动物种群数量变动的理论与试验研究 Ⅱ.杂拟谷盗 Tribolium confusum(H.)的内禀增长能力(r_m)的研究

本文介绍内禀增长能力r_m的基本概念,并用杂拟谷盗作为具体试验材料,应用三种方法(①Leslie-Birch近似法;②Lotka-Birch精确法;③Howe快速法),详尽地计算了其r_m值。结果找出在27℃下,r_m值为0.08794/每日;而在32℃下r_m值为0.11625/每日。 本文同时亦计算了杂拟谷盗种群在上述两种温度下的稳定年龄组配,其结果为: 在27℃温度下,在稳定年龄组配中,未成熟期约占97.2%;成熟期只占2.8%; 在32℃温度下,在稳定年龄组配中,未成熟期约占98.2%;成熟期只占1.8%。     

应用Wyatt-White方法计算寄生物种群γ_m的研究(英文)

本文是关于应用Wyatt-White方法计算寄生物种群内禀增长率的研究。研究表明:r_m的精确值与ln(M_d)/d或ln(M_(d/ 2))/d之间存在着线性关系,这种关系可表达如下:(1)r_m=0.845ln(M_d)/d;(2)r_m=0.880ln(M_(d/2)/d。这里d为生殖前期;M_d为生殖起d天内每个原始雌虫产下的平均雌性后代数;M_(d/2)为生殖起初d/2天内每个原始雌虫产下的平均雌性后代数。运用23组生殖力表资料,研究表明公式1—2可以给出r_m的精确估计值,公式2的估计效果更好。这种方法不要求组建生殖力表。该方法是否适用于其它寄生物种群或其它生物类群有待进一步研究。     

烟蚜γ_m和排蜜量之间的关系(英文)

1990—1992年进行了烟蚜在50个烟草品种上取食的r_m和排蜜量与田间蚜量之间关系的研究。结果表明:r_m的变化范围为0.102～0.498,烟蚜24小时的排蜜量变化范围为3.862～29.356mm~2/头,并由此说明烟草品种对烟蚜的抗性是由于降低了其净生殖率。r_m和排蜜量与田间蚜量有显著相关关系,因而可用排蜜量来作为烟草品种抗蚜性的一个鉴定指标。     

r_m及与其有关参数的评释

种群自然内禀增长率r_m和种群增长力r_c是两个描述种群增长的综合指标,但目前对于这两个参数在概念及使用上存在着一些混乱。本文就r_m和r_c及与其有关参数的含意、使用范围、各种计算公式的优劣以及它们之间的关系进行了详细的评述,并提出了一些新的见解。     

温度和光照对朱砂叶螨实验种群的综合效应

长短光照对朱砂叶螨(蜱螨目:叶螨科)的影响有着显著差异。在接近滞育温度(15℃)的20℃时,短光照明显加速叶螨发育,提高种群内禀增长率r_m值;在适温以上则延缓叶螨发育,r_m值相应降低。种群生殖的最适温度长光熙时是25℃,短光照时是30℃。长光照35℃时发育速率最大,r_m(0.3425)最高,种群加倍所需日数最短(1.91天)。各项种群生命参数与温度间的数学关系可分为4类:(1)逻辑斯谛关系:发育时间、5％死亡时间和世代平均时间的倒数值,产卵率(粒/天/♀);(2)直线关系:雌螨寿命,产卵期,r_m和周限增长率(λ);(3)抛物线关系:产卵量(粒/♀),净生殖率(R_0);(4)双曲线关系:种群加倍所需日数。     

光周期对两种色型豌豆蚜种群参数的影响

为探讨光周期对红绿两种色型豌豆蚜种群增长的影响,于室内模拟光周期22L∶2D、16L∶8D、10L∶14D和4L∶20D四个水平,研究了红绿两种色型豌豆蚜的发育、繁殖和生命表。结果表明:相对于其它光周期,在光周期22L∶2D时,红绿两种色型豌豆蚜若蚜存活率最高,繁殖力最强;其红色型豌豆蚜种群增长内禀增长率(r_m=0.3263)高于绿色型豌豆(r_m=0.2863)。光周期16L∶8D时,红色型豌豆蚜的若蚜存活率(72.22%)高于绿色型豌豆蚜(69.45%),而成蚜寿命(6.58d)较短;但绿色型豌豆蚜内禀增长率(r_m=0.2648)高于红色型豌豆蚜(r_m=0.2249),其种群繁殖力强。光周期10L∶14D时,红色型豌豆蚜与绿色型豌豆蚜相比,若蚜存活率(80.55%)高,内禀增长率(r_m=0.2490)高,种群增长力强,而绿色型豌豆蚜成蚜寿命(12.71d)较长。光周期4L∶20D时,两种色型豌豆蚜若蚜存活率最低,繁殖力最弱,成蚜寿命显著延长;红色型豌豆蚜若蚜存活率(64.67%)高于绿色型(35.50%),成蚜没有产生后代;绿色型豌豆蚜内禀增长率(r_m=-0.0366),其种群为负增长。综上,短光照条件(4L∶20D)延长了两种色型豌豆蚜的若蚜发育历期及成蚜寿命,降低了若蚜存活率、繁殖力及生命表各项参数;长光照条件(22L∶2D)缩短了两种色型豌豆蚜的若蚜发育历期及成蚜寿命,若蚜存活率高、繁殖力强;红色型豌豆蚜更适宜光周期10L∶14D,而绿色型豌豆蚜更适宜光周期16L∶8D。     

应用实验种群生命表评价加州新小绥螨对土耳其斯坦叶螨和截形叶螨的控制能力

【目的】为了解加州新小绥螨Neoseiulus Californicus(McGregor)对土耳其斯坦叶螨Tetranychus turkestani(Ugarov etNikolski)和截形叶螨Tetranychus truncate(Ehara)的控制能力。【方法】采用实验种群生命表方法进行评价。【结果】以土耳其斯坦叶螨为食时加州新小绥螨的净增值率(R_0=33.236)、内禀增长率(r_m=0.218),大于以截形叶螨为食时的值(R_0=32.458,r_m=0.207),而世代平均周期(T=16.340)和种群倍增时间(t=3.173)小于以截形叶螨为食时的值(T=16.849,t=3.355)。【结论】以土耳其斯坦叶螨为食有利于加州新小绥螨种群的发育和繁殖。     

广赤眼蜂生态学特性的研究

利用米蛾卵作为广赤眼蜂的中间寄主,研究了在不同温湿度条件下该蜂的发育历期、寿命、产卵量、羽化率和内禀增长率(r_m),同时研究了不同密度雌蜂的产卵干扰作用。其结果为室内繁蜂和田间释放提供了一定信息,并有助于理解该蜂自然种群对菜粉蝶卵的自然控制作用。     

幼虫期食物量对致倦库蚊实验种群动态的影响

在室温26±1℃和相对湿度80％的条件下,以食物充足和食物缺少两种处理饲养致倦库蚊Culex quinquefasciatus Say幼虫。实验表明,幼虫期食物量不仅对幼虫有影响,而且对成蚊期一系列种群参数均有明显影响。净增殖率R_0、内禀增长能力r_m和有限速率γ降低,种群增长受抑制不仅是由于幼虫期食物量减少使幼虫发育速率减慢、存活率下降所致,且与成蚊的年龄特征存活率及年龄特征产雌率有关。各年龄组雌蚊所产的卵的孵出率随年龄的增长而下降,故以卵孵出数计算产雌率m_x所得的种群参数值较为客观,而以卵孵出率与年龄关系的回归方程校正以卵数计算的m.,同样达到上述目的。本文还提供广州致倦库蚊实验种群生命表特征的资料。     

小菜蛾卵作为赤眼蜂中间寄主的寄生适合度分析

【目的】寻求快速扩繁赤眼蜂种群的寄主,试以繁殖速率较高的小菜蛾为中间寄主,评价不同赤眼蜂种类对小菜蛾卵的寄生适合度并筛选出适合的蜂种。【方法】通过构建稻螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead(简称T.j)、螟黄赤眼蜂T chilonis Ishi(简称T.c)和斑螟分索赤眼蜂Trichogrammatoidea hypsipylae Nagaraja(简称T.h)3种赤眼蜂在小菜蛾Plutella xylostella L.卵上繁殖的实验种群生命表,分析比较其各自的生命表参数,以了解不同蜂种对小菜蛾卵的寄生适合度。【结果】在小菜蛾卵上繁殖的稻螟赤眼蜂的净生殖力R_0、内禀增长率r_m、周限增长率λ与平均世代历期T分别为4.66、0.1633、1.1809、9.2532;斑螟分索赤眼蜂的上述4项参数分别为9.10、0.2177、1.2432、10.1432;螟黄赤眼蜂对小菜蛾卵的寄生能力较差,内禀增长率r_m为0.0338,且其后代性比偏雄,雌雄性比为1♀:6.2(?),以至不能正常传代。斑螟分索赤眼蜂的平均每雌寄生卵数为15.4粒,显著高于稻螟赤眼蜂的10.0粒与螟黄赤眼蜂的8.9粒。【结论】在室内人工培育的小菜蛾卵上繁殖的稻螟赤眼蜂与斑螟分索赤眼蜂对小菜蛾卵的寄生能力较强,尤其是斑螟分索赤眼蜂的内禀增长率r_m与小菜蛾的相近,适合以小菜蛾卵作为中间寄主扩大繁殖,稻螟赤眼蜂次之,而螟黄赤眼蜂并不适合以小菜蛾卵作为中间寄主。     

Relations between production and biomass of phytoplankton in four Swedish lakes of different trophic status and humic content

Production and biomass values from phytoplankton populations in four different Swedish lakes were analysed. The production in all lakes was directly proportional to biomass during homothermal periods. When the lakes were stratified there was a strong negative relation between specific growth rate and biomass. The data fitted to a logistic density dependent growth equation of the form: dB/ dt = µ_mB(1-B · K^–1) where B is the biomass, µ_m the maximum specific growth rate and K the carrying capacity. The equation was used to derive the parameters µ · µ_m ^–1 and carrying capacity (the maximum possible biomass). These parameters were then discussed in relation to light climate, phosphorus concentration and humic content.     

Phosphorus nutrition and mycorrhiza effects on grass leaf growth. P status- and size-mediated effects on growth zone kinematics

This study tested whether leaf elongation rate (LER, mm h(-1)) and its components--average relative elemental growth rate (REGRavg, mm mm(-1) h(-1)) and leaf growth zone length (L(LGZ), mm)--are related to phosphorus (P) concentration in the growth zone (P(LGZ) mg P g(-1) tissue water) of Lolium perenne L. cv. Condesa and whether such relationships are modified by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Glomus hoi. Mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants were grown at a range of P supply rates and analysed at either the same plant age or the same tiller size (defined by the length of the sheath of the youngest fully expanded leaf). Both improved P supply (up to 95%) and AMF (up to 21%) strongly increased LER. In tillers of even-aged plants, this was due to increased REGRavg and L(LGZ). In even-sized tillers, it was exclusively due to increased REGRavg. REGRavg was strictly related to P(LGZ) (r2 = 0.95) and independent of tiller size. Conversely, L(LGZ) strictly depended on tiller size (r2 = 0.88) and not on P(LGZ). Hence, P status affected leaf growth directly only through effects on relative tissue expansion rates. Symbiosis with AMF did not modify these relationships. Thus, no evidence for P status-independent effects of AMF on LER was found.     

扁秆藨草种群内禀增长率的研究

采用“定期起苗”法,从６ 月１０ 日—８ 月３０ 日止,分别统计从越冬块茎上萌发出的再生苗及其后代蔓生枝系再生苗的数量,从而得出扁秆藨草再生苗各旬株数增长的指数方程;又用“定株观察”法,对１２ 株越冬块茎上的再生苗及其全部后代植株开花、结实数量进行统计,探讨扁秆藨草有性繁殖的能力,然后进行综合计算,求得扁秆藨草种群的内禀增长率ｒ＝７．２４,阐明了扁秆藨草很高的内禀增长率是其种群过度生长的根本原因;通过对其过度生长关键时刻的判断,选择灭草的关键期,有效地灭杀此种恶性杂草     

A Study on the Intrinsic Growth Rate of Scirpus planiculmis Populations

Field experiments were conducted, using "Fixed Interval technique for sampling seedlings", to determine the rules of asexual reproduction of Scirpus planiculrnis population. Counts were recorded for the number of re-emerged plants on the overwintering stem tubers and of the re-emerged seedlings from the trailing branch system, from June 10 to August 30 at a 10-day interval. In this way, the exponential equation was established for describing the increase of the re-emerged plants of Scirpus planiculmis per 10-day period. The technique of "observation on specific individual plants" was also used to determine the rule of sexual reproduction of the plant, i. e. to investigate the ability of sexual reproduction by counting the number of seed-sets from the re-emerged seedlings on 12 overwintering stem tubers and all their progenies (2640 re-emerged plants). Then, pooled cal ulation was made to obtain the intrinsic growth rate of the Scirpus planiculmis population as r= 7.24. Thus, it is indicated that the ultimate reason for the over-grown of the species population is the high intrinsic growth rate. On the other hand, since the critical period of both the weed and rice was already estimated, it could be used (1) to determine the critical time for weeding and (2) to control the weed effectively, and (3) to provide sound basis for high grain yield of rice.     

具有非线性平均增长率的离散Logistic方程的稳定性和振动性

考虑具非线性平均增长率的Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ方程 这里ｒ,ａ,ｂ都是正常数,本文证明了方程（１）的一切解关于 ｋ振动的充要条件是 ｋｒ（ａ＋２ｂｋ）＞１,其中ｋ是方程（１）的唯一的正平衡解。同时获得了方程（１）的正平衡解ｋ是渐近稳定与全局渐近稳定的充分条件．     

唐鱼仔鱼耳石的形态发育及日轮

观察了实验室人工繁殖饲养的唐鱼(Tanichthys albonubes)仔鱼耳石形态发育,研究了其生长轮的沉积规律。唐鱼仔鱼耳石长径与鱼体全长(TL)均呈线性相关,其关系式为:微耳石Dl=0.019 6TL-0.031 0(r=0.961 6,P<0.001,n=218),矢耳石Ds=0.027 6TL-0.043 7(r=0.924 0,P<0.001,n=219),星耳石Da=0.016 6TL-0.004 1(r=0.369 6,P<0.001,n=44)。仔鱼耳石上第一个轮纹在孵出后第2 d形成,生长轮数目与仔鱼日龄(D)呈线性相关,其斜率与1无显著差异,因此生长轮为日轮,其关系式为:微耳石LI=1.006D-1.700 1(r=0.994 2,P<0.001,n=205),矢耳石SI=0.953 8D-0.911 6(r=0.993 5,P<0.001,n=161)。生长过程中矢耳石形状变化较大,星耳石出现时间较晚,而微耳石形状稳定,日轮可读性较好,故更适合作为日轮研究的材料。     

狗牙根、白三叶草对淡剑纹灰翅夜蛾生长发育和繁殖的影响

利用室内饲喂法,以高羊茅分别为对照,研究狗牙根(Cynodon dacyton)、白三叶草(Trifolium repens)对淡剑纹灰翅夜蛾Spodoptera depravata(Butler)存活、生长发育及繁殖的影响。结果表明,用狗牙根、白三叶草饲喂淡剑纹灰翅夜蛾的化蛹率、幼虫成蛾率均显著低于对照组。幼虫历期显著长于对照组。用狗牙根、白三叶草饲喂幼虫时,淡剑纹灰翅夜蛾的蛹期、产卵前期、产卵期、产卵量、♀成虫寿命与对照组均无显著差异,但幼虫龄期明显增加。狗牙根、白三叶草饲喂的淡剑纹灰翅夜蛾种群增长参数与对照组相比存在明显差异:(1)世代净生殖率(R0);(2)内禀增长率(rm);(3)周限增长率(λ);(4)种群数量趋势指数(I)明显降低;世代平均周期(T)和种群加倍时间(DT)明显延长。由此可见,狗牙根和白三叶草并不是淡剑纹灰翅夜蛾喜好的寄主植物。     

Dynamics of root growth stimulation in Nicotiana tabacum in increasing light intensity

Light intensity is crucial for plant growth. In this study, the hypothesis was tested whether a sudden increase in light intensity leads to an immediate increase of root growth. Seedlings of Nicotiana tabacum grown in agar-filled Petri dishes were subjected to light intensities of 60 and 300 micromol m(-2) s(-1), respectively. Seedling biomass, sucrose, glucose and fructose concentration as well as primary root growth increased significantly with light intensity. The dynamics of the increase in root growth were analysed here in more detail. In transition experiments from low to high light intensities, root growth increased by a factor of four within 4 d, reaching the steady-state level measured in plants that were cultivated in high-light conditions. The distribution of relative elemental growth rates along the root growth zone retained a constant shape throughout this transition. During the first three hours after light increase, strong growth fluctuations were repeatedly observed with the velocity of the root tip cycling in a sinusoidal pattern between 120 and 180 microm h(-1). These dynamic patterns are discussed in the context of hydraulic and photosynthetic acclimation to the altered conditions. Experiments with externally applied sucrose and with transgenic plants having reduced capacities for sucrose synthesis indicated clearly that increasing light intensity rapidly enhanced root growth by elevating sucrose export from shoot to root.