高黎贡山种子植物物种丰富度沿海拔梯度的变化

物种丰富度沿海拔梯度的分布格局成为生物多样性研究的热点。为探讨中尺度区域物种丰富度沿海拔梯度的分布,本文以高黎贡山为研究对象,利用该地区的地方植物志资料,结合通过GIS生成的区域数字高程模型(DEM)数据,分析了该区域全部种子植物和乔木、灌木、草本三种生活型种子植物物种丰富度的垂直分布格局以及物种密度沿海拔梯度的变化特征。结果表明：(1)全部种子植物和不同生活型植物物种丰富度随着海拔的升高呈现先增加后减小的趋势,最大值出现在海拔1500—2000m的范围;(2)物种密度与海拔也呈现单峰曲线关系;(3)物种丰富度和物种密度分布格局的形成主要受海拔所反映的水、热状况组合以及物种分布的边界影响。     

陕南秦巴山区药用植物群落物种多样性研究

采用样方法对陕南秦巴山区药用植物群落物种多样性进行了研究。结果显示,该地区药用植物共计105科268属361种,其中药用裸子植物5科6属7种,药用被子植物92科254属344种,药用蕨类植物7科8属10种;含1属的科、含2~5属的科和含1种的属的药用植物数量较多,所占比例较高;该地区各植被类型的物种多样性变化各具特点,其中,物种丰富度指数(S)、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H)及Simpson多样性指数(D)表现为:乔木层最小、灌木层较大、草本层最大,但Pielou物种均匀度指数(J)的变化较为复杂;药用植物群落总的物种丰富度、乔木层物种丰富度和草本层物种丰富度均随海拔的升高表现出先升高后下降的趋势,且物种丰富度最大值出现在海拔1000~1200 m的山地常绿落叶阔叶林和温性针阔混交林的过渡区域,但灌木层物种丰富度与海拔之间无相关关系。本研究结果为阐明山地物种多样性的分布格局提供了基础资料,也为该区域药用植物的保护和管理提供参考。     

三江源区祁连圆柏群落物种多样性沿海拔梯度的变化格局

采取典型样地法,以三江源保护分区的麦秀林场、中铁林场的祁连圆柏天然群落为研究对象,调查群落内物种盖度、多度、频度等,分析了物种组成和α多样性、β多样性对海拔梯度的响应,旨在对当地物种多样性保护及经济作物的培育提供参考,同时为青海省柏树生态系统服务功能评价提供理论依据。结果表明：(1)样地内共调查到植物72种,隶属27科58属,其中裸子植物1科1属1种,双子叶植物21科48属61种,单子叶植物5科9属10种,并以菊科在群落里种类最多。(2)植物物种丰富度表现为：草本层>灌木层>乔木层,乔木层以祁连圆柏占绝对优势,灌、草层的物种丰富度在海拔梯度上则呈明显的“偏锋”格局,且均在海拔3 150 m处达到最大值。(3)随着海拔的上升,灌木层及草本层α多样性呈“波动”形变化趋势,均在海拔3 550 m处达到最低值。(4)灌木层的Cody指数在海拔2 950~3 150 m段达到峰值,草本层在海拔3 150~3 350 m处达到峰值;Sorenson指数灌木层在海拔2 950~3 150 m和3 350~3 550 m处均出现峰值,草本层在海拔2 950~3 150 m处出现峰值。研究认为,三江源保护区在生态修复过程中,应在低海拔地区加强管护,控制人为干扰的强度,并加大当地经济植物资源培育与利用,以增加农牧民的收益。     

新疆天山南坡中段种子植物区系垂直分布格局分析

对植物多样性垂直分布格局及其维持机制的研究可以有效揭示植物物种多样性分布特征及其环境影响因子。本文通过野外调查、查阅标本并结合相关文献资料,对天山南坡中段种子植物区系沿海拔梯度的分布格局进行了系统研究。结果显示,在大区域尺度上,科属种的物种丰富度随海拔升高均呈先增加后减少的趋势,且最高值出现在中低海拔1900~2000 m处;不同生活型植物沿海拔梯度的变化格局有所不同,其中,乔木、一年生草本、藤本及寄生植物表现出随海拔升高物种丰富度逐渐降低的趋势,灌木、多年生草本及二年生草本植物物种丰富度则呈先增加后减少的变化趋势;从植物区系地理成分来看,世界分布所占的比重沿海拔梯度升高呈先增加后减少的趋势;温带地理成分所占的比重沿海拔梯度升高呈缓慢上升趋势;古地中海地理成分所占的比重沿海拔梯度升高呈先增加后减少然后再增加的变化趋势;热带地理成分所占的比重沿海拔升高呈逐渐下降的趋势;东亚地理成分所占的比重沿海拔梯度升高呈先增加后减少然后再增加的变化趋势。对该分布格局与当地干旱的气候条件及海拔梯度上热量和水分条件的变化相适应。     

天山南坡高寒草地海拔梯度上的植物多样性变化格局

山地气候随海拔梯度变化使山地成为研究生物多样性的热点区域。在天山南坡巴音布鲁克高寒草地,对不同海拔梯度下的物种多样性进行了研究。结果表明共调查样地9个,出现植物34种,分属17科29属;物种丰富度随海拔升高呈明显的偏峰格局,在海拔3060m的天山羽衣草(Alchemilla tianschanica)草甸,物种组成最为丰富,出现植物17种,分属12科17属;Shannon-Wiener指数的变化范围为2.02~2.40,最小值出现在海拔2760m以紫花针茅(Stipa purpurea)为优势种的高寒草原,峰值则出现在3060m的天山羽衣草草甸,Shannon-Wiener指数随海拔梯度的变化趋势与物种丰富度基本相同,呈明显的偏峰格局;随海拔升高,Cody指数表现出明显的单峰格局;Shannon-Wiener指数与生长季温度存在显著负相关,而与生长季湿度和土壤含水量存在显著正相关。     

横断山区树线以上区域种子植物的标本分布与物种丰富度

植物标本是植物空间分布信息的重要来源, 也是估算物种丰富度的主要数据资料。本文收集了有关数据库和标本馆的标本资料, 以分析横断山区树线以上区域种子植物标本的采集现状和物种丰富度。将树线以上区域(4,100–5,500 m)划分成14个100 m海拔带, 将每号标本的海拔信息记录到相应的海拔带内。共收集8,316号标本信息, 记载种子植物1,820种, 其中横断山区特有种655种。这些标本在物种间的分布极不均匀, 仅有1–2号标本的物种最多, 共974种, 占53.5%。各海拔带内标本总数、种均标本数和物种丰富度随海拔的增加而下降, 但物种稀疏曲线不能很好地描述物种丰富度沿海拔梯度的分布格局。因此, 需要开展更多的样地调查和标本采集工作, 为物种丰富度的估算积累更多的资料。     

广西猫儿山植物群落物种组成、群落结构及树种多样性的垂直分布格局

沿海拔梯度设置16个样地,对广西猫儿山植物群落物种多样性的垂直分布格局进行了初步研究。结果表明：(1)16个样地中共调查到乔木44科79属184种,其中常绿阔叶树121种、落叶阔叶树61种、针叶树2种;(2)随着海拔的上升,整个乔木层以及不同生活型的最大树高均呈显著下降趋势,而乔木树种的最大胸径、胸高断面积之和以及立木密度都呈现出先增大后减小的趋势;(3)物种丰富度在海拔1350m以下变化不明显,但1350m以上随着海拔的升高明显下降。在研究的海拔范围内,物种丰富度呈非常显著的单峰分布格局,最大的丰富度出现在中海拔群落中;(4)α多样性沿海拔梯度的变化趋势与物种丰富度相似,但没有后者显著。Shannon-Wiener指数(H’)和海拔之间有明显的负相关性,均匀度Pielou指数(E)在取样范围内并没有随着海拔梯度的变化表现出明显的规律;(5)1350m以下的相邻群落之间的Jaccard指数(CJ)大于1350m以上相邻群落之间的Jaccard指数,最小值出现在中海拔的植被过渡带。Cody指数也有类似的趋势,原因在于物种丰富度的变化;(6)在本研究的海拔范围内,海拔比坡度和坡向对群落的结构特征、物种丰富度以及α多样性的影响更大。而在局部尺度上,人为干扰以及小地形而导致的生境异质性对群落的物种多样性和结构特征有着重要的影响。     

台湾维管束植物物种丰富度和种域宽度的海拔格局及对Rapoport法则的检验

物种丰富度和种域(即物种分布范围)沿环境梯度的变化是生物地理学和生物多样性研究的核心问题.岛屿由于受到地理隔离的作用.其物种分布、多样性格局及其成因的特殊性对于发展和检验生物地理学的假说具有重要意义.Rapoport法则提出,生物种域存在着随海拔上升而增大的趋势.台湾地区具有显著的海拔梯度和典型的岛屿环境,其植物区系丰富而独特.我们首次对台湾维管束植物的海拔分布进行研究,包括不同类群植物的物种丰富度和种域的海拔梯度格局,并检验了Rapoport法则的适用性.综合相关信息得到台湾维管束植物区系包含241科1,466属4,751种(含种下单位),对其中具有海拔分布范围信息的3,330种植物进行统计,结果表明:(1)台湾维管束植物科、属、种的丰富度总体上随海拔上升而减小,入侵植物丰富度具有类似格局,而台湾特有植物呈现明显的单峰格局;按照分类群计,蕨类植物和裸子植物为单峰格局,被子植物的3个生态类群均为单调递减格局.(2)物种种域海拔宽度与海拔的关系随不同类群和分析方法而异.其中,入侵植物的种域宽度和中点海拔具有显著的正相关关系,支持Rapoport法则,而全部植物和特有植物不支持;蕨类植物的海拔分布支持Rapopott法则,裸子植物不支持,其他分类群因方法不同而结果之间不一致.我们还比较了台湾和周边大陆和岛屿山地的物种丰富度海拔格局,认为它们物种丰富度海拔梯度模式的不同可能与降水海拔格局的差异有关;而关于Rapoport法则的检验表明,即使在同一山体,不同类群植物分布范围的海拔模式也可能取决于不同的因素和作用机制.     

库车种子植物区系垂直分布格局分析

该研究通过野外植被调查及相关文献资料查阅,探讨了库车山区种子植物区系的垂直分布格局特征及其对海拔变化的响应。结果表明:该区种子植物约有78科376属960种。其中,裸子植物3科3属9种,被子植物75科373属951种。植物科、属、种总数随着海拔的升高呈现先增加后降低的单峰分布结构。其中科总数在海拔1 600~1 800 m处为最高峰,属总数在海拔1 800~1 900 m处呈现最高峰;物种总数在海拔1 900~2 000 m处呈现最高峰,有478种(隶属59科,230属)。种子植物区系地理成分分析中,库车山区植物区系垂直海拔梯度上不管是科级水平还是属级水平种类成分都以温带分布型占优势。在垂直分布梯度上,温带分布科最高点出现在海拔1 800~1 900 m(含20科),从海拔2 800~2 900 m开始,随着海拔梯度升高呈现下降趋势,到海拔3 600~3 700 m时为最低点(含6科);温带分布属峰值出现在海拔1 900~2 000 m,随着海拔的升高呈现下降趋势。该研究结果对该区植物种质资源和生态系统多样性,植物资源的引种驯化、栽培和合理利用具有重要意义。     

福建黄岗山东南坡和西北坡乔木物种多样性及群落特征的垂直变化

利用福建黄岗山东南坡30个样方和西北坡13个样方的资料,研究该地区乔木物种丰富度的垂直变化;东南坡共记录到乔木物种151种,隶属于42科73属;西北坡102种,隶属于32科54属。两坡面的乔木树种组成相差不大。物种丰富度随海拔的变化趋势是：随海拔升高,科、属、种的数量呈下降的趋势;东南坡科、属、种的数量在海拔800—1000m达到最大值,西北坡在海拔1500—1600m达到最大值。东南坡乔木物种Shannon—Wiener指数(H’)与海拔呈负相关;西北坡在海拔1200—1800m范围内H’高于东南坡;Screnson指数(IAc)在不同植被类型交替时出现上下波动,从常绿阔叶林向针阔混交林转化时,物种更替强烈,Screnson指数明显下降。乔木物种生长特征的分析表明,最大树高(Hmax)和最大胸径(DBHmax)出现在中海拔,在相同海拔范围内西北坡的Hmax和DBHmax高于东南坡;东南坡Hmax和DBHmax的峰值出现在海拔800—900m,西北坡出现在海拔1800m。东南坡立木密度在海拔1500m处达最高值,而西北坡立木密度变化不明显,仅在海拔1900m以上明显下降。将全部乔木种划分为常绿阔叶、针叶和落叶阔叶等三种生活型,分析不同生活型的生长特征发现,常绿阔叶种类的胸高断面积和(total basal area,TBA)在低海拔占比例大;针叶种类沿海拔出现两个峰值,与分布两种不同针叶林种类有关;落叶阔叶林的TBA在各海拔段均占一定比例,但在西北坡的比例要高于东南坡。两坡三种生活型的TBA沿海拔梯度变化特征基本上相似。     

Altitudinal patterns of seed plant richness in the Gaoligong Mountains, south-east Tibet, China

Elevational patterns of species richness and their underlying mechanisms have long been a controversial issue in biodiversity and biogeographical research, and several hypotheses have been proposed in the past decades. Local and regional studies have suggested that area and geometric constraint are two of major factors affecting the elevational pattern of species richness. In this study, using data of seed plants and their distribution ranges and a Digital Elevation Model data set, we explored altitudinal patterns of seed plant richness and quantified the effects of area and the mid-domain effect (MDE) on the richness patterns in a high mountain area, Gaoligong Mountains (ranging from 215 m to 5791 m a.s.l.) located in south-eastern Tibet, China. The results showed that richness and density (richness/log-transformed area) of seed plants at species, genus, and family levels all showed hump-shaped patterns along the altitudinal gradient. The altitudinal changes in richness of species with three different range sizes (< 500 m, 500–1500 m, and > 1500 m), species of different plant life-forms (trees, shrubs, and herbs), and endemic species further confirmed this finding. Analysis of Generalized Linear Model depicted that although the area of each elevational band was always in high correlation with the species richness, the MDE could explain 84.9%, 33.8%, 83.8%, and 84.5% of the total variation in richness for all species and the three species groups with different range sizes, respectively. This suggests that the MDE significantly influences the patterns of species richness and is likely be stronger for broad-ranged species than for narrow-ranged ones in the Gaoligong Mountains.     

Species richness and trait composition of butterfly assemblages change along an altitudinal gradient

Species richness patterns along altitudinal gradients are well-documented ecological phenomena, yet very little data are available on how environmental filtering processes influence the composition and traits of butterfly assemblages at high altitudes. We have studied the diversity patterns of butterfly species at 34 sites along an altitudinal gradient ranging from 600 to 2,000 m a.s.l. in the National Park Berchtesgaden (Germany) and analysed traits of butterfly assemblages associated with dispersal capacity, reproductive strategies and developmental time from lowlands to highlands, including phylogenetic analyses. We found a linear decline in butterfly species richness along the altitudinal gradient, but the phylogenetic relatedness of the butterfly assemblages did not increase with altitude. Compared to butterfly assemblages at lower altitudes, those at higher altitudes were composed of species with larger wings (on average 9 %) which laid an average of 68 % more eggs. In contrast, egg maturation time in butterfly assemblages decreased by about 22 % along the altitudinal gradient. Further, butterfly assemblages at higher altitudes were increasingly dominated by less widespread species. Based on our abundance data, but not on data in the literature, population density increased with altitude, suggesting a reversed density–distribution relationship, with higher population densities of habitat specialists in harsh environments. In conclusion, our data provide evidence for significant shifts in the composition of butterfly assemblages and for the dominance of different traits along the altitudinal gradient. In our study, these changes were mainly driven by environmental factors, whereas phylogenetic filtering played a minor role along the studied altitudinal range.     

福建梅花山常绿阔叶林植物物种多样性及其海拔梯度格局

常绿阔叶林是福建梅花山国家级自然保护区地带性植被。采用样带与典型群落调查法对区内的常绿阔叶林14400m2样地展开调查,并对植物多样性海拔梯度格局进行分析,结果表明：（1） 群落植物物种丰富度、Gleason丰富度指数、Simpson指数、Shannon Wiener指数和Pielou均匀度指数的均值分别为64.42、10.75、5.75、3.50、0.58,且这5种指数在各样带间差异极为显著,并随海拔的升高均呈单峰曲线变化,峰值出现在海拔700m~900m。（2） 群落各层次的植物物种丰富度、Shannon Wiener指数均呈现灌木层（包括幼树和层间植物）〉乔木层〉草本层的特征。乔木、灌木层物种丰富度与乔木层Shannon Wiener指数在海拔梯度上的样带间差异极显著,变化趋势与群落相似;灌木层与草本层Shannon Wiener指数以及草本层物种丰富度随海拔梯度变化不明显。因此,梅花山自然保护区常绿阔叶林植物物种多样性的海拔梯度格局呈现单峰分布,并支持中间高度膨胀模式（mid domain model）。     

Species Diversity and Altitudinal Gradient Patterns of Evergreen Broad leaved Forest in MeihuashanNational Natural Reserve,Fujian Province

In China, evergreen broad leaved forests (EBLFs) is one of the most important vegetation types which was widly distributed in subtropical area, and it plays a very important role in the global biological diversity and natural environment conservation also. In order to reveal species diversity and altitudinal gradient patterns of evergreen broad leaved forest in Meihuashan National Natural Reserve, Fujian Province. Five altitude transects were set up at a vertical interval of 200m between 375m and 1300m above sea level in the EBLFs distribution areas, and twenty four quadrats(14400m2) had been surveyed. Species richness(S), species richness index (dGl), Simpson index (D), Shannon Wiener index (H′), Pielou evenness index (J) had been used for analysis of species diversity and altitudinal gradient pattern of EBLFs. The average value of S, dGl, H′,J and D were 64.42, 10.75, 5.75, 3.50, 0.58 respectively. The difference of community species diversity index(S, dGl, D, H′, and J) was extremely significant between transects, and the altitudinal gradient patterns of species diversity presented the unimodal variable trend, with a peak in the mid altitude(700m-900m). The species richness and Shannon Wiener index of different layer were ranked as shrub layer (include young tree and the plants between layers)>arbor layer>herb layer. The species richness of tree and shrub layer, and Shannon Wiener index of tree layer were significantly different between at transects, and trends of altitude gradient was similar to community. The Shannon Wiener index of shrub layer and herb layer, and the species richness of herb layer did not change significantly along elevation gradient. Therefore, plant species diversity distribution pattern presented a unimodal variable trend along an elevation gradient, and supported “mid domain model” in EBLFs of Meihuashan National Nature Reserve.     

澜沧县两栖动物多样性及海拔分布格局

海拔梯度综合了温度、降水等气候因子,是影响物种多样性分布格局的重要环境因子,两栖动物多样性及其海拔分布格局一直是生物地理学和生态学研究的重要内容。为了全面掌握云南澜沧县两栖动物多样性现状及海拔分布格局,在调查并掌握澜沧县两栖动物多样性本底数据的基础上,根据地形地貌和生境的不同,在澜沧县99个10km×10km有效网格中按照分层抽样的方法选取45个网格,每个网格设置3-5条样线,于2016-2017年开展野外调查。调查共发现两栖动物1842只,隶属于2目9科30属60种,以树蛙科为主,占两栖动物物种总数的28.3%,其中云南纤树蛙（Gracixalus yunnanensis）为新种,清迈泽陆蛙（Fejervarya qingmaiensis）为中国新纪录种;调查到中国特有种有15种,三有保护动物有25种,受威胁物种有19种,其中极危物种1种,濒危物种4种,易危物种14种;澜沧县两栖动物在海拔600-2400m范围内均有分布,其中,在海拔1800-2000m之间的范围内调查到的两栖动物物种数目和多度均较高,其次是在海拔1600-1800m和1200-1400m范围内;本次调查记录到的两栖动物物种数是历史记录物种数的3倍,属数比历史记录多了1倍,铃蟾科为新记录科;丰富度较高的网格尤其是丰富度在20以上的网格均处于中高海拔,海拔相对较低和较高的网格丰富度相对较低;两栖动物多样性科、属、种的丰富度在海拔梯度上分布格局不太一致,种丰富度的海拔分布格局大体呈双峰型,是由包括平均降水量、平均温度和植被覆盖指数等环境因子的综合作用,各因子与物种丰富度相关性从大到小依次为平均降水量 > 平均海拔=平均温度 > 植被覆盖指数 > 水网密度指数 > 样线距离水域的平均距离 > 植被类型数量。研究摸清了澜沧县两栖动物的多样性状况,分析了两栖动物多样性海拔分布格局,为澜沧县生物多样性保护提供基础数据。     

Species richness of vascular plants,bryophytes, and lichens along an altitudinal gradient in western Norway

Species richness patterns of ground-dwelling vascular plants, bryophytes, and lichens were compared along an altitudinal gradient (310–1135 m a.s.l.), in western Norway. Total species richness peaked at intermediate altitudes, vascular plant species richness peaked immediately above the forest limit (at 600–700 m a.s.l.), bryophyte species richness had no statistically significant trend, whereas lichen richness increased from the lowest point and up to the forest limit, with no trend above. It is proposed that the pattern in vascular plant species richness is enhanced by an ecotone effect. Bryophyte species richness responds to local scale factors whereas the lichen species richness may be responding to the shading from the forest trees.     

Contrasting patterns in local and zonal family richness of stream invertebrates along an Andean altitudinal gradient

1. Describing and understanding patterns in biological diversity along major geographical gradients is an important topic in ecology. Samples collected from a large number of physically and chemically comparable stream sites along a 4000 m gradient of altitude in the Andes of Ecuador served to characterise patterns of family richness of aquatic macroinvertebrates at the scale of the stream site (local) and at that of discrete altitudinal zones. 2. Both mean local and zonal family richness decreased by about 50% from sea level to 4000 m a.s.l. Local richness declined linearly, while zonal richness remained constant from sea level up to a threshold altitude of about 1800 m, whereafter it decreased. 3. From sea level to 1800 m few families were lost from zonal richness and few were gained. From 1800 to 3800 m the decrease in the number of families was accounted for by a loss of families present in lowland streams, with few new families gained. Hence, there was relatively little turnover of families along the entire gradient. 4. The diverging pattern of local and zonal richness was caused by sporadically occurring families inflating zonal richness at mid‐altitudes. If the sporadic families were represented by the same species found commonly in the lowlands, then the mid‐altitudinal zonal richness would be maintained by a ‘rescue effect’. More probably, however, the sporadically occurring families found at mid‐altitudes are each represented by new species replacing each other along the gradient, the families progressively diminishing in species richness and occurrence as the overall temperature tolerance of the family is approached. 5. This study demonstrates that spatial scale affects altitudinal patterns in the taxonomic richness of stream invertebrates. It also showed that family‐level identification can facilitate interpretation of sources and sinks of biodiversity along geographic gradients.     

Modelling of plant species richness along altitudinal gradient: Asalem Watershed basin,temperate deciduous forests in northern Iran

Among the various topographical factors, effects of altitudinal factor on species diversity, richness, composition and biological functions patterns are considerable. This study was done to investigate plant species richness along altitudinal gradient in the Asalem watershed basin, northern forests of Iran. For these purpose, 13 altitudinal transects were established from 100 to 2500 m, according to altitude ranges within 200 m intervals. Data collection was done in 216 circular plots of 1000-m² area with a distance of 150 m from each other. In total, 576species of 325 genus and 96 families were recorded. The highest number of species was belonged to Asteracese، Fabaceae and Lamiaceae families. The results indicated that forbs with 414 species belong to54 families and ferns with 31 species belong to10 families were the largest and smallest group of plants in study area respectively. In herbaceous layer, the mean number of species was increased along altitudinal gradients (P ≤ 0.005). The lowest and highest value of species number was belonged to 500 and 2500 m altitudes, respectively. Generally, there was a gradual decline of species number at 100 to 500 m. Fitted models indicated that variation patterns at altitudinal gradients were significant and the proposed polynomial model had a high conformity with changes of species richness. The lowest value of species number in woody layer was belonged to 1900 m altitude and 2100 m had the highest value. Three peak points were recorded at the beginning, middle and the end of gradient, respectively. Sinusoidal models showed a correlation between species richness and altitudinal changes by high coefficient of determination. Results of β –diversity indicated that species change rate was fixed at 700 m altitude, but it was decreased by increasing altitude. Fluctuations of β diversity were followed of the sinusoidal models. In the study area, destructive factors including road construction, tourism and over-exploitation are a serious threat for the ecosystem and this study can be considerable to develop targeted strategies for conservation of plant diversity. In addition, study of habitat conditions in each altitudinal gradients is necessary to reconstruction stands with low species diversity and appropriate species selection to establish stands with high density.