杭州市区白头鹎鸣声的微地理差异

2002年5—8月,对中国东部浙江省杭州市区的白头鹎鸣声的微地理差异进行研究。在约60 km2的 研究区内,选择8个调查点(4个城区,4个丘陵山地),录制了80个雄性白头鹎的511个鸣声样本,并随机选 取每一调查点的20个鸣声样本进行分析。其结果显示,白头鹎在杭州市区至少有8种微地理鸣声方言,每个微 地理鸣声方言都有一典型鸣句;它们在听觉上、波形结构、音节组成、音节频谱特征等方面均不相同。有的一 路之隔的相邻微地理鸣声方言之间存在明显差异;部分区域出现鸣声混合现象;有的个体还具有“多语”功 能。白头鹎鸣声产生微地理差异的原因可能与鸟类个体的扩散和城市中鸟类栖息地的人为改变有关。     

白头鹎繁殖期鸣声行为的研究

利用计算机鸣声分析技术对白头鹎繁殖期的求偶炫耀鸣唱、晨鸣、遇险告警惊叫等鸣声的特征进行分析，以探讨鸣声特征与行为的关系。白头鹎繁殖前期待有的求偶炫耀鸣唱婉转多变，频率一般变化在１．９－３．５ｋＨｚ之间，另一类出现在繁殖前、中期的炫耀鸣唱急促而响亮，音节变化快且频率高（变化范围约３．４－４．４ｋＨｚ）；最鸣和繁殖期特有的其它鸣声，音节清晰，响度较大，能量主要集中在２－３ｋＨｚ之间，可能具有宣告领域的     

嵊泗岛和杭州地区白头鹎鸣声特征比较研究

本文运用计算机鸣声分析技术,对嵊泗和杭州两地白鹎夏季的主要鸣声类型和声谱特征等方面进行了分析比较。两地白头鹎的鸣声类型,时域结构和频谱特征都有很大的差异。这可能与两地生境类型的差异有关。但变音句鸣声的音节组合方式和单音节鸣声的构成等方面仍有共同之处。     

环境噪声对临安和阜阳两地白头鹎鸣声频率的影响

为了解环境噪声对白头鹎(Pycnonotus sinensi)鸣声频率的影响,在浙江临安和安徽阜阳两地分别对白头鹎在高低噪声水平环境中的鸣声做了研究。把用数码录音机记录到的鸣声输入计算机,利用计算机声谱分析系统进行分析,再对每一鸣声的每个音节的主频进行Mann—Whitney U检验。结果显示：高噪声水平区和低噪声水平区相比,在两地白头鹎每一鸣声的各音节主频中,最低和最高主频以及第I、Ⅱ音节的主频都有显著提高;在阜阳第Ⅲ音节的主频也有显著提高。这表明白头鹎可以通过提高声音频率来避免环境噪声对鸣声的影响,从而保证噪声环境中声信息的有效传递;而噪声对各音节的不同影响也表明,同一鸣句的各音节,对于噪声通讯中的信息识别,具有不同的地位。     

白头鹎鸣唱特征的季节差异分析

许多动物的声通讯行为存在显著的季节变化,鸟类的鸣唱也是如此。雄鸟鸣唱具有宣告领域和吸引配偶的功能,在繁殖季节与非繁殖季节之间应存在一定差异,但差异如何？具体表现在哪些方面？这在很多鸟类中尚未可知。本研究以一种在秋季也有显著鸣唱行为的城市常见小型鸣禽——白头鹎（Pycnonotussinensis）为研究对象,比较其在春季（繁殖季）与秋季（非繁殖季）的鸣唱差异,并分析可能的原因。于2020至2021连续两年的春、秋季分别在武汉地区各采集了27只和30只雄性白头鹎的鸣唱录音,共测量分析春季鸣唱372个,秋季鸣唱435个。对测得的各鸣唱参数数据进行季节间比较,结果显示,白头鹎的鸣唱持续时间和鸣唱音节数存在显著季节差异,春季鸣唱的持续时间较秋季更长,鸣唱音节数更多。鸣唱的频率、能量分布等其他声学参数,以及鸣唱型出现率（反映鸣唱曲目大小）均未表现出显著季节差异。白头鹎鸣唱的时程特征相对其他鸣声特征更具季节可塑性。此外,还发现同一采样点的白头鹎春、秋两季使用相同的鸣唱型。本研究结果表明,春季白头鹎的单位时间鸣唱输出量更大,鸣唱行为更活跃,这与繁殖季节鸟类的领域性更强、为繁殖成功投入更多相一致。白头...     

青海省鸟类新纪录——白头鹎

2006年4月25~28日,在青海省西宁市西北高原生物研究所家属区楼前发现相当数量的白头鹎(约60只),它们栖息于丁香、海棠和榆树上,并不时发出洪亮的鸣唱。在5月10~23日的观察中却没有发现该群白头鹎,表明白头鹎在西宁可能为旅鸟。经查阅《中国动物志》和《中国鸟类分类分布名录》,     

蟋蟀常见鸣声类型的比较研究（直翅目：蟋蟀总科）

对蟋蟀的3类常见鸣声（召唤声、求偶声、争斗声）进行了分析比较,同种3类鸣声在频域特征和时域特征上存在差异,但也有一些相似的特征;3类鸣声中,召唤声在分类研究上更有应用价值。     

蚱蝉(Cryptotympana atrat)自鸣声的音色与编码

本文报道同一蚱蝉自鸣声主要含三种音色,即单音色、双音色及三音色,它们均由不重迭的子频带构成。与音色相应的自鸣声模式均由脉冲列(pulse train, PT)组成,每个PT内含主脉冲的频率恰好与子频带对应。在时域和频域上,蚱蝉自鸣声具有编码特征。     

鹤科鸟类鸣声特征的演化

本文在分析鹤科(Gruidae)鸟类鸣声特征的基础上,结合其分子系统树,重建了鸣声特征的演化,并检验了体重与鸣声特征及鸣声特征之间在演化上的相关性。同时比较了体重与鸣声特征在物种间的关系。演化支上各物种体重的变化与鸣声时长特征的变化存在显著的关联(对数线性模型,似然比=9.69,P=0.002;Cohen′s d=1.48):体重的增加伴随着鸣声时长的增加。鸣声特征之间在演化上没有显著的关联(对数线性模型,似然比≤0.15,P≥0.701;Cohen′s d≤0.17)。在物种间鸣声时长与体重存在显著的正相关(Pearson相关分析,r=0.54,P=0.048;Cohen′s d=1.27);鸣声的主频特征与体重存在显著的负相关(Pearson相关分析,r=﹣0.56,P=0.036;Cohen′s d=1.37)。本文以鹤科鸟类鸣声为例,分析了非鸣禽鸟类鸣声特征的演化,及影响鸣声特征的因素。     

杭州鹊鸲的声行为

1996年8月至2002年7月,在杭州对鹊鸲的声行为进行了观察和记录,并以鸣声回放验证某些鸣声的功能。对求偶鸣唱、领域鸣唱、抗议鸣叫、嬉闹鸣叫、联络呼唤声和惊叫声等6种鸣声进行了分析,各具不同的声学特征。该鸟的鸣声结构非常复杂,由一系列不同类型的短语所组成,每个短语又有3～10个音素所构成。并将杭州与印度哈里瓦地区鹊鸲的领域鸣唱进行了比较,两地鹊鸲的鸣声特征很不相同。     

DIALECTS AND GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION IN THE SONG OF THE SPLENDID SUNBIRD NECTARINIA COCCINIGASTER

The male Splendid Sunbird has only one song type, each note of which has a simple frequency/time profile. An analysis of the songs of males from several localities near Legon (5^.63° N, 0.19° N) showed that there are clear-cut song dialects characterizing each population. Those parts of the song giving rise to dialects are the time interval between consecutive pairs of notes (the time interval pattern) and the frequency/time profile of each note.
The dialects were preserved over a period of three years (the duration of the study) and there was little variation in the song of a ringed bird over a period of two months. The boundary between dialects is apparently quite sharp, occurring perhaps within a distance of 50 m.
Marked geographical variation in the song occurs, and is expected because of the mosaic of dialects that presumably exist throughout the sunbird's range in southern Ghana. For dialects to be effective in keeping populations together, those characteristics of the song which give rise to dialects should be readily and quickly discerned and need not require a statistical demonstration. This condition holds for the song of the Splendid Sunbird.
The results are compared with the ideas of Nottebohm (1964) and Thielcke (1969) on the maintenance and usefulness of song dialects.     

Habitat density, song structure and dialects in the Madagascar paradise flycatcher Terpsiphone mutata

Bird song is an important signal for long-distance intraspecific communication. Thus, song characteristics are expected to have undergone adaptive modification to maximise propagation through the environment. Acoustic properties of song should be correlated with the habitat in which they are broadcast, and neighbouring individuals should sing similar songs because they share the same local acoustic environment. We tested these predictions by investigating associations between habitat characteristics and song attributes in the Madagascar paradise flycatcher Terpsiphone mutata . We also examined whether song dialects were distributed non-randomly through the study site and which features of habitat density best explained these associations. We found that individuals on territories in denser habitat sang longer songs at lower frequencies. Features of song structure were related to both understorey and canopy cover density. The distribution of dialects within the study site was also strongly associated with variation in understorey cover. These findings suggest that habitat variation contributes to maintaining microgeographic variation in song structure in this species.     

SONGS OF BLUE TITS PARUS CAERULEUS PALMENSIS FROM LA PALMA (CANARY ISLANDS)—A TEST OF HYPOTHESES

ABSTRACT

Parus major and Parus caeruleus palmensis have some song types in common. They consist of whistled element-types in different frequency ranges. Both species show territorial reactions to playback of the song-types belonging to the other species. P.c. palmensis does not share any songtypes with Central European Parus caeruleus. This is confirmed by playback experiments with the different song types, which do not elicit any territorial behaviour. The songs of P.c. palmensis also differ from those of blue tits from any other Canary Island. They may be derived from contact calls of the Lanzarote population. They have been developed by young birds that had not yet learnt their songs when they colonized La Palma from Lanzarote without reaching any of the other Canary Islands. It is suggested that the uniform song repertoire was developed by adapting the already learned contact calls to each other. The similarities to song types of P. major are due to convergence rather than character displacement. All other Canary Island tit populations share the main features of their songs, which are characterized by quick frequency changes. It seems most likely that these islands have been colonized by birds which had already learnt their songs. Differences in song repertoires are mainly caused by drift events which happen to occur because of population bottlenecks during the colonization process.     

Randomization Analyses: Mimicry, Geographic Variation and Cultural Evolution of Song in Brood-Parasitic Straw-Tailed Whydahs, Vidua fischeri

Although bird song has been an important model for investigating questions of behavior development, cultural evolution and population differentiation, the quantitative methods of analysis have been problematic. Here we develop and apply quantitative randomization methods to test hypotheses about these processes in a natural population of birds. Songs of the African brood-parasitic straw-tailed whydahs ( Vidua fischeri ) and songs of their host species, the purple grenadier ( Granatina ianthinogaster ), were compared in audiospectrograms for similarity to test the following hypotheses: Whydahs mimic the songs of their host species, they have local song dialects, neighboring males match their song themes, local males match the songs of local hosts, remote populations have different songs according to their geographic distance, and songs undergo cultural evolution over time across generations. Randomization analyses were completed using (1) Mantel matrix statistics and (2) tree-based measures employing Sankoff optimization of Manhattan matrices and approximate randomizations. Our results provide evidence for song mimicry, local song dialects, matching song themes between neighboring males, song matching of local whydah mimics and grenadier song models, correspondence of song differences and geographic distance, and cultural continuity with change in song traditions within a local population. These randomization methods may be useful in other studies of animal communication, and they are sufficiently general for use both with distance matrices derived either from naturalistic impressions of song similarity as in our example or from acoustic measurements.     

The structure and function of songs emitted by southern green stink bugs from Brazil, Florida, Italy and Slovenia

Nezara viridula (L.) (Pentatomidae: Heteroptera) from Brazil, Florida, Italy and Slovenia, communicate by vibratory songs associated with long‐range calling and close‐range courting, rivalry and repelling. Each song is composed of spectrally and temporally different units. Spectrally different pulses of duration less than 300 ms are present in the male calling song. The female calling song is characterized by pulse trains composed of pulses shorter than 150 ms and pulse trains composed of a longer (> 700 ms) and shorter (< 250 ms) pulse. Shorter and longer pulses have different spectral characteristics. The male and female courtship songs are characterized by fusion of shorter (< 150 ms) pulses into a pulse train usually followed by a shorter (< 200 ms) postpulse in the case of the male courtship song. The female repelling song is a several seconds long vibration of irregular temporal structure. The short (< 400 ms) male rival song pulses are frequency modulated. The dominant frequency peaks of the songs investigated lie between 70 and 130 Hz. The dominant frequency and the microstructure of song spectra show no population specificity. The average duration varies more in calling than in courtship songs. The repetition time varies extensively in songs of different populations. Normal communication followed by copulation was observed between mates from Slovenia and Brazil and between mates from Florida and Italy. The potential role of different temporal and spectral parameters for species recognition and mate location is discussed in view of the expected distortion of the characteristic signal structure during transmission through plants.     

Variability of response of the corn bunting,Emberiza calandra,to songs of different dialects

Experiments on the corn bunting were carried out in two localities of different dialects. In the center of the territory of each bird, we played two natural songs: either one local song and one song of the foreign dialect or two local songs coming from a neighbor and from a non-neighboring individual. The following results were obtained: (1) The behavioral responses are always more intense to the local song than to the song of a foreign dialect. Thus, the behavior of the corn bunting is similar to that of species with dialects studied up to now. (2) Eighty percent of the birds tested with the song of the foreign dialect react weakly or not at all. This peculiarity, which is specific to the corn bunting, suggests limited possibilities of generalization in this species. (3) The behavioral responses to the songs of a neighbor and of a non-neighboring individual of the same locality, are aggressive and of the same intensity. This means that the song of a neighbor, emitted from a different place than usual, is perceived by the bird as a threat to its territory.     

Whip it good! Geographic consistency in male songs and variability in female songs of the duetting eastern whipbird Psophodes olivaceus

Geographic variation in male bird songs has been studied extensively, but there have been few investigations of geographic variation in female songs or sex differences in patterns of geographic variation. We compared patterns of variation in male and female songs of eastern whipbirds Psophodes olivaceus by analyzing recordings from 16 populations across the species’ geographic range in eastern Australia. We found remarkably different patterns of geographic variation between the sexes. Female eastern whipbird songs are easily categorized into discrete song types. Song types are shared between nearby females, but female songs show pronounced differences at a continental scale. In contrast, male eastern whipbird songs show high consistency throughout the species’ geographic range. All recorded males share the ability to transpose the frequency of the introductory whistle and most recorded males share the ability to vary the direction of the slope of the terminal whip crack. For eight of nine measured variables, female songs show significantly higher levels of variation than male songs. We discuss whether sex differences in dispersal, song learning strategies, and song function may explain these sex differences in patterns of song variation. We suggest that eastern whipbirds have experienced a decoupling of male and female song learning strategies and that the songs of each sex have responded to different selective pressures in the context of countersinging interactions. We speculate that consistency in male songs throughout the geographic range of eastern whipbirds may arise through female preference for males that perform large bandwidth whip cracks.     

Recent northward range expansion promotes song evolution in a passerine bird,the Light‐vented Bulbul

In common with human speech, song is culturally inherited in oscine passerine birds (‘songbirds’). Intraspecific divergence in birdsong, such as development of local dialects, might be an important early step in the speciation process. It is therefore vital to understand how songs diverge, especially in founding populations. The northward expansion of the Light‐vented Bulbul Pycnonotus sinensis (J. F. Gmelin, 1789) into north China in the last 30 years provides an excellent opportunity to study birdsong evolution. We compared ~4400 songs from newly established northern populations with ~2900 songs from southern populations to evaluate song divergence after recent expansion. The total pool of syllables and especially song types was considerably smaller in the north than in the south, indicating ‘founder effects’ in the new population. The ancestral pattern of mosaic song dialects changed into a pattern of wide geographical sharing of a few song types and syllables, likely the result of fewer geographical barriers to ‘meme flow’, and the recent spread across a large area in the north. Our results suggest that song evolution and vocal trait shifts can arise rapidly after range expansion, and that in the Light‐vented Bulbul ‘founder effects’, geographical isolation, and recent rapid expansions played important roles in the evolution of song dialects.