麻雀繁殖期食性研究

食性研究是种群生态学研究的重要内容。当前鸟类的食性研究主要涉及以下几个方面:通过食物判断种间关系(Anderson,1978,Orians & Horn,1969),分析资源利用(Anderson,1978),结合食量研究生产力及能流(Pinowski,1968),研究食物对种群生育力及死亡率的影响(Anderson,1977;Pinowski,1968)等。我国学者在麻雀(Passer montanus)食性方面曾做了大量工作,报道了除青藏、云贵等地以外,几乎全国各地区的麻雀食性。比较一致的看法是:在农作区,非繁殖期是以谷物及草籽为主食,在繁殖季节取食动物性食物,但成鸟仍以植物性食物为主,雏鸟则以动物性食物为     

上海麻雀食性问题初步研究

对于鸟类食性及其季节性改变的研究,是鸟类生态学中重要的一环。作者在研究上海麻雀生态习性的同时(钱国桢,1964),也注意到了麻雀对食物的偏嗜及季节变化。关于这方面的问题,寿振黄早在1944年就已注意到(按郑作新等,1957),近来更有较详细的工作(郑作新等,1957;潘炯华等,1960;周世锷,1960;梁启燊等,1958)。本文拟仅就上海近郊地区的麻雀食性,作一粗略的分析。     

图们江流域林区居民点鸟类群落的研究

居民点鸟类与人类关系极为密切,在居民点生态系统中起着不可忽视的作用,因此对其生态学的研究具有一定意义。杜恒勤(1958、1959)、周昌乔等(1959)、钱国桢(1964)、郑光美(1965、1982),赵正阶(1981)等,对麻雀、家燕、金腰燕等居民点鸟类进行过大量种群生态学研究。居民点鸟类群落研究和数量统计,尚未见有报道。     

麻雀生态学研究进展

树麻雀(Passer montanus)和家麻雀(Passer domesticus)是世界性分布的食谷鸟类,与人类的关系极为密切。我国树麻雀分布极广,早在三十年代就开始了对其的研究工作(Shaw,1935)。从五十年代以来,我国鸟类学工作者曾对树麻雀的食性、分布、繁殖、种群动态,生态生理等进行了较广泛的研究,但大多数工作至七十年代终止。八十年代只有少量的工作继续进行。然而,国际上对麻雀生物学及生态学的研究进展很快,研究的内容也十分广泛和深入,而且开始注意到麻雀在生态系统中的     

乌鲁木齐市园林春秋季鸟类群落多样性

2011年4～5月、10～11月,用样线法对乌鲁木齐市中心城区5个园林鸟类群落的组成和多样性进行了调查,共记录到鸟类47种,隶属于9目23科,分布型以古北界为主。其中留鸟、夏候鸟和冬候鸟分别占鸟类总种数的44.68%、34.04%和10.64%,鸟类群落优势种为[树]麻雀Passer montanus、家麻雀Passer domesticus和乌鸫Turdus merula。园林鸟类的平均密度为(11.27±4.3)只/hm2(±S.D.),春季鸟类密度高于秋季,但二者差异不显著(F=0.002,P=0.194)。春季鸟类群落拥有较高物种丰富度和多样性,夏候鸟是此时鸟类群落的重要组成部分;秋季鸟类群落的多样性低而优势度较高,冬候鸟对群落结构影响不大。各园林样地记录到的鸟类种数和密度差异较为明显,园林的内部生境多样性与鸟类种数呈正相关(R=0.9,P=0.037)。     

上海麻雀生态学初步观察

麻雀Passer montanus saturatus Stejnerger在我国分布最广(郑作新,1958),是典型与人共居的鸟类。定居欧洲的两种麻雀 P.domesticus,P.montanus学者们都认为有害(布氏,1956:什氏,1956;1944;1952)。我国近年来对麻雀亦颇多研究与讨论,若能逐步搞清它们的生态活动,将有助于对它们数量的控制。潘炯华等1960年曾较详细地研究华南麻雀之生态,但华东地区有关生态资料很少。兹将1960—1962年上海西郊地区麻雀生态初步观察提出报告。     

贵阳阿哈湖国家湿地公园优势鸟类共存机制

2016年9月-2017年2月、2018年4-8月对贵阳阿哈湖国家湿地公园进行实地调查,从生态位分析了园内黄臀鹎Pycnonotus xanthorrhous、麻雀Passer montanus和白颊噪鹛Garrulax sannio 3种优势鸟类的共存机制。结果表明:3种鸟类的时间生态位宽度整体相近,分别为0.862 1、0.793 7和0.866 7,从季节来看,黄臀鹎较平稳,麻雀夏季最宽、冬季最窄,白颊噪鹛夏季最窄、秋季最宽。空间生态位宽度为:黄臀鹎(0.604 9)>白颊噪鹛(0.387 6)>麻雀(0.215 8),它们在人工生境中的生态位宽度均最大;3种鸟类的时空生态位重叠值普遍较高,在时间上,白颊噪鹛和麻雀重叠度最高,达到了0.985 3,在空间上,黄臀鹎和麻雀重叠度最高(0.873 2),其次为黄臀鹎和白颊噪鹛(0.831 6),最低的为麻雀和白颊噪鹛(0.481 1)。3种鸟类均为城市适应种,在不同维度的生态位上通过行为空间、食性、巢址选择、生境垂直和水平分布分离等多种方式形成系统的生态位分离,增强群落的稳定性以达到共存目的。     

温度对高山岭雀能量平衡的影响

近几十年来已有一系列测定鸟类能量平衡受环境因素影响的研究方法的报告,如Zim-merman(1965),West和Hart(1966),West(1960),Kontogiannis(1968),Ken-deigh(1975),Davis(1955)等人对家麻雀(Passer domesticus)等几种小型鸟类在恒定温度、波动温度及不同日照等条件下所作的实验研究,证明了在实验室中测定温度和光照对能量平衡的影响,并进而计算自然条件下逐月出现的能量平衡的变化是可能的。另外,产卵、     

长沙黄花国际机场鸟类群落物种多样性分析

为了获得长沙黄花国际机场鸟击防范工作所需的鸟类基础性资料,从2005年9月~2006年8月,通过对机场地区5种生境类型鸟类群落的调查与监测,记录到鸟类112种,属16目32科。其中46种属东洋界种类、45种属古北界种类、21种属广布种;留鸟46种、夏候鸟25种、冬候鸟29种、旅鸟12种。经RB频率指数测算,鸟类群落的优势种为白头鹎(Pycnonotus sinensis)、乌鸫(Turdus merula)和树麻雀(Passer montanus)。按鸟类生境分布系数划分,广布型的鸟类有44种,是该区鸟类群落组成的主体。鸟类群落的Shannon-Weiner物种多样性指数为1.607,均匀性指数为0.784。     

天津滨海国际机场鸟类群落结构及多样性特征

于2015年3月—2016年2月,采用固定半径样点法和样带法,对天津滨海国际机场飞行区内的鸟类群落结构及多样性特征进行了调查。结果表明:天津滨海国际机场分布鸟类12目31科52种,其中留鸟7种(13.46%),夏候鸟17种(32.69%),冬候鸟5种(9.62%),旅鸟23种(44.23%);广性分布鸟类8种,优势种6种;综合鸟类的飞行高度、体重、数量、遇见频率及生境利用率等因素对飞机飞行安全的影响,对鸟类危险等级进行了评估,严重危险鸟类有红隼(Falco tinnunculus)、喜鹊(Pica pica)和麻雀(Passer montanus)3种;秋季鸟类多样性指数最高,春季优势度最高,湿地苇丛的多样性指数和均匀度指数最高,场内建筑区的优势度指数最高,机场围界区与场内建筑区的鸟类群落相似度最高。通过对不同季节、不同生境鸟类多样性的对比分析,搞清机场飞行区内被鸟类利用的生境特征及鸟类分布与活动规律,进而为机场开展鸟撞防范工作提供依据。     

四川万源金雕繁殖巢记述

正金雕(Aquila chrysaetos)是寿命较长的大型猛禽,广布于古北区、新北区以及北非、西亚和印度的部分地区(Orta et al.2016)。巢通常营造于偏远、安静的地方,置于高大乔木顶部的枝杈上或悬崖峭壁的凹陷处。金雕为我国Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物,在中国脊椎动物红色名录中被列为极危物种(蒋志刚等2016),繁殖记述较少(徐中辉等1988,侯功周等1993,邱富才等1998,隋金玲等2008,赵序茅等2013)。2015年4月13日和2016年4月21日在四川省万源市太平镇项家坪(32°7′18″N,108°7′28″E,海拔1 360 m),     

Polygyny in Willow Warblers <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phylloscopus trochilus</Emphasis> (Sylviidae,Passeriformes) in Middle European Russia: Differences in songs of polygynous and monogynous males

The study was performed in May to July of 1995 in Middle Russia (Skadovskii Zvenigorod Biostation, MSU, Moscow oblast: 55°44′ N, 36°51′ E). Monoterritorial polygyny was observed in one of seven studied Willow Warbler males Phylloscopus trochilus. The distance between the nests of the first and second females was 90 m. In the nest of the first female, five nestlings hatched on June 10 and the flight of the fledglings occurred on June 23. In the nest of the second female, a 5-to 6-day-old nestling of the cuckoo Cuculus canorus was found on June 18. The male actively participated in feeding the young in the first nest and did not participate in the feeding of the young in the second nest. The songs of the bigamous male differ significantly from the songs of monogamous males in the middle and final parts of the breeding cycle. The song of the bigamous male in the idle and end of the breeding season is similar to that in the beginning of the breeding season. Unmated males in the middle of the breeding season also retain a more permanent structure of their songs in comparison with breeding males. This case of polygyny seems to be related to special characteristics of the males such as their singing activity and the structure of their songs.     

林下和林窗内绢毛匍匐委陵菜的克隆生长和克隆形态

 为了验证绢毛匍匐委陵菜(Potentilla reptans var. sericophylla)林窗和林下种群间的行为差异是完全由表型可塑性引起,还是局部分化的结果,将生长在北京东灵山油松（Pinus tabulaeformis）林林窗和林下的绢毛匍匐委陵菜,进行生境间的交互移植-重植野外生态实验。研究结果表明,实验植物的叶片长度、叶片宽度、叶柄长度和匍匐茎节间长度等克隆形态特征在两生境间无差异。两个来源的植株,其基株生物量、基株分株数和基株匍匐茎总长度等克隆生长特征在林下生境中都比在林窗生境中小,表现出显著的可塑性。所研究的克隆形态特征和克隆生长特征及其可塑性在不同生境来源的实验植物间没有差异。绢毛匍匐委陵菜克隆形态特征和克隆生长特征及其可塑性在林下和林窗生境间没有发生局部分化,林窗为其较适生境,克隆生长特征的可塑性对绢毛匍匐委陵菜利用生境异质性可能具有重要意义     

THE SEA-BIRDS OF THE SOUTHEAST COAST OF ARABIA

The present study of an upwelling area off the southeast coast of Arabia, between 52° and 60° E. is based primarily on observations on board the R.R.S, `Discovery’ during the International Indian Ocean Expedition. During oceanographic surveys off the Arabian coast from June to August 1963 and in early March and late May 1964 I made 234 counts of birds of about an hour each, the results of which have been used as an index of bird density. In this area, the only offshore islands known to be important to sea-birds are the Kuria Muria Islands, which were apparently at the centre of an upwelling area. The upwelling of cold water along the Arabian coast during the southwest monsoon from May to September greatly increases organic production in the sea, and large populations of organisms at every level of the food chain develop there. Previous work in Arabia and the Arabian Sea is reviewed. Little is recorded about the ecology of sea-birds there, but the composition of the fauna is quite well-known. The distribution of every sea-bird species recorded from 52° E. to 60° E., and within 200 miles offshore, is described, with particular reference to my own observations. Details are given of the distribution of common species during the southwest monsoon of mid-June-mid-August 1963 and in March and May 1964. Specimens collected on the `Discovery’ are recorded together with their measurements. Of 12 sea-bird species seen commonly off Arabia during the southwest monsoon in 1963, 11 were seen in late May 1964, but only five in March. There is certain evidence that two species have bred on the Kuria Muria Islands and suggestive evidence for a further three. Information on breeding seasons in the Arabian Sea is based on short visits to breeding colonies, mostly outside the breeding season, and on the plumage condition of specimens. Nevertheless, the sum of the evidence suggests that breeding is regular at the same time every year, and in most species seems to be in the northern summer. The food of sea-birds in the Arabian Sea, determined from stomach contents and visual observation, only serves to stress the lack of knowledge on this subject. A brief summary of feeding methods recorded by me suggests that they may be important in avoiding interspecific competition, for there seems to be little overlap. The density of sea-birds during the southwest monsoon 1963, expressed as the number of each species seen per hour, was analysed in relation to: (i) the sea surface temperature, which was inversely correlated with the zooplankton density from 0–200 m. (ii) the distance from the Kuria Muria Islands, the only likely breeding station; (iii) the distance from the nearest land which may have been important to land-tied sea-birds. All the abundant species were commonest close to land in the cool-water area and, with the exception of migrants from the southern hemisphere, most were concentrated around the Kuria Muria Islands in the centre of upwelling. A multiple analysis suggested that the islands were of real importance to some species. A separate analysis also demonstrated the existence of a correlation between sea-bird numbers and the abundance of zooplankton from 0–200 m. depth, but not the abundance of zooplankton at the sea surface. During the southwest monsoon the southeast Arabian coast is inhabited by a distinctive cool-water fauna within the tropical zone of the Indian Ocean. The high degree of endemism, the high proportion of migrants, including some from the southern hemisphere, and the absence of most pantropical species, suggest that the marked changes in the environment off southeast Arabia demand considerable adaptation. A brief discussion of the possible origins of the Arabian coast sea-bird fauna shows that it is not typical of either a subtropical or a tropical community in other regions. The likelihood that sea-birds breed in the summer, the concentration of most species in the upwelling area at that time and their absence during the winter, clearly demonstrates the importance of the upwelling. However, the results of the analysis suggest that some species were concentrated around the Kuria Muria Islands in the centre of the upwelling because the islands had a real importance to them, possibly as a breeding station. The correlation between sea-bird density and zooplankton abundance in the top 200 m., but not at the surface, may be explained if sea-birds concentrate in areas of high productivity rather than in areas of abundant surface plankton, which is largely irrelevant as food.     

Geographical variation in the timing of breeding and moult in dunlin Calidris alpina on the Palearctic tundra

Studies of how organisms are adapted to regional climatic conditions are valuable when predicting the effects of global climatic changes on biota. Here we report on the geographical variation in timing of breeding and moult of an Arctic breeding wader, the dunlin (Calidris alpina). The Palearctic study sites range latitudinally between 68 and 76°N and longitudinally between 46 and 179°E, and encompass a variety of local climates. The sites were visited in sequence from west to east within 1 year, and therefore the data are not affected by confounding interannual variations. The estimated breeding start ranged from 5 to 25 June across populations. Birds at more southern sites were found to breed earlier than those at more northern breeding sites. Within populations, the breeding start for first clutches spanned a period of 8 days and, when including replacement clutches, 3-4 weeks. No dunlin west of the Taimyr Peninsula were found moulting while incubating at the nest, whereas all dunlin on Taimyr Peninsula and eastwards were in active wing moult while incubating or rearing chicks. The onset of moult in these populations ranged from 23 to 27 June. The consequences of geographical variation of breeding conditions for variation in the annual cycle of this species are discussed.     

The timing of breeding and moult of the Lesser Striped Swallow Hirundo abyssinica

The Lesser Striped Swallow seems to have two different breeding populations. The birds south of 10°S breed largely during the spring and summer (July to April) and moult from about April to August. Birds further north breed throughout the year, but mainly during the first seven months of the year. Moult in the birds north of 10°S is from July to February when few birds are breeding. There seem to be two clearly defined moulting populations, with the southern breeding population moulting largely south of 10°S and the east African breeding population moulting largely north of the equator. In both populations moult and breeding seem to be separated in time, at least at the individual level.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Asthenes dorbignyi</Emphasis> (Passeriformes: Furnariidae) host of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Argas neghmei</Emphasis> (Acari: Argasidae)

Argas neghmei Kohls & Hoogstraal is a Neotropical tick species parasite of poultry and man in the arid western of the southern cone of America in Argentina and Chile. Males, females and nymphs of an argasid were collected from 20 to 22 of June, 2007 in nests of Creamy-breasted Canastero, Asthenes dorbignyi (Reinchenbach) (Passeriformes: Furnariidae) at about 7 km S of La Poma (24°46′S, 66°12′W) and a male tick at 24°48′S, 66°10′W on Nov 27, 2008, Salta province, Argentina. Scanning electron microscope micrographies and sequences of 16S rDNA confirmed that the ticks found were A. neghmei. Development in breeding areas of A. dorbignyi is probably a source of infestation for animal premises and houses. However, the role of other unknown wild birds may also contribute to the invasion of A. neghmei in chicken houses or residences.     

记阿坝藏族自治州第四纪原始牛化石

本文记述的原始牛经C~(14)测定,年龄距今26620±600年,产于海拔2400米的黑河阶地。     

12个不同基因型冬小麦的光合能力

 研究了12个不同基因型冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)品种(其中两个为北京本地品种)的光合能力。结果表明：小偃22、陕麦897和8907-11-5三个品种的净光合速率超过20μmolCO2·m-2·s-1,均比其它实验品种高,其PSⅡ总的光化学量子产额(Yield)、光化学荧光猝灭系数(qP)和水分利用效率(WUE)也较高;而其暗呼吸速率和非光化学荧光猝灭系数(qN)较低,表现出具有良好的光合生理功能,而且这些参数具有连锁相关的趋势。因此,北京地区要引种外地具有优良光合生理功能的冬小麦作为栽培品种或育种亲本时,在所实验的10个外地品种中,上述3个品种应为首选品种。     

警惕北美牛蛙入侵海南的风险

牛蛙(Lithobates catesbeianus)的入侵已成为本地两栖动物种群下降的主要因素之一,该物种在中国广泛分布,但在海南尚无分布记录.2011年2～4月,在海南省万泉河沙洲岛附近3个点捕捉到8只成体,其中1只个体已有卵.捕捉点的土壤基质为沙质或泥质,距水边距离0.5～1.5 m,整体坡度为6°～ 25°,植被盖度75％ ～ 90％,生境附近本地两栖动物种类较为丰富.调查结果显示,市场上有牛蛙销售,销量约120只/d;琼海市有饲养牛蛙的记录,且存在粗放式(放养于田间)养殖情况,不排除养殖逃逸的可能;捕捉点附近有佛教组织定期放生,也存在个人放生行为.综合以上结果,万泉河发现牛蛙可能是养殖逃逸或放生所致,是否形成可繁殖的种群尚需进一步调查和研究.