共生微生物对昆虫化学感受的影响

共生微生物通过影响昆虫信息化合物的合成或感受来调控宿主的化学通讯,进而影响昆虫的交流、防御、捕食和扩散行为。这种调控作用有助于共生微生物的扩散,但对宿主可能是有利的,也可能是有害的,并为共生体系的协同进化提供动力。本文围绕近年来共生微生物对昆虫化学感受的影响及其机制展开综述,并分析其进化意义,旨在为昆虫化学生态学理论提供补充,并为开发新的害虫防治策略提供思路。     

昆虫共生微生物：研究进展与展望

昆虫共生微生物是指与昆虫宿主建立持久互作关系的微生物,这些微生物分布于昆虫的体表、肠道、血腔或者细胞内,参与调节宿主昆虫的多种生理功能。昆虫-共生微生物互作研究涉及多个学科领域的交叉。深入研究昆虫共生微生物的功能及其与宿主的互作关系不仅有助于阐明重要的生命科学机理,还将为害虫治理和虫传病害的防控以及益虫的有效利用提供新的思路和方法。近年来,我国学者在昆虫微生物组研究领域取得显著进展,在多个研究方向取得重要成果。本文概述了国内外昆虫共生微生物研究的最新进展,介绍了本专辑论文的主要研究内容,并提出了值得关注的3个研究方向：(1)昆虫细胞内共生微生物的功能;(2)昆虫调控共生微生物丰度和传播的机制;(3)昆虫共生微生物的遗传改造和应用。     

昆虫肠道微生物分离培养策略及研究进展

昆虫肠道作为一种特殊生境,生存着多种多样的共生微生物,并且肠道内的很多微生物与自然界其他生境的微生物种类显著不同。基于对纯培养微生物的研究,科学家们发现,肠道微生物与昆虫营养、生长发育及免疫等功能密切相关。因此,分离培养是发现微生物新种类、新基因和新功能的基础。然而,自然界可培养的微生物大约只占总数的1%。为了能够对更多的微生物进行分离和培养,近二十年来,微生物学家们发展了诸多新的培养技术和策略并利用它们从昆虫肠道分离出了很多新的难培养微生物。这些新的微生物种类极大地丰富了我们对肠道共生微生物生理作用与功能的认识。以此为基础,本文综述了昆虫肠道微生物分离培养的策略及研究进展,并对未来该领域的发展进行了展望。     

共生菌与昆虫的免疫

共生菌可通过产生抗菌物质、调控宿主免疫相关基因和微生物种间竞争作用等方式保护昆虫宿主免受病原体的侵染。为维持共生关系,昆虫进化出精细的调控机制避免对共生菌的过激免疫应答,共生菌通过免疫识别信号多态性或化学拟态来降低或躲避宿主免疫系统对自身的伤害。本文在分析共生菌对宿主免疫的功能及其机制的基础上,探讨宿主对免疫应答的精准调控以及共生体系的协同进化,以期为共生菌对宿主免疫影响的深入研究提供参考。     

肠道共生微生物与健康和疾病

人体是个庞大的动态的微生物群落的天然寄居场所,人体的皮肤、口腔、消化道、呼吸道和生殖道等部位都寄生着大量的微生物.这些微生物与人体互惠互利,形成共生复合体.其中,肠道共生微生物与宿主的相关性及对宿主生理和病理状态的影响已经得到了很好的阐释.肠道共生微生物的主要功能是帮助宿主代谢,使得能量和可吸收的营养物质更好的被利用,为肠道上皮细胞提供营养,增强免疫功能,帮助寄主抵抗外来微生物的入侵.肠道菌群紊乱也是一些疾病的症状或诱发原因,比如肥胖、糖尿病和肠道炎症等.深入研究人类共生微生物与健康和疾病的关系,将为一些疾病的预防和治疗提供新的手段.     

昆虫肠道微生物的研究进展和应用前景

昆虫肠道的独特结构和理化性质为多种多样的微生物定殖提供了特殊环境,肠道微生物的群落组成与宿主昆虫的生长发育、代谢繁殖等生命活动密切相关。种类丰富多样、生态位分布广泛的昆虫体内含有大量特化的肠道微生物群落,经过长期协同进化形成的共生关系具有多方面无可替代的优势。这种相对稳定的共生关系对昆虫整个生命周期具有极其重要的作用,肠道微生物不仅为宿主提供重要的营养物质、协助消化食物、提高宿主防御和解毒能力,还影响宿主昆虫的寿命、发育周期以及交配与繁殖能力等。同时,昆虫肠道微生物在农业、生态、医药以及能源环保等多个学科领域也显示出了巨大的应用前景。本文就昆虫肠道微生物群落的多样性、功能和影响肠道微生物生存因素,以及应用前景等方面进行综述,讨论了昆虫肠道微生物的最新研究进展。     

昆虫完全变态发育与其共生微生物之间的相互影响

完全变态昆虫在发育过程中要经过卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫四个阶段,它们在幼虫和成虫阶段形态构造和生活习性明显不同,这一现象被称为适应性解耦,使幼虫和成虫能够更独立地完成不同的任务,各自获得更高的效率,这对完全变态昆虫有巨大的生态和进化意义。然而这种发育方式为完全变态昆虫与微生物建立稳定的共生关系带来了巨大的挑战。它们在变态过程中身体结构的重塑、饮食习惯的改变等使微生物居住的栖息地发生彻底转变,微生物在昆虫宿主个体不同发育阶段和不同个体代际之间的垂直传递也受到了限制。为了高保真地维持稳定的共生关系,部分完全变态昆虫和共生微生物进化出多样的严格垂直传递或者规避完全变态发育的传递方式。也有部分完全变态昆虫趁此机会实现与共生微生物的关系解绑,与新的微生物建立联系,呈现出在不同生命阶段共生微生物的动态变化。此外,昆虫变态发育还直接受到共生微生物的影响,微生物能保护宿主在变态发育中最脆弱的阶段免受病原体感染,为变态发育提供必需的营养物质和促进变态发育的因子。因此,本综述将总结和深入探究昆虫完全变态发育与其共生微生物之间的相互影响。     

昆虫共生菌研究进展

昆虫与微生物的共生是一种普遍存在的现象,与昆虫共生的微生物从形态学或生活史上可大致分为三大类:细菌、酵母和立克次氏体.     

水生昆虫肠道微生物研究进展

水生昆虫在水生生态系统中具有重要的生态功能,扮演着有机物降解、水质净化和营养循环等角色,对维持水体健康至关重要。水生昆虫肠道微生物在与宿主长期的共进化过程中,形成了极为多样的菌群结构和丰富的生物学功能。变形菌门Proteobacteria和厚壁菌门Firmicutes是大多数水生昆虫肠道微生物中的优势菌,但受宿主分类学差异、栖息地转变、生活环境参数改变、食性和免疫的影响,不同水生昆虫的肠道微生物组成呈现多样性。肠道微生物参与调节水生昆虫生长发育、消化代谢、免疫防御和解毒等功能。通过宿主交配和取食,水生昆虫肠道微生物在宿主种间和种内传播。本文简要回顾了水生昆虫肠道微生物的组成及对其主要的影响因素,总结了其与宿主间的关系及传播方式,并对未来研究方向进行了展望。本研究可为挖掘具有特殊功能的微生物资源和探索昆虫水生适应的肠道微生物学机制提供参考。     

昆虫肠道微生物及其功能研究方法进展

昆虫是世界上种类最为丰富、分布最为广泛的动物类群,其肠道内栖息着复杂且多样的微生物。不同昆虫因肠道结构、肠道内环境、食性、龄期、外界环境不同,肠道内微生物组成与丰度也存在差异。肠道微生物主要通过垂直方向与水平方向在种群与个体间传播,对昆虫宿主营养代谢、生理行为、防御、解毒等诸多方面有重要影响;通过体外培养的方法可从培养基对昆虫肠道微生物进行分离,用基质辅助激光解析电离飞行时间质谱(matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry, MALDI-TOF MS)及16S rRNA基因测序技术等可迅速鉴定微生物;宏基因组学、蛋白质组学、代谢组学等多种组学技术联合运用,使得肠道微生物鉴定与功能推测更为高效;体外试验、微生物补充、菌群移植、沉默微生物成员相关基因等试验方法使微生物功能验证更为准确;利用高温处理、溶菌酶处理、无菌饲养处理及抗生素处理等方式能清除肠道内的微生物群落,获得无菌昆虫用于功能验证试验,但当前使用最广的抗生素法在实际应用中仍存在一定局限;利用肠道微生物特性,通过共生菌基因工...     

昆虫肠道微生物的多样性、功能及应用

昆虫肠道微生物种类繁多、数量巨大,在与宿主长期的协同进化过程中,不仅形成极为多样的种群结构,也进化出多样的生物学功能,对宿主的营养、生理、发育、防御、抗逆等方面都产生显著影响。近年来,越来越多的昆虫肠道微生物的多样性和生物学特性被揭示,具有农业、能源和环保价值的众多微生物种类和活性基因得到了开发,展现出巨大的应用潜力。本文将从昆虫肠道微生物的多样性、生物学功能、应用三个方面对近年来的研究进展进行总结,并进行展望。     

Structural segregation of gut microbiota between colorectal cancer patients and healthy volunteers

Despite a long-suspected role in the development of human colorectal cancer (CRC), the composition of gut microbiota in CRC patients has not been adequately described. In this study, fecal bacterial diversity in CRC patients (n=46) and healthy volunteers (n=56) were profiled by 454 pyrosequencing of the V3 region of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. Both principal component analysis and UniFrac analysis showed structural segregation between the two populations. Forty-eight operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified by redundancy analysis as key variables significantly associated with the structural difference. One OTU closely related to Bacteroides fragilis was enriched in the gut microbiota of CRC patients, whereas three OTUs related to Bacteroides vulgatus and Bacteroides uniformis were enriched in that of healthy volunteers. A total of 11 OTUs belonging to the genera Enterococcus, Escherichia/Shigella, Klebsiella, Streptococcus and Peptostreptococcus were significantly more abundant in the gut microbiota of CRC patients, and 5 OTUs belonging to the genus Roseburia and other butyrate-producing bacteria of the family Lachnospiraceae were less abundant. Real-time quantitative PCR further validated the significant reduction of butyrate-producing bacteria in the gut microbiota of CRC patients by measuring the copy numbers of butyryl-coenzyme A CoA transferase genes (Mann–Whitney test, P<0.01). Reduction of butyrate producers and increase of opportunistic pathogens may constitute a major structural imbalance of gut microbiota in CRC patients.     

Proteomics,human gut microbiota and probiotics

The various bacterial communities associated with humans have many functions and the gut microbiota has a major role in the host. Bacterial imbalance in the gut, known as dysbiosis, has therefore been linked to several diseases. Probiotics, that is, microbial strains that have beneficial effects on the host, are thought to benefit this intestinal ecosystem. Hence, knowledge of the gut microbiota composition and an understanding of its functionalities are of interest. Recently, efforts have focused on developing new high-throughput techniques for studying microbial cells and complex communities. Among them, proteomics is increasingly being used. The purpose of this article is to focus on the recent development of this technology and its usefulness in analyzing the human gut ecosystem and probiotic strains.     

按蚊肠道微生物及其在阻断疟疾传播上的应用

按蚊体内,尤其是中肠内定殖着大量的微生物群落。肠道菌群通过与按蚊的长期协同进化形成了相互依存的共生关系。肠道共生菌参与调节按蚊的多种生命活动,对于维持按蚊的健康发挥着重要作用,已经成为一个与宿主按蚊密不可分的重要"器官"。研究表明,肠道共生菌在按蚊物质代谢、营养、发育、生殖、免疫调控和免疫防御等生理过程中发挥着重要的调节作用。蚊虫是疟疾、登革、寨卡等多种疾病的传播媒介,而肠道共生菌对寄生虫和病毒在蚊虫肠道内的发育和感染具有重要影响,因此研究蚊虫与共生菌的相互作用有着重要的理论和实践意义。本文将对按蚊肠道共生菌的多样性、生物学功能、与宿主相互作用的机制及其在防治疟疾上的应用进展进行综述,并对未来的研究提出展望。     

肥胖相关的肠道微生物群落结构动力学与功能解析研究

肥胖及相关的慢性代谢性疾病近年来已经成为威胁全球的公共健康问题。越来越多的证据表明,在宿主的营养、免疫和代谢中有不可替代的作用的肠道菌群不仅可以通过调节宿主脂肪吸收存储相关的基因,影响后者的能量平衡,更重要的是其结构失调导致宿主循环系统中内毒素增加,诱发慢性、低水平炎症,导致肥胖和胰岛素抵抗。运用微生物分子生态学、元基因组学和代谢组学的方法,揭示与代谢性疾病相关的菌群结构失调,并鉴定出相关的特定细菌类群及其功能,使得通过以菌群为靶点的营养干预手段防止慢性代谢性疾病成为可能,将带来代谢性疾病预防和控制策略的革命性的变化。     

Kin recognition in Drosophila: the importance of ecology and gut microbiota

The animal gut commonly contains a large reservoir of symbiotic microbes. Although these microbes have obvious functions in digestion and immune defence, gut microbes can also affect behaviour. Here, we explore whether gut microbiota has a role in kin recognition. We assessed whether relatedness, familiarity and food eaten during development altered copulation investment in three species of Drosophila with diverse ecologies. We found that a monandrous species exhibited true kin recognition, whereas familiarity determined kin recognition in a species living in dense aggregations. Finally, in a food generalist species, food eaten during development masked kin recognition. The effect of food type on copulation duration, in addition to the removal of this effect via antibiotic treatment, suggests the influence of bacteria associated with the gut. Our results provide the first evidence that varied ecologically determined mechanisms of kin recognition occur in Drosophila, and that gut bacteria are likely to have a key role in these mechanisms.     

A simple and distinctive microbiota associated with honey bees and bumble bees

Specialized relationships with bacteria often allow animals to exploit a new diet by providing a novel set of metabolic capabilities. Bees are a monophyletic group of Hymenoptera that transitioned to a completely herbivorous diet from the carnivorous diet of their wasp ancestors. Recent culture-independent studies suggest that a set of distinctive bacterial species inhabits the gut of the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Here we survey the gut microbiotae of diverse bee and wasp species to test whether acquisition of these bacteria was associated with the transition to herbivory in bees generally. We found that most bee species lack phylotypes that are the same or similar to those typical of A. mellifera, rejecting the hypothesis that this dietary transition was symbiont-dependent. The most common bacteria in solitary bee species are a widespread phylotype of Burkholderia and the pervasive insect associate, Wolbachia. In contrast, several social representatives of corbiculate bees do possess distinctive bacterial phylotypes. Samples of A. mellifera harboured the same microbiota as in previous surveys, and closely related bacterial phylotypes were identified in two Asian honey bees (Apis andreniformis and Apis dorsata) and several bumble bee (Bombus) species. Potentially, the sociality of Apis and Bombus species facilitates symbiont transmission and thus is key to the maintenance of a more consistent gut microbiota. Phylogenetic analyses provide a more refined taxonomic placement of the A. mellifera symbionts.     

A future perspective on neurodegenerative diseases: nasopharyngeal and gut microbiota

Neurodegenerative diseases are considered a serious life‐threatening issue regardless of age. Resulting nerve damage progressively affects important activities, such as movement, coordination, balance, breathing, speech and the functioning of vital organs. Reports on the subject have concluded that neurodegenerative disease can be caused by mutations of susceptible genes, alcohol consumption, toxins, chemicals and other unknown environmental factors. Although several diagnostic techniques can be used to determine aetiologies, the process is difficult and often fails. Research shows that nasopharyngeal and gut microbiota play important roles in brain to spinal cord coordination. However, no conclusive epidemiologic evidence is available on the roles played by respiratory and gut microbiota in the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, understanding the connection between respiratory and gut microbiota and the nervous system could provide information on causal links. The present review describes future perspectives on the role played by nasopharyngeal and gut microbiota in the development of neurodegenerative diseases.