城市污泥堆肥用作草皮基质对草坪草生长的影响

研究了城市污泥堆肥生产草坪基质的应用效果。试验结果表明,城市污泥堆肥基质能明显提高黑麦草的地上和地下生物量和叶绿素含量,与不施化肥和施用化学的对照相比,城市污泥堆肥可以增加土壤有效态氮、磷含量,促进植物叶片对氮的吸收,提高草坪的质量。用经过无害化处理的城市污泥生产草坪基质,既可以解决城市污泥的出路,又可以降低草坪的生产成本,是一条经济可行的途径。     

城市垃圾堆肥对高羊茅生长及土壤性质的影响

采用盆栽实验方法,比较了在每盆施用130 g垃圾堆肥(T1)或1.5 g化肥(T2)以及130 g垃圾堆肥与1.5 g 化肥混合施用(T3)条件下高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea L)生长及土壤性质的变化.结果表明:T1和T3处理组的土壤容重显著低于对照(不施肥)和T2处理组,土壤中的阳离子代换量及有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量显著高于对照及T2处理组,且T3处理组的增加幅度更大;T1和T3处理组土壤中Pb、As、Cu、Cr和Cd含量均高于对照和T2处理组,且T1处理组土壤中Pb、As、Cu和Cd含量均显著高于仍处理组,但均小于土壤环境质量一级标准,不会造成土壤环境污染.T1和T3处理组高羊茅种子萌发率均明显低于T2处理组和对照,但随萌发时间的延长逐渐提高,表明垃圾堆肥对高羊茅种子萌发的抑制作用是暂时性的.施肥处理对高羊茅生长均有明显的促进作用;T1、T2和T3处理组高羊茅的株高、地上部分和根于质量、叶片N含量和叶绿素含量总体上均显著高于对照;其中T1处理组在栽培前期高羊茅的株高、地上部分干质量和叶片N含量低于T2处理组,但在后期显著高于T2处理组;而T3处理组高羊茅的各项指标总体上均最高.结果显示:使用垃圾堆肥能明显改善土壤性质、增加土壤肥力;垃圾堆肥具有缓释效应,能改善高羊茅的生长状况、提高草坪质量,与化肥混合施用效果更佳.     

施肥对毛红椿幼林生长及叶片生理特征的影响

为了探究珍贵树种毛红椿对施用不同肥料不同用量的响应,该文以毛红椿幼林为研究对象,设置氮肥(N)、磷肥(P)、复合肥(CF)及缓释肥(SRF)4种肥料3个施肥水平(高、中、低),研究施肥对毛红椿幼林生长和叶片养分、生理的影响。结果表明：(1)施肥均可促进毛红椿树高和胸径生长,氮肥和复合肥效果更明显,氮肥处理的4年生毛红椿平均树高、平均胸径、平均材积较不施肥(CK)分别提高了15.0%、21.9%、67.5%,其中低氮肥(N1)处理的胸径年均生长量最大(2.99 cm),复合肥处理的平均树高、平均胸径、平均材积较CK分别提高了16.7%、19.2%、54.3%。高缓释肥(SRF3)和低磷肥(P1)分别在第4年树高、胸径的年增长量达到最大(分别为1.96 m、2.33 cm)。(2)施肥显著增加了毛红椿叶片叶绿素含量和非结构性碳水化合物含量,氮肥显著促进可溶性糖合成而磷肥显著促进淀粉合成。(3)N1和磷肥分别显著促进毛红椿叶片氮和磷含量的提高,磷肥、复合肥和氮肥均可显著提高叶片钾含量。(4)主成分分析结果表明,施肥促进生长效果依次为氮肥>复合肥>磷肥>缓释肥>不施肥,...     

有机无机缓释复合肥对土壤微生物量碳、氮和群落结构的影响

研究缓释复合肥不同用量对土壤微生物量碳、氮和群落结构多样性的影响,在农业生产上广泛应用缓释复合肥有着重要意义。试验采用室内长期恒温培养和磷脂脂肪酸法,以化肥和普通复合肥适量施用养分量为对比,研究缓释复合肥适量、高量和超高量施肥水平对土壤微生物PLFA含量的影响规律。结果表明,SRF1、SRF2、SRF3(缓释复合肥适量、高量和超高量)较CK(不施肥)和CF1(化肥适量)显著增加土壤微生物量碳,且较CK、CF1和CCF1(普通复合肥适量)显著增加土壤微生物量氮。土壤微生物量碳、氮随着缓释复合肥施肥水平的增加而增加,但没有随着施肥水平的倍量增加而倍量增加,且SRF2和SRF3无显著差异。缓释复合肥(SRF1、SRF2和SRF3)较CK、CF1和CCF1增加土壤PLFA的种类和含量,且总PLFA含量增加7.4%—26.7%、17.6%—38.7%和12.8%—33.0%,3个施肥水平以SRF2作用效果最好,总PLFA含量最高,分别较SRF1和较SRF3高16.4%和17.9%。土壤细菌、放线菌、革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌PLFA含量以SRF1和SRF2显著高于CF1和CCF1。主成分分析和聚类分析显示施肥处理分布较多PLFA的优势种群,SRF3与SRF1和SRF2的PLFA结构差别较大。综上认为,适量施肥水平以缓释复合肥较化肥和普通复合肥对土壤微生物的作用显著,其中缓释复合肥3个施肥水平以高量施肥水平作用最好。     

草坪植物对生活垃圾堆肥基质的生理生态响应

以生活垃圾堆肥和土壤(对照)为基质,采用不同播种方式进行草坪建植,研究了堆肥基质对草坪植物光合特性和保护酶系统的影响.结果表明:堆肥能明显地提高草坪植物的净光合速率,第一峰值出现在9:00,在单播方式下,堆肥基质黑麦草、高羊茅分别比各自对照高出12.7%、11.4%;黑麦草与早熟禾混播、高羊茅与早熟禾混播分别比对照高出33.0%、29.6%.堆肥基质黑麦草单播、黑麦草与早熟禾混播表现出比对照较低的日平均蒸腾速率和较高的水分利用效率;而高羊茅单播、高羊茅与早熟禾混播,则呈现比对照较高的日平均蒸腾速率和相似的水分利用效率.以垃圾堆肥为草坪基质,黑麦草表现出高光合、低蒸腾的节水对策;而高羊茅则表现出高光合、高蒸腾的代谢特点.另外,堆肥基质也显著地提高了草坪植物叶片叶绿素含量,单播黑麦草和高羊茅叶片的叶绿素含量显著高于对照(P<0.05).堆肥基质还能显著增强草坪植物叶片POD、SOD和CAT活性,与对照相比差异均达到显著(P<0.05)或极显著水平(P<0.01),表明堆肥基质中草坪植物的抗逆境能力显著增强.     

垃圾堆肥基质对不同草坪植物生态及质量特征的影响

通过田间实验,研究了城市生活垃圾堆肥基质对高羊茅和黑麦草不同品种草坪植物生态及质量特征的影响。结果表明:堆肥能明显促进草坪植物生长,提高地上和地下生物量。与一茬草相比,垃圾堆肥对二茬草的促进作用更为明显,说明了垃圾堆肥营养具有缓释效应。另外,垃圾堆肥能加快草坪植物返青,对越年草坪植物盖度、株高以及生物量具有明显促进作用。不同品种草坪植物对垃圾堆肥的生长响应存在明显差异,在生长速度和生物量指标上,3种高羊茅品种表现较好。采用美国国家草坪评比体系NTEP(9分法)作为评比标准,对各草坪综合质量进行评定。结果垃圾堆肥建植的草坪综合质量均明显好于对照;不同草坪植物之间比较,以爱神综合质量为最佳,尤其表现在密度、颜色和质地方面。     

长期施肥对双季稻田土壤微生物学特性的影响

为探明不同施肥处理对早稻和晚稻各个生育时期稻田土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和微生物熵的影响,以湖南宁乡长期定位试验为平台,应用氯仿熏蒸-K_2SO_4提取法和化学分析法系统分析了定位长达29年5种施肥处理之间(化肥、秸秆还田+化肥、30%有机肥+70%化肥、60%有机肥+40%化肥和无肥)双季稻田土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和微生物熵的差异。结果表明,早稻和晚稻各主要生育时期,长期施肥均能提高土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量和微生物熵,各施肥处理土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量和微生物熵均随水稻生育期推进呈先增加后降低的变化趋势,均于齐穗期达到最大值,成熟期达到最低值;其中,以60%有机肥和30%有机肥处理双季稻田土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量和微生物熵均为最高,均显著高于其他处理,其大小顺序表现为60%有机肥30%有机肥秸秆还田化肥无肥。长期有机无机配施可以提高土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和微生物熵,有机肥与化肥配施对提高土壤肥力效果最好。土壤微生物生物量碳、氮及微生物熵可以反映土壤质量的变化,可作为评价土壤肥力的生物学指标。     

微生物菌剂对草坪植物高羊茅生长与土壤酶活性的影响

从生活垃圾堆肥中分离出放线菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和苏云金芽孢杆菌,通过形态学和染色鉴定,分别以微生物单菌剂施入到草坪土壤基质中,研究了几种微生物菌剂对高羊茅生长与土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明:3种微生物菌剂处理可以显著提高高羊茅株高、生物量和叶绿素含量(P0.01或P0.05),促进了高羊茅的生长。同时,施加不同的微生物菌剂对于土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶活性均有显著的增强作用,其中放线菌处理土壤脲酶和多酚氧化酶分别是对照的8.38倍和20.6倍。因此,从堆肥中得到的3种微生物菌剂均可有效提高土壤酶活性,改善植物根际微生态环境,提高了土壤肥力和养分的利用率,促进了草坪植物生长,改善草坪质量。该研究可为微生物菌剂在草坪建植体系中的应用提供依据。     

苏丹草-黑麦草轮作制中施肥制度对土壤生物性质的影响

苏丹草-黑麦草轮作是中国南方地区一种新型、高强度的种植制度,不同的养分管理措施可能影响土壤生物性质,从而影响土壤肥力.在4年大田定位试验基础上研究了苏丹草-黑麦草轮作制中施肥制度对土壤敏感性指标微生物活性、微生物生物量、酶活性、土壤有机质、全氮含量,试验设置CK（不施肥）、NP（氮、磷肥）、NK（氮、钾肥）、PK（磷、钾肥）、NPK（氮、磷、钾肥配施）.结果表明,苏丹草、黑麦草试验期结束后,NP,NK,NPK处理的土壤微生物活性明显低于CK,PK处理.然而,NP,NK,NPK处理的土壤微生物生物量碳氮、有机质、全氮、蔗糖酶、脲酶活性均高于PK,CK处理.苏丹草-黑麦草轮作制中,土壤微生物生物量、土壤酶活性与土壤有机质呈显著正相关.施肥,特别是氮肥降低了土壤微生物群落活性,而合理施肥能够增加土壤微生物生物量、酶活性有机质、总氮含量,从而改善土壤肥力.     

生活垃圾堆肥淋洗液培植无土草皮的生态特征

以生活垃圾堆肥淋洗液培植无土草皮,结果表明,垃圾堆肥淋洗液中有机质、全氮、有效磷及其它营养元素含量显著高于对照土壤淋洗液,能够充分满足草坪植物生长需要。高浓度淋洗液使黑麦草和高羊茅种子萌发高峰期推迟出现,但不影响发芽率,到萌发第11天,种子发芽率分别达到94％和92％以上。对黑麦草而言,80％的淋洗液可显著提高植株高度、地上生物量和叶绿素含量;对高羊茅,60％的淋洗液则为最佳浓度。当淋洗液培植的无土草皮进行田间铺坪90d时,黑麦草和高羊茅草皮地上生物量分别达到5．38g／块和7．89g／块,并显著高于对照草皮（P〈0．05）,而地下生物量和根长差异不显著。垃圾堆肥淋洗液改变了黑麦草和高羊茅植株地上／地下生物量的分配格局,使其根冠比降低,其分别为4．60和3．71,并明显低于对照。从坪用性状上看,铺坪后垃圾堆肥淋洗液培养的草皮叶色深绿,质地柔软光滑,明显优于土壤淋洗液培养的对照草皮。     

Genotoxicity of the extracts from the compost of the organic and the total municipal garbage using three plant bioassays.

The production of compost is one of the alternatives for the disposal of non-hazardous solid wastes. Compost is used in agriculture and gardening as fertilizer. In the State of Queretaro, Mexico, there is a project to produce compost from the municipal garbage which could be used as a fertilizer. The presence of mutagenic compounds in the compost could be a major disadvantage for the selection of this alternative. For the above reason, this study was initiated as a pilot project to determine the potential mutagenic activity in the compost using three plant bioassays: Tradescantia-micronucleus (Trad-MCN), Tradescantia stamen hair mutations (Trad-SHM) and Allium root anaphase aberrations (AL-RAA). Compost was produced using both aerobic and anaerobic processes from either organic waste (from the residential area) or from the total components of the municipal garbage. Extractions from the compost were done using distilled water and organic solvents and shaking the sample for about 12 h under relatively low temperatures (15-20 degrees C). Plant cuttings of Tradescantia or the roots of Allium were treated by submerging them in the extracts. Three replicates of each sample were analyzed in each one of the three bioassays. As expected the samples of compost from the total garbage showed a higher genetoxicity than those from organic waste. In conclusion, there are some substances present in the compost capable of inducing genotoxicity in the plant assays and therefore there must be some restrictions for its use as a fertilizer.     

Effectiveness of municipal waste compost and its humic fraction in suppressing Pythium ultimum

The effect of addition of a municipal solid waste (MSW) compost and its water-soluble and humic fraction to suppress the effect of Pythium ultimum on pea plants was studied and compared with that of a chemical pesticide (metalaxyl). The biotic and abiotic characteristics of compost involved in the biocontrol effects of these materials were also evaluated. The addition into soil of whole composts and their humic fractions reduced the effect of the pathogen on pea plants, significantly reducing the number of root lesions and Pythium populations and avoiding reductions of plant growth. The greatest pathogen suppression was achieved with the chemical pesticide. However, it also caused a significant decrease in the number of nontarget bacteria and fungi and on beneficial soil microorganisms such as Trichoderma and Pseudomonas. Addition of organic amendments increased population size of nontarget and specific biocontrol microorganisms. The humic fraction showed similar results to compost. All this suggests that metalaxyl has a nonspecific effect, producing adverse effects on aspects of soil quality. This was avoided if the chemical pesticide was reduced and replaced by organic amendments such as an MSW compost or its humic fraction.     

Biofiltration of composting gases using different municipal solid waste-pruning residue composts: monitoring by using an electronic nose

The concentration of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during the composting of kitchen waste and pruning residues, and the abatement of VOCs by different compost biofilters was studied. VOCs removal efficiencies greater than 90% were obtained using composts of municipal solid waste (MSW) or MSW-pruning residue as biofilter material. An electronic nose identified qualitative differences among the biofilter output gases at very low concentrations of VOCs. These differences were related to compost constituents, compost particle size (2-7 or 7-20 mm), and a combination of both factors. The total concentration of VOCs determined by a photoionization analyser and inferred from electronic nose data sets were correlated over an ample range of concentrations of VOCs, showing that these techniques could be specially adapted for the monitoring of these processes.     

The effects of organic amendments on mineral element uptake and fruit quality of raspberries

The organic produce industry is gaining popularity with consumers because of the perception for healthier foods and the environmental benefits of this agricultural practice. Common amendments in organic agriculture include compost and compost tea, the latter being a relatively new product in North America. The main objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of ruminant and municipal solid waste compost and compost teas made from these composts on selected soil, leaf and fruit parameters of raspberries. Generally, foliar compost tea application was as effective as compost addition in raspberry production. Concentrations of K in leaf and fruits were significantly lower (p?=?0.05) in compost tea treated raspberries. Furthermore, the compost tea increased leaf Na compared to compost amendments which suggested that raspberries preferentially take up Na via foliar applications compared to root Na applications. The yield, total antioxidant capacity of fruit, and vitamin C content of fruit were not affected by treatment but differed greatly among years. Precipitation also varied greatly among years as did soil nutrient concentrations and may have influenced yield, total antioxidant capacity, and vitamin C content.     

The Effect of Compost Treatments and A Plant Cover with Agrostis tenuis on the Immobilization/Mobilization of Trace Elements in a Mine-Contaminated Soil

A semi-field experiment was conducted to evaluate the use of mixed municipal solid waste compost (MMSWC) and green waste-derived compost (GWC) as immobilizing agents in aided-phytostabilization of a highly acidic soil contaminated with trace elements, with and without a plant cover of Agrostis tenuis. The compost application ratio was 50 Mg ha^–1, and GWC amended soil was additionally limed and supplemented with mineral fertilizers.Both treatments had an equivalent capacity to raise soil organic matter and pH, without a significant increase in soil salinity and in pseudo-total As, Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations, allowing the establishment of a plant cover. Effective bioavailable Cu and Zn decreased as a consequence of both compost treatments, while effective bioavailable As increased by more than twice but remained as a small fraction of its pseudo-total content. Amended soil had higher soil enzymatic activities, especially in the presence of plants.Accumulation factors for As, Cu, Pb, and Zn by A. tenuis were low, and their concentrations in the plant were lower than the maximum tolerable levels for cattle. As a consequence, the use of A. tenuis can be recommended for assisted phytostabilization of this type of mine soil, in combination with one of the compost treatments evaluated.     

烟草废弃物在堆肥领域的研究进展

在烟草生产及加工过程中,通常会产生大量的烟草废弃物,如何有效利用这些废弃物以避免环境污染和资源浪费,已成为烟草行业亟需解决的问解。研究发现,烟草废弃物堆肥化处理是规模化利用废弃资源的有效途径之一,对烟草农业的绿色、低碳、循环、可持续发展具有重要意义。从有机肥堆肥制备技术、肥效研究等方面进行了系统综述,从整体上展示了烟草废弃物堆肥技术的发展现状,以期为国内烟草废弃物源堆肥未来技术的研发及产业化提供一定的参考。通过分析发现,在堆肥制备技术方面,主要有微生物菌剂添加技术、共堆肥技术和烟草材料预处理技术3种,此外还衍生出液态有机肥和厌氧发酵联产有机肥技术;在堆肥肥效研究方面,烟草废弃物堆肥可明显改善土壤的物性参数、化学参数以及生物学参数,显著钝化土壤重金属元素,进而提高作物的产量或品质,其中堆肥与化学肥料配施的效果相对较好;堆肥的多功能化是未来堆肥创新利用的重要途径。     

The development of soil physical properties and vegetation establishment on brownfield sites using manufactured soils

The physical properties of natural soils have been researched extensively. However, there is a paucity of information on the short and longer term effects on a manufactured soil after the addition of municipal green waste compost as an organic component. Two field trials were set up using different soil forming materials. Trial 1 (Chorley), added compost to degraded subsoil, whilst trial 2 (Bidston) utilised compost added to a mixture of sand and silt. The trials were established to determine what effect the addition of municipal greenwaste compost had on the development of soil physical properties, and the soils subsequent ability to support vegetation establishment. The compost was introduced as a blend and mulch at varying ratios in an attempt to establish the most appropriate mix to support the establishment of grassland vegetation. It was found that the addition of compost reduced the bulk density proportionally across the majority of the blends at both trial sites which in turn had a positive effect on porosity and infiltration rates. At trial 1 there was evidence of a good suite of meadow plants present in many plots with reasonable similarity to the Natural Vegetation Classification MG5/5a except for the treatment with 33% compost mulch. At trial 2 the soil mixture treatments that supported vegetation most similar to the Natural Vegetation Classification MG5 suite of sown species were the mixes with 15% and 30% compost. The compost mulch treatment and the mix with 45% compost content were probably too fertile as they became dominant with ruderal weed species due to natural succession and inhibited the growth of the meadow plants. Overall, the initial findings of the two trials suggest that adding green waste compost at specific rates could be used as a successful strategy in the early stages of establishing and managing controlled vegetation growth on a manufactured soil.     

Characterization of different compost extracts using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermal analysis

Compost extract or “compost tea” is a liquid extract of compost obtained by mixing compost and water for a defined period of time. Compost tea contains nutrients and a range of different organisms and is applied to the soil or directly to plants with the principal aim of suppressing certain plant diseases. In addition, the application of compost tea supplies nutrients and organic matter to the soil. Thermal analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) are two widely applied analytical techniques for establishing the stability of compost, and although numerous studies have evaluated the capacity of compost tea to suppress plant diseases, there are no studies employing these techniques to characterize compost-tea. For the present study, 12 compost extracts were produced under varying conditions in a purpose-built reactor. Two different composts, an stable compost produced from manure and an unstable compost produced from municipal solid waste, respectively, two aeration systems (aerated and non-aerated extracts) and three temperatures (10, 20 and 30°C) were used in these experiments. The extracts were freeze-dried and subsequently analysed, together with the two composts, by means of FTIR and thermal analysis. Extracts produced from high stability compost, independently of the conditions of aeration and temperature, showed very similar results. In contrast, differences among extracts produced from the unstable compost were more noticeable. However, the different conditions of aeration and temperature during the production of the extracts only explained partially these differences, since the transformations undergone by compost over the 3 months that the experiments lasted were also reflected in the composition of the extracts. In spite of everything, extraction process favoured the degradation of easily oxidizable organic matter, which was more abundant in unstable compost. This degradation was more intense for non-aerated processes, probably due to the longer duration of these (10 days) with respect to aerated extractions (2 days). The effect of temperature was not clear in these experiments, although high temperatures could increase micro organism activity and consequently favour the degradation of easily oxidizable organic matter.     

A multi-criteria ranking of different technologies for the anaerobic digestion for energy recovery of the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes

This paper describes a conceptual framework and methodological tool developed for the evaluation of different anaerobic digestion technologies suitable for treating the organic fraction of municipal solid waste, by introducing the multi-criteria decision support method Electre III and demonstrating its related applicability via a test application. Several anaerobic digestion technologies have been proposed over the last years; when compared to biogas recovery from landfills, their advantage is the stability in biogas production and the stabilization of waste prior to final disposal. Anaerobic digestion technologies also show great adaptability to a broad spectrum of different input material beside the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (e.g. agricultural and animal wastes, sewage sludge) and can also be used in remote and isolated communities, either stand-alone or in conjunction to other renewable energy sources. Main driver for this work was the preliminary screening of such methods for potential application in Hellenic islands in the municipal solid waste management sector. Anaerobic digestion technologies follow different approaches to the anaerobic digestion process and also can include production of compost. In the presented multi-criteria analysis exercise, Electre III is implemented for comparing and ranking 5 selected alternative anaerobic digestion technologies. The results of a performed sensitivity analysis are then discussed. In conclusion, the performed multi-criteria approach was found to be a practical and feasible method for the integrated assessment and ranking of anaerobic digestion technologies by also considering different viewpoints and other uncertainties of the decision-making process.