燕山山脉黄檗种群结构与动态特征

黄檗（Phellodendron amurense）为我国珍稀濒危物种，具有较高的药用价值。以燕山地区野生黄檗种群为研究对象，采用典型抽样对8个保护区内的黄檗进行全面调查，通过编制静态生命表并绘制存活曲线，分析种群年龄结构和种群变化规律，并通过种群动态量化和时间序列预测分析种群未来数量变化。结果表明：（1）黄檗种群结构总体上呈倒"J"型，但存在外部干扰时，种群结构数量变化动态指数为1.017%，表明该种群趋于稳定型；（2）静态生命表及相关曲线分析显示，黄檗种群存活数量整体上随着径级增大，个体数量逐渐下降；黄檗种群的生存期望在不同径级间存在波动，而第Ⅶ径级的生存期望最高，种群存活曲线符合Deevey-Ⅱ型，黄檗种群具有前期减少、中期稳定、后期衰退的特点；（3）时间序列预测分析表明，在未来2、4、6、8个径级之后，黄檗中老龄个体数量将逐渐增加。黄檗种群濒危的主要因素是幼苗数量少，且呈现散生分布状态，建议加强幼苗抚育工作，提高幼苗的存活率，保护和改善生境，从而促进黄檗种群的自然更新和恢复。     

安徽皇藏峪自然保护区南京椴种群结构分析

在野外样方调查基础上,根据径级结构、静态生命表、存活曲线和死亡曲线,探讨了安徽皇藏峪自然保护区内南京椴(Tilia miqueliana Maxim.)种群的动态变化规律及更新方式。结果表明,该种群的径级结构呈倒金字塔型,为衰退型种群;种群的存活曲线为DeeveyⅢ型曲线,幼树死亡率较高,苗期种群不稳定;其更新方式主要为实生苗和萌蘖,其中萌蘖是维持种群个体数量的主要方式。     

重庆喀斯特生境中桢楠种群结构与动态特征

桢楠是我国珍稀渐危树种,国家二级保护植物,野生多散生于海拔1500 m以下的亚热带常绿阔叶林中。而喀斯特生境岩石裸露、土壤浅薄贫瘠、岩溶干旱频发,理论上并不适合喜湿耐荫且喜酸性土壤的桢楠生长及幼苗更新。因此重庆市大足区和永川区喀斯特生境中的天然桢楠种群可能存在一定的更新困难。为明确这两个桢楠种群的生存现状及动态特征,采用野外调查法,从径级结构、静态生命表、存活曲线、结构动态及分布格局等方面分析桢楠种群结构及其数量动态规律,以期预测种群未来发展趋势,为喀斯特地区桢楠种群的保护、群落更新及植被恢复提供理论基础。结果表明：(1)大足区桢楠种群的年龄结构趋于稳定型,而永川区桢楠种群的年龄结构为增长型。两地区幼苗充足但死亡率高。(2)静态生命表及相关曲线分析显示,两个桢楠种群存活数量总体上随径级增大而减少;两个桢楠种群的生存期望值在不同径级间存在波动,大足区桢楠种群在第Ⅱ径级而永川区则是第Ⅳ径级期望值最高。(3)两个种群的存活曲线均为Deevey-Ⅲ型,即幼树死亡率较高,并且种群的增长速度较为缓慢。(4)大足区种群为随机分布,永川区种群为集群分布;种群各生长发育阶段均为集群分布,但聚集强度随着龄...     

雅鲁藏布江流域底栖动物多样性及生态评价

雅鲁藏布江起源于喜马拉雅山,是世界上海拔最高的河流之一,是流经我国西藏境内重要的国际河流,其河流生态系统具有特殊地貌及生态条件。研究该流域底栖动物多样性分布特征及其影响因子,是科学评价该区域河流生态系统健康状况,实现资源可持续开发利用的基础。2009年10月—2010年6月期间,以底栖动物作为指示物种,对雅江流域干支流及堰塞湖的14个采样断面进行河流生态评价。采用Alpha及Beta生物多样性指数分别指示局部采样河段及全区域的底栖动物多样性。对采样断面底栖动物组成分析发现:14个采样断面共采集到底栖动物110种,隶属57科102属。雅江干流底栖动物种类数最高为29,平均为19。支流年楚河种类数为17。支流拉萨河,尼洋河,帕龙藏布的最高种类数分别为25,33,36;平均种类数分别为21,21,22,生物多样性普遍高于干流。整个流域中底栖动物平均种类数相差不大,但种类组成和密度相差较大。调查区域的Beta多样性指数β高于低海拔地区的相似的山区河流,说明雅江流域内底栖动物群落差异性高于正常海拔地区。对14个采样断面的物种组成进行除趋势对应分析表明:影响雅江流域底栖动物多样性的主要因素为河型,河床阻力结构,堤岸结构,水流流速。保持稳定的阶梯-深潭结构和自然堤岸结构,以及适宜的流速有利于保护雅江河流生态。     

秦岭华北落叶松林乔木种群结构与更新

华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprechtii)在秦岭属于外来物种。以种群径级结构代替年龄结构,采用静态生命表、生存曲线分析方法,探讨了秦岭华北落叶松种群以及群落中其他乔木的年龄结构和自我更新能力,同时与本地树种华山松林的乔木种群特征进行了比较。结果表明:华北落叶松种群密度较高,幼苗数量少且死亡率较高,种群内其他乔木树种仅有极少量幼苗,乔木的自我更新能力较差。由生命表从动态的角度分析,华北落叶松是一个衰退型种群,华山松则为稳定发展的种群。建议对华北落叶松采取适当间伐,人工促进更新。     

濒危植物单性木兰种群径级结构和生命表分析

单性木兰是我国特有的濒危植物。对广西北部木论自然保护区内的单性木兰代表种群进行调查,分析其种群径级结构和存活曲线,编制了静态生命表。结果表明:雄株与雌株的比例约1.06:1,幼苗和幼树在种群中占有较大的比重,单性木兰种群的径级结构呈非典型的金字塔型分布,为稳定型种群;存活曲线接近Deevey-Ⅲ型,种群在两个低龄级Ⅰ和Ⅲ出现相对较高的死亡高峰,死亡率分别为0.23和0.35,而高径级趋于稳定。     

珍稀植物银砂槐中国分布区的种群结构与动态分析

通过对中国唯一银砂槐(Ammodendron bifolium)分布区———新疆伊犁河谷地塔克尔莫乎尔沙漠狭窄区域的样地调查和数据统计分析,绘制了银砂槐自然种群的径级结构图,编制了种群的特定时间生命表,分析了存活曲线、死亡率曲线和寿命期望等重要参数,并运用时间序列模型预测种群数量动态。结果表明:(1)研究区内银砂槐种群结构中小径级个体较多,即Ⅰ~Ⅲ径级占70.4%,Ⅳ~Ⅶ径级占27.62%,Ⅷ~Ⅹ径级仅占1.98%,种群整体结构属于增长型,但Ⅰ径级个体数少于Ⅱ径级,种群的自然更新相对较差。(2)静态生命表分析结果表明,随着径级的增加银砂槐种群死亡率大致为上升趋势,且种群内基径超过3.5cm(Ⅷ径级)的银砂槐数量迅速下降,即研究区内银砂槐基径越接近Ⅷ径级就越接近其生理寿命。(3)研究区内银砂槐的存活曲线基本接近DeeveyⅢ型,但Ⅰ径级存活数低于Ⅱ径级,Ⅱ径级后存活数量迅速下降,说明该种群幼苗补充量较少,自然更新受阻。(4)时间序列分析表明,随着时间推移,种群未来会呈现老龄个体增加的趋势。研究认为,新疆伊犁河谷地的银砂槐种群的生长发育主要受限于其自身的生物学特性和种内竞争,其种群的长期稳定维持较为困难,现有植株及生境斑块的妥善保护和适当的人工辅助措施是该区银砂槐种群恢复的关键。     

灵空山油松种群年龄结构与动态分析

对山西灵空山自然保护区的油松（Pinus tabulaeformis）种群进行了调查,利用生存分析理论及谱分析理论,分析了油松种群径级结构和静态生命表,绘制了存活曲线,同时分析了种群数量的周期性。主要结果如下：（1）油松种群幼苗幼树个体数较多,中径级的个体数较稳定,而高径级由于种间竞争及环境因子的影响,个体数明显下降。（2）油松种群的存活曲线呈现Deevey-Ⅱ型。动态表现为前期增长,中期稳定,后期衰退。（3）油松种群波动存在小周期,但变化不大,说明油松种群发展较为稳定。     

灵空山油松种群年龄结构与动态分析北大核心CSCD

对山西灵空山自然保护区的油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)种群进行了调查,利用生存分析理论及谱分析理论,分析了油松种群径级结构和静态生命表,绘制了存活曲线,同时分析了种群数量的周期性。主要结果如下:(1)油松种群幼苗幼树个体数较多,中径级的个体数较稳定,而高径级由于种间竞争及环境因子的影响,个体数明显下降。(2)油松种群的存活曲线呈现Deevey-Ⅱ型。动态表现为前期增长,中期稳定,后期衰退。(3)油松种群波动存在小周期,但变化不大,说明油松种群发展较为稳定。     

武夷山米槠种群结构及谱分析

在武夷山自然保护区对米槠种群数量动态进行了系统研究,编制了静态生命表,分析了存活曲线和死亡曲线,同时应用谱分析方法分析种群数量的动态变化。结果表明,武夷山自然保护区米槠种群基本属于进展型或稳定型,幼龄级个体多,中老龄级个体少。不同海拔的种群密度存在差异,其中C种群密度最大;静态生命表显示,种群在Ⅰ、Ⅱ径级时死亡率较高,随着年龄增加,死亡率逐渐降低,但到了Ⅳ、Ⅴ径级,由于生理衰老死亡率又上升;种群期望寿命在Ⅰ、Ⅱ径级较高,随着年龄增加,期望寿命逐渐下降;不同海拔的米槠种群的存活曲线均接近于Deevey Ⅲ 型。米槠种群自然更新过程存在明显的周期。     

Analysis of genetic diversity in Glyptosternum maculatum (Sisoridae, Siluriformes) populations with AFLP markers

We determined the genetic diversity of geographic populations from three spawning grounds (Nyang River, Lhasa River, Shetongmon Reach of Yarlung Zangbo River) of Glyptosternum maculatum with amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Five primer combinations detected 332 products, 51 of them (15.4%) were polymorphic in at least one population. The Shetongmon population was found to be the richest in genetic diversity as was indicated by the percentage of polymorphic loci and heterozygosity, followed by the Nyang population and the Lhasa population. The pair-wise genetic distance between populations were all very close, ranging from 0.0015 to 0.0042 with an average of 0.0024. The genetic distance was not proportional to the geographic distance. The analysis of molecular variance demonstrated that all variation occurred within populations. The average estimated fixation index (F _st) of three populations across all polymorphic loci was −0.0184, indicating the absence of genetic differences among the three sampled populations. The differentiation among populations was not significant, and population structure was weak. Our observations will help identify the genetic relationship among populations as the first approach to understand the genetic diversity of Glyptosternum maculatum.     

Assessment of the genetic diversity among Glyptosternum maculatum, an endemic fish of Yarlung Zangbo River, Tibet, China using SSR markers

The genetic diversity of Glyptosternum maculatum populations from Nyang River, Lhasa River, and Shetongmon Reach of Yarlung Zangbo River was assessed using six microsatellite markers. Overall, the genetic diversity across the three populations was low. The Shetongmon population exhibited the highest level of genetic diversity in terms of number of alleles and effective alleles, heterozygosity, and polymorphic information content value, followed by the Nyang population and Lhasa population. The analysis of molecular variance demonstrated that almost the variation (86.64%) occurred within populations. The differentiation among populations was not significant, and population structure was weak. These results revealed that three natural populations of G. maculatum are not genetically differentiated and the large disparity of living altitude did not caused genetic differentiation between different populations. Our observations will help identify the genetic relationship among populations to understand the genetic diversity of G. maculatum.     

Disturbance of the indigenous gene pool of the threatened brook lamprey Lethenteron sp. S by intraspecific introgression and habitat fragmentation

Artificial introduction and habitat fragmentation affect the indigenous gene pools of fluvial animals. To investigate the effect of human activities on the genetic population structure of vulnerable brook lamprey Lethenteron sp. S in a single river system, samples from 12 tributaries of the Jinzu River, Japan, were analyzed using mitochondrial and microsatellite DNA markers. Exogenous Lake Biwa (Japan) haplotypes and alleles were detected in lampreys from several Jinzu River tributaries. Since Lake Biwa is the source of the commercial ayu fish Plecoglossus altivelis that is introduced in the Jinzu River, the exogenous Lake Biwa lamprey genotypes in the Jinzu River probably originated from the Lake Biwa lampreys that were unintentionally introduced along with the ayu fish. Bayesian admixture and mitochondrial DNA analyses revealed various genetic disturbance phases of the exogenous genotypes in the Jinzu River, such as the six indigenous populations, four admixed populations with low frequencies (average admixture proportion = 0.02–0.04; exogenous haplotype proportion <0.01), one introgressed population (0.71 and 0.57) and one population almost displaced by exogenous genotypes (0.93 and 0.96). Samples from three tributaries with weirs were genetically differentiated from the others by using pairwise F _ST and Bayesian analyses; the results suggested isolation by the weirs. Reduced mitochondrial DNA diversity was observed in 1 of the 3 samples probably due to reduced population size. These findings indicate that the indigenous lamprey populations in the Jinzu River are seriously affected by introgression with exogenous genotypes via unintentional introduction and habitat fragmentation by weirs.     

Survival and growth responses of Myricaria laxiflora seedlings to summer flooding

Myricaria laxiflora, an endangered shrub species distributed along the banks of the Yangtze River in the Three Gorges area, is completely submerged from June to October every year. It is generally assumed that summer flooding has a strong impact on the survival and growth of seedlings. We designed an outdoor randomized block experiment on the responses of seedling survival and growth to different flooding depth and flooding duration treatments during the flood season in the Three Gorges area. Seedling survival rate, aboveground biomass, belowground biomass, total biomass, root depth, length of primary branch and the number of primary and secondary branches were examined.M. laxiflora was found to acclimate to summer flooding by becoming dormant and losing biomass. Seedlings of M. laxiflora ceased growing during the summer flooding season, regardless of the flooding depth and flooding duration they were subjected to. The number of primary and secondary branches, aboveground biomass and total biomass of seedlings was reduced with prolonged flooding. The length of primary branches and aboveground biomass were more sensitive to flooding than other measured parameters and differed significantly between the onset and the end of flooding.In each flooding treatment most seedlings of M. laxiflora survived a flooding period of 2 months and recovered rapidly after the flooding was terminated in September. After 3 months of recovery, aboveground biomass, total biomass and the number of the primary branches increased significantly. Furthermore, seedling survival and growth in the flooding treatments were not significantly different from the controls both during the summer flooding stage and in the recovery stage. All of these results suggest that summer flooding does not affect seedling survival and growth in this species. On the contrary, flooding released seedlings from the stress of drought during summer and facilitated seedling establishment. M. laxiflora appears to cope adaptively with the flooding cycle by going into a state of dormancy during the flood season.     

拉萨河鱼类调查及保护

拉萨河是雅鲁藏布江最大的支流, 其鱼类区系为隶属于裂腹鱼亚科、条鳅亚科和科的13 种鱼类以及裂腹鱼属的一个自然杂交种。最近十几年, 由于人类活动的影响, 导致了大量的外来鱼类进入拉萨河水体。文章介绍了2004 年至2006 年对拉萨河鱼类进行采样调查的情况。目前在拉萨河, 鱼类组成包括以往记录的14 种鱼类: 拉萨裂腹鱼Schizothorax waltoni (Regan)、异齿裂鱼 S. o’connori (Lloyd)、巨须裂腹鱼S.macropogon (Regan)、双须叶须鱼 Ptychobarbus dipogon (Regan)、尖裸鲤 Oxygymnocypris stewartii (Lloyd)、拉萨裸裂尻鱼Schizopygopsisyounghusbandi younghusbandi Regan、异齿裂腹鱼和拉萨裂腹鱼的一个自然杂交种、异尾高原鳅Triplophysa stewartii (Hora)、细尾高原鳅T. stenura (Herzenstein)、西藏高原鳅T. tibetana(Regan)、东方高原鳅T. orientalis (Herzenstein)、斯氏高原鳅T. stoliczkae (Steindachner)、短尾高原鳅T.brevicauda (Herzenstein)、黑斑原Glyptosternum maculatum (Regan); 8 种外来鱼类: 鲫Carassius auratus(Linnaeus)、麦穗鱼Pseudorasbora parva (Temminck et Schlegel)、泥鳅Misgurnus anguillicaudatus (Cantor)、黄黝鱼Hypseleotris swinhonis (Gunther)、鲤Cyprinus (C.) caupio Linnaeus、草鱼Ctenopharyngodon idellus(Cuvier et Valenciennes)、银鲫Carassius auratus gibelio (Bloch)、鲇Silurus asotus Linnaeus; 2 个未定种。调查结果表明拉萨河鱼类资源面临的两个主要问题是过度捕捞导致鱼类资源的减少和小型化以及外来鱼类入侵。文章针对这些情况作了分析和探讨, 并对土著鱼类的保护与合理利用提出了一些建议: 合理捕捞、严格禁渔期、控制外来鱼类、保护栖息地等。       

三峡大坝下游残存疏花水柏枝种群结构和动态

在三峡大坝下游的湖北宜都关洲设立1个40 m×40 m的固定样地,利用高度分级,比较2008与2009年两年间的疏花水柏枝（Myricaria laxiflora）种群数量动态,并运用点格局的Ripley＇s K函数分析了其空间格局变化及种群更新特征。结果表明,疏花水柏枝幼苗数量较少,种群更新存在一些障碍。空间分布格局与空间尺度及植株的大小密切相关。种群总体呈集群分布,各大小级多在9 m时出现最大的聚集强度,随着大小级的增加,聚集强度有减弱的趋势。幼苗与中株有较强的正关联。由于种群现有生境变化较大,应考虑迁地保护,并对原生种群加强长期动态监测;同时,开展疏花水柏枝适应机理研究,实施科学保护。     

西藏特有灌木砂生槐繁殖生长对海拔和沙埋的响应

砂生槐是西藏特有植物,主要分布在雅鲁藏布江中游地区及拉萨河,年楚河等主要支流宽谷区,为评价高原海拔引起的水热条件变化对砂生槐繁殖和生长的影响,沿雅鲁藏布江河谷600多公里海拔从3139m到3925m的样带上,对砂生板天然种群进行了调查,结果表明：沿着高原河谷海拔升市制 梯度,降水量由600mm下降到400mm,年平均气温由8.2℃下降到5.8℃,砂生槐的种群密度趋与增加,其径趋于减小,但植株高度和新枝长度并未随海拔升高呈明显升降变化。种子库密度,种子千粒重,实生苗密度,萌蘖苗密度也没有随海拔高度的变化而呈明显的升降变化。砂生板适应海拔引起的水热条件的变化在生殖方面并为作出大的调整,但在适应风沙干扰方面表现了繁殖方式的调整,即在未受沙埋时,种子繁殖趋于占主导地位,在生境受到沙埋时,营养繁殖趋于占主导地位,繁殖方式的调整可能是砂生槐适应风沙干扰的最主要对策。     

气候变暖抑制西藏拉萨河大果圆柏树木生长

西藏拉萨河作为雅鲁藏布江最大的支流,近几十年气温已显著上升,将可能从不同的程度上影响流域内植被的生长动态。以拉萨河流域主要分布的树种—大果圆柏(Sabina tibetica)为研究对象,采用树木年轮学的方法对大果圆柏进行了年轮采样和处理,建立了树木年表,探讨了大果圆柏过去的生长动态特征,并用相关分析、偏相关分析和滑动相关分析的方法分析了不同气候因子与树木年轮宽度指数的关系。研究结果表明,大果圆柏树木年轮宽度指数与前一年6—10月和当年3—7月的降水、相对湿度和帕默尔干旱指数(PDSI)呈显著的正相关关系,而与前一年6—9月和当年3—8月的平均温度和平均最高温度以及当年5—7月的平均最低温度均呈显著的负相关关系,表明了气候变暖引起的干旱胁迫是导致近几十年来大果圆柏树木径向生长下降的主要原因。在未来气候变暖背景下,拉萨河大果圆柏林将可能出现生长下降,甚至死亡的现象,将潜在驱动区域森林减少。     

Age and growth of Schizopygopsis younghusbandi younghusbandi in the Yarlung Zangbo River in Tibet, China

Schizopygopsis younghusbandi younghusbandi is an endemic species whose distribution is restricted to the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River, being one of the most important commercial fishes in this area. Age and growth of 606 specimens captured between October 2002 and April 2005 were studied. The range in standard length (L) was 65.7–387.3 mm and total weight (W) was 3.3–772.0 g. The relationship between L and W was W = 0.000909L^2.2493 for males and W = 0.000259L^2.4781 for females. Age, determined from anal scales and lapillus otoliths, ranged from 3 to 18 years. The parameters of von Bertalanffy growth functions, estimated by back-calculated length, were L_￥ = 442.7mm  LL_\infty = 442.7mm\;L, k = 0.0738 year⁻¹ and t ₀  = −1.4 year for males, and L_￥ = 471.4mm  LL_\infty = 471.4mm\;L, k = 0.0789 year⁻¹ and t ₀ = 0.2 year for females. Males and females exhibited statistically significant differences in growth. χ ²-test indicated that von Bertalanffy growth functions could well describe the growth of S. y. younghusbandi. The longevities were 39.2 and 38.2 years for males and females, respectively. Growth inflexion points were 10.2 and 12.0 years for males and females, respectively, but 84.8% of the captures were at the smaller ages. So conservation and management schemes for this population should be considered urgently. In addition, we found that populations from the upstream of the Lhasa River, the downstream of the Lhasa River and the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River showed statistically significant differences in growth patterns.