin fibers were successfully exhibited under a light microscope through the cell cycle in barley, rice, maize and field bean. From the interphase to prophase and metaphase of mitosis, the fibers were basically similar. Each was estimated to be around 200 nm in diameter, but the strength of signals was not the same along the fiber length. Through the cell cycle a series of dynamic distribution changes occurred in the fibers. In the interphase, they were unraveled. At the early prophase they were arranged with parallel and mirror symmetry. During late-prophase and metaphase, the fibers were bundled and became different visible chromosomes. The parallel coiling and mirror symmetry structures were visible clearly until the metaphase. In anaphase they disappeared. During telophase, in peripheral regions of congregated chromosome group, borderlines of the chromosomes disappeared and the fibers were unraveled. This demonstrated that mitotic chromosomes are assembled and organized by parallel and adjacent coiling of the fibers and the fibers should be the highest order structure for DNA coiling.     

湖南稻田蜘蛛群落生态特点及控虫作用研究

总结近年来对湖南省境内不同地理、生态类型的稻田蜘蛛群落结构的研究结果;报道湖南稻田蜘蛛198种,隶属25科87属,及其常见类群和主要优势种:拟水狼蛛、食虫沟瘤蛛、八斑鞘腹蛛。并应用测定群落结构特征的多种指数公式比较分析不同地理、生态类型的稻田蜘蛛群落的时空格局特点、物种多样性差异、主要优势种差异以及农药对稻田蜘蛛群落结构的影响和蜘蛛群落对目标害虫的控制效应的定性定量分析结果。     

CELL DIVISION IN SPIROGYRA. I. MITOSIS

Dividing cells of Spirogyra sp. were examined with both the light and electron microscopes. By preprophase many of the typical transverse wall micro-tubules disappeared while others were seen in the thickened cytoplasmic strands. Microtubules appeared in the polar cytoplasm at prophase and by prometaphase they penetrated the nucleus. They were attached to chromosomes at metaphase and early anaphase, and formed a sheath surrounding the spindle during anaphase; they were seen in the interzonal strands and cytoplasmic strands at telophase. The interphase nucleolus, containing 2 distinct zones and chromatinlike material, fragmented at prophase; at metaphase and anaphase nucleolar material coated the chromosomes, obscuring them by late anaphase. The chromosomes condensed in the nucleoplasm at prophase, moving into the nucleolus at prometaphase. The nuclear envelope was finally disrupted at anaphase during spindle elongation; at telophase membrane profiles coated the reforming nuclei. During anaphase and early telophase the interzonal region contained vacuoles, a few micro-tubules, and sometimes eliminated n ucleolar material; most small organelles, including swollen endoplasmic reticulum and tubular membranes, were concentrated in the polar cytoplasm. Quantitative and qualitative cytological observations strongly suggest movement of intact wall rnicrotubules to the spindle at preprophase and then back again at telophase.     

Mitosis and microtubule organizational changes in rice root-tip cells

The pattern of change of the microtubule cytoskeleton of the root-tip cells of rice during mitosis was studied using immunofluorescence technic and confocal laser scanning microscopy. All the major stages of ceil division including preprophase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase were observed. The most significant finding was that in the preprophase cells microtubules radiating from the nuclear surface to the cortex were frequently seen. During development these microtubules became closely associated with the preprophase band and prophase spindie indicating that the microtubules radiating from the nuclear surface, the preprophase band and the prophazc spindle were structurally and functionally closely related to each other. Granule-like anchorage sites for the radiating microtubules at the muclear surface were often seen and the possibility that these gramle-like anchorage sites might represent the microtubule organizing centres was discussed.     

The vesicular compartment of the mitotic apparatus in mammalian cells

Intracellular membranes might play an eminent role in regulating several events during mitosis: In this paper the appearance and changing configurations of the vesicular compartment of the mitotic apparatus of HeLa cells was studied from anaphase to telophase. In early prophase electron opaque and transparent membranous vesicles are found in the pericentriolar region outside the nucleus. During prometaphase when the nuclear envelope opens and starts to disappear, an increasing number of these vesicles appears in the mitotic apparatus near the chromosomes. During metaphase vesicles are spread all over the mitotic apparatus, the number of electron opaque vesicles decreases while the total amount of vesicles does not change significantly. Anaphase shows the same pattern of distribution in the half-spindle and in the midbody. In telophase the amount of electron opaque vesicles increases again. They are now found around vacuoles and near the newly appearing Golgi-cisternae. We assume that the electron opaque vesicles are derived from the Golgi- apparatus which disintegrates during prophase and reappears in late telophase. The change in the appearance of the different types of vesicles during metaphase coincides with drastic changes in the ionic milieu in the mitotic apparatus (Wolniak et al., 1983).     

起源于籼稻体细胞培养的联会消失变异的细胞遗传学研究

对表现不育的体细胞培养再生植株作减数分裂细胞遗传学分析发现,一株由IR54幼穗外植体起源的不育株(二倍体)为部分联会消失变异。其减数分裂早前期染色体配对正常,在终变期及中期Ⅰ观察到了数目不等的单价染色体,后期Ⅰ出现各种数目的落后染色体。由于减数分裂时染色体不平衡而导致该再生植株不育。