东海原甲藻与中肋骨条藻的种间竞争特征

对东海原甲藻和中肋骨条藻按照起始Chl-a比1∶5、1∶1和5∶1进行了f/2条件下的共培养实验,以探讨这两种藻的种间竞争特征。实验结果表明在共培养体系中,中肋骨条藻完全占优势,而东海原甲藻的生长受到明显的抑制。应用Lotka-Volterra种间竞争模型对共培养实验进行模拟的结果表明,东海原甲藻与中肋骨条藻的种间竞争结果与初始密度配比无关,中肋骨条藻总会竞争胜过东海原甲藻。为了探讨他感作用对东海原甲藻和中肋骨条藻种间竞争的影响,采用了中肋骨条藻的无藻细胞滤液来进行培养实验。实验结果显示,中肋骨条藻滤液对东海原甲藻及其本身的生长均无明显影响,这表明他感作用并非中肋骨条藻获得优势的主要竞争方式。     

沟鞭藻的起源:分子地球化学证据

沟鞭藻为单细胞的原始的海洋生物。古生物学家根据形态特征,超微结构和生物化学信息认为沟鞭藻可能在前寒武纪时已存在,并推测古生代疑源类可能是现代沟鞭藻的先祖,但确凿的沟鞭藻囊孢的化石记录始于晚三叠世。生物标志物以分子化石的形式记录了沟鞭藻的起源及演化历史。在古生代及前寒武纪地层中甲藻甾烷及三芳沟鞭藻的检出,建立了沟鞭藻与其古代先祖（疑源类）的联系,提供了沟鞭藻先祖前寒武纪存在的证据。     

营养盐限制条件下塔玛亚历山大藻对东海原甲藻的化感作用研究

为明确塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense)对东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)生长的化感作用,研究了在N、P限制及正常营养盐条件下(又称富营养)塔玛亚历山大藻无细胞滤液对东海原甲藻生长的影响,并探讨了3种不同营养盐条件下两种藻共培养时的生长状况。结果表明,半连续培养时,营养盐限制下,塔玛亚历山大藻无细胞滤液对东海原甲藻的生长均有一定影响。N限制下,5 d后东海原甲藻藻密度显著低于未加滤液的对照组,藻密度为1.02×107 cells L-1,对照组为1.7×107 cells L-1;P限制下,东海原甲藻藻密度与对照组差异不显著,5 d后藻密度为1.44×107 cells L-1;富营养条件下,东海原甲藻藻密度与对照组无明显区别。共培养时,塔玛亚历山大藻对东海原甲藻生长的抑制作用更为显著,N、P限制下,4 d后东海原甲藻全部死亡,且聚集成团形成沉淀;富营养条件下,仍有少量东海原甲藻存活(藻密度3.3×104 cells L-1)。这表明,塔玛亚历山大藻对东海原甲藻的生长有一定的化感作用。营养盐限制可促进塔玛亚历山大藻化感物质的合成和释放,化感作用是塔玛亚历山大藻抑制东海原甲藻生长的原因之一。     

鼠尾藻对赤潮异弯藻和中肋骨条藻的抑制作用

通过共培养的方法,研究了鼠尾藻（Surgassum thunbergii）培养水的过滤液、新鲜组织、干粉末、水溶性抽提液对赤潮异弯藻（Heterosigma akashiwo）和中肋骨条藻（Skeletonema costatum）生长的抑制效应,建立了分隔共培养系统并证明了抑制物质的存在,排除了细胞直接接触抑制的可能性.结果表明,在共培养实验中,鼠尾藻新鲜组织、干粉末及水溶性抽提液对赤潮异弯藻和中肋骨条藻的生长具有显著的抑制作用,且在较高浓度下对两种赤潮微藻的生长具有致死效应.在一次性及半连续培养方式下,鼠尾藻培养水过滤液对赤潮异弯藻的生长无抑制效应,而对中肋骨条藻的生长具有显著的抑制效应.     

海洋卡盾藻与中肋骨条藻和锥状斯氏藻种间竞争研究

研究了不同起始细胞密度与硅酸盐浓度对海洋卡盾藻(Cm)与中肋骨条藻(Sc)及锥状斯氏藻(St)之间种间竞争的影响,利用竞争抑制参数对相互间的竞争关系进行了分析,并引入体积竞争抑制系数的概念。结果表明:海洋卡盾藻的环境容量不受起始细胞密度(100—3600cells/mL)的影响,但随着起始接种密度的增加,达到最大细胞密度和进入稳定生长期的时间均提前。在硅缺乏的条件下,中肋骨条藻仍能保持一定生长,并能在与海洋卡盾藻之间的种间竞争中保持数量优势,但硅酸盐浓度的增加有利于其种间竞争。初始细胞密度和接种比例对3种赤潮藻类之间的种间竞争影响明显,总体来说海洋卡盾藻在竞争中处于劣势。当海洋卡盾藻细胞密度远远高于中肋骨条藻时(Cm:Sc=6:1),海洋卡盾藻才能在与中肋骨条藻的竞争中取胜;而在与海洋卡盾藻共培养条件下,锥状斯氏藻具有一定竞争优势,其对海洋卡盾藻的体积抑制系数(α’)是后者(β’)的27—100倍。但在所有处理中均没有绝对优胜者,竞争结果都会出现不稳定的平衡状态。       

不同营养条件对东海原甲藻和中肋骨条藻竞争参数的影响

以东海原甲藻和中肋骨条藻为研究对象,采用室内单种培养和混合培养,设置不同的氮、磷营养条件,研究了不同营养条件对两种微藻的生长状况和种间竞争参数的影响.结果表明:随着氮、磷浓度的增加,两种藻的最大生物量均呈增加趋势,混合培养中两种微藻的比生长率低于单独培养.在混合培养中,生长前期中肋骨条藻是优势种,随着培养时间的延长,东海原甲藻成为优势种,且优势种发生变化的时间与营养条件有关.混合培养中,东海原甲藻拐点出现时间在0.5 ～4.9 d,中肋骨条藻为0～2.6d,东海原甲藻拐点出现时间晚于中肋骨条藻.在各营养条件下,东海原甲藻对中肋骨条藻的竞争抑制参数β均高于中肋骨条藻对东海原甲藻的竞争抑制参数α,当N为128μmol·L-1、P为32 μmol·L-1时,东海原甲藻的竞争能力是中肋骨条藻的3.8倍,两者差异最为明显.     

前沟藻18S rDNA序列克隆和分子鉴定分析

旨在扩增一株未知微藻18S rDNA,并进行序列分析和物种鉴定分析.提取该微藻总DNA,用PCR技术扩增其18S rDNA,对序列进行测序,在GenBank进行序列比对分析,用ClustalX软件构建进化树;用光学显微镜进行形态学分析.经测序其序列长度为1 736 bp,G+C为47％;同源性分析表明,与GenBank中多个强壮前沟藻种的18S rDNA基因序列同源性迭99％;与前沟藻属的其它藻种同源性均迭95％以上.而与裸甲藻属和环藻属的藻株同源性为85％左右.经光学显微镜观察,该藻具有典型的强壮前沟藻形态.结合该藻18S rDNA序列分析和粗略的形态学分析,推断该藻可能为前沟藻属的强壮前沟藻.微藻形体微小,结构简单,需借助电子显微镜才可准确地从形态学上签定其种属,鉴定工作繁琐费时;而利用分子技术,则可能使鉴定工作变得简单快捷.     

海洋微体古生物——沟鞭藻

近几年来,在微体古生物学中有一门学科正在迅速发展,这就是对化石沟鞭藻及其伴侣疑源类的研究。什么叫沟鞭藻沟鞭藻是一类单细胞(个别为群体)的原生生物,是现代海洋微体浮游生物的重要成员之一,它的数量仅次于硅藻。它归属于甲藻门横裂甲藻纲。沟鞭藻的形态各种各样,有球形、卵形、菱形和鼎形。识别它们的标志有三点:(1)具有沟。一条横沟位于藻体赤道附近,一条纵沟位于腹面,与横沟大致垂直。沟中各有一根鞭毛,靠鞭毛的摆动使藻体作旋转运动。在化石状态下不见鞭毛,但沟还常能显示;(2)     

不同营养盐条件下赤潮高发区围隔生态系内多胺的变化

在东海赤潮爆发区域运用围隔生态系实验方法,研究了不同营养盐条件下围隔生态系内多胺浓度变化。结果表明:2010年选用东海原甲藻赤潮爆发处海水,东海原甲藻是各围隔生态系内主要优势种,没有种群演替现象发生。两种营养盐添加方式下各围隔内精胺浓度维持较高水平,都呈现先波折下降后波折上升的趋势,与东海原甲藻的生长变化正好相反;各围隔内腐胺浓度水平较高,变化起伏较大,其中有两个实验组腐胺整体变化趋势与东海原甲藻生长趋势类似;所有围隔内亚精胺浓度最低,波动较小。2011年取用中肋骨条藻赤潮爆发处海水,所有围隔生态系内优势种都发生了从中肋骨条藻到东海原甲藻的演替。各围隔生态系内腐胺浓度最高,在中肋骨条藻生长初期腐胺浓度下降,随着中肋骨条藻的生长有所上升,实验后期随着东海原甲藻的生长又整体呈现出下降趋势;各实验组精胺浓度较低,在中肋骨条藻消亡东海原甲藻出现的种群演替期间,都呈现出较大波动;各围隔内亚精胺浓度较低,在整个种群演替过程中没有明显的变化。围隔生态系中补充营养盐,通过对浮游植物生长的影响,间接影响围隔生态系内的多胺变化。     

新元古代大塘坡组黑色页岩中的甲藻甾烷及其生物学意义

大塘坡组黑色页岩为中国扬子地台新元古代间冰期沉积。在湖北长阳古城和湖南花垣民乐的大塘坡组黑色页岩中检测到沟鞭藻的生物标志化合物——甲藻甾烷,这是目前国内地质时代最早的甲藻甾烷的检出报道,结合其它化石资科,表明沟鞭藻与其它真核藻类的系统发生至少在新元古代就已经完成、这与真核生物在新元古代冰期结束前就有很大发展的推测相一致。     

Growth and Grazing Rates of the Heterotrophic Dinoflagellate Polykrikos kofoidii on Red-Tide and Toxic Dinoflagellates

We investigated growth rates, grazing rates, and prey selection of Polykrikos kofoidii when feeding on several species of red-tide and/or toxic dinoflagellates. Polykrikos kofoidii ingested all prey species used in this study, exhibiting positive growth on Lingulodinium polyedrum, Scrippsiella trochoidea, Ceratium furca, Gymnodinium catenatum, Gyrodinium impudicum, Prorocentrum micans, and the toxic dinoflagellate Amphidinium carterae, but not on P. minimum. Specific growth rates of P. kofoidii increased rapidly with increasing density of L. polyedrum, S. trochoidea, C. furca, and G. catenatum before saturating between 500-2,000 ng C ml(-1). Specific growth rates increased continuously when P. kofoidii was fed the other prey species. Maximum specific growth rates of P. kofoidii on G. catenatum (1.12 d(-1)), S. trochoidea (0.97 d(-1)), and L. polyedrum (0.83 d(-1)) were higher than those on C. furca (0.35 d(-1)), A. carterae (0.10 d(-1)), P. micans (0.06 d(-1)), G. impudicum (0.06 d(-1)), and P. minimum (-0.03 d(-1)). Threshold prey concentrations (where net growth = 0) were 54-288 ng C ml(-1). Maximum ingestion and clearance rates of P. kofoidii on these dinoflagellates were 5-24 ng C pseudocolony(-1) d(-1) and 1.0-5.9 microl pseudocolony(-1) h(-1), respectively. Polykrikos kofoidii strongly selected L. polyedrum over S. trochoidea in prey mixtures. Polykrikos kofoidii exhibited higher maximum growth, ingestion, and clearance rates than previously reported for the mixotrophic dinoflagellate Fragilidium cf. mexicanum or the heterotrophic dinoflagellates Protoperidinium cf. divergens and P. crassipes, when grown on the same prey species. Grazing coefficients calculated by combining field data on abundances of Polykrikos spp. and co-occurring red-tide dinoflagellate prey with laboratory data on ingestion rates obtained in the present study suggest that Polykrikos spp. sometimes have a considerable grazing impact on prey populations.     

Allelopathic effects of the Baltic cyanobacteria Nodularia spumdigena, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae and Anabaena lemmermannii on algal monocultures

Allelopathy, the release of extracellular compounds that inhibit the growth of other microorganisms, may be one factor contributing to the formation and/or maintenance of cyanobacterial blooms. We investigated the allelopathic effects of three cyanobacterial species (Nodularia spumigena, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae and Anabaena lemmermannii) that frequently form mass-occurrences in the Baltic Sea. We exposed monocultures of three phytoplankton species (Thalassiosira weissflogii, Rhodomonas sp. and Prymnesium parvum) to cell-free filtrates of the three cyanobacteria, and quantified allelopathic effects with cell counts. We also investigated the role of the growth phase of cyanobacteria in their allelopathy, by comparing the effects of an exponential and a stationary phase culture of N. spumigena. All tested cyanobacteria inhibited the growth of Rhodomonas sp., but none of them affected P. parvum. The effects on T. weissflogii were more variable, and they were amplified by repeated filtrate additions compared to a single filtrate addition. N. spumigena was more allelopathic in exponential than in stationary growth phase, whereas the culture filtrate was more hepatotoxic in stationary phase. Hepatotoxins were thus probably not involved in the allelopathic effects, which is also indicated by the allelopathic properties of the non-toxic A. flos-aquae and A. lemmermannii. The results demonstrate that the common Baltic cyanobacteria affect some coexisting phytoplankton species negatively. Allelopathy may therefore play a role in interspecific competition and contribute to cyanobacterial bloom maintenance.     

Increase in the production of allelopathic substances by Prymnesium parvum cells grown under N- or P-deficient conditions

The haptophyte Prymnesium parvum is known to produce a set of highly potent exotoxins, commonly called prymnesins. These toxins have been shown to have several biological activities, including ichthyotoxic, neurotoxic, cytotoxic, hepatotoxic and hemolytic activity towards a range of marine organisms. In addition, recent studies have shown that the toxicity of P. parvum is enhanced when the cells are grown under N- or P-deficient conditions. In this study, the influence of prymnesium toxins on the growth of other phytoplankton species was investigated by addition of cell-free filtrate of P. parvum cultures grown under nutrient-deficient (N or P) or non-deficient conditions. Addition of cell-free filtrate from P. parvum cultures grown under N or P limitation inhibited the growth of Thalassiosira weissflogii, Prorocentrum minimum and Rhodomonas cf. baltica. In contrast, a strain of Prymnesium patelliferum known to produce prymnesium toxins was not negatively affected under any conditions. Furthermore, addition of filtrates from nutrient-sufficient P. parvum cultures did not negatively influence the growth of any of the tested species. These findings suggest that prymnesium toxins may play an allelopathic role, and that the production of allelopathic substances is regulated by the availability of nutrients.     

Temporary cyst formation in phytoplankton: a response to allelopathic competitors?

Competition among phytoplankton for limiting resources may involve direct or indirect interactions. A direct interaction of competitors is the release of chemicals that inhibit other species, a process known as allelopathy. Here, we investigated the allelopathic effect of three toxic microalgae species (Alexandrium tamarense, Karenia mikimotoi and Chrysochromulina polylepis) on a natural population of the dinoflagellate Scrippsiella trochoidea. Our major findings were that in addition to causing death of S. trochoidea cells, the allelopathic species also induced the formation of temporary cysts in S. trochoidea. Because cysts were not lysed, encystment may act as a defence mechanism for S. trochoidea to resist allelochemicals, especially when the allelopathic effect is moderate. By forming temporary cysts, S. trochoidea may be able to overcome the effect of allelochemicals, and thereby have an adaptive advantage over other organisms unable to do so.     

Allelopathic effects of the submerged macrophyte <Emphasis Type="Italic">Potamogeton malaianus</Emphasis> on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Scenedesmus obliquus</Emphasis>

Allelopathic effects of the submerged macrophyte Potamogeton malaianus on Scenedesmus obliquus were assessed using a two-phase approach under controlled laboratory conditions. In the co-culture experiment (phase І), the growth of S. obliquus at two different initial cell densities was significantly inhibited by P. malaianus. Moreover, the growth inhibition was dependent on the biomass density of P. malaianus. Antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT and POD), MDA, APA, total soluble protein, protein electrophoretic pattern and morphology of S. obliquus were determined after the co-culture experiment was terminated. The activities of SOD, CAT, POD and APA at the low initial cell density were stimulated, the contents of MDA and total soluble protein were increased, and some special protein bands disappeared in P. malaianus treatments. The macrophyte had no effect on the activities of SOD and APA at the high initial cell density, but significantly influenced other physiological parameters of S. obliquus with the increase of biomass density. The morphology of S. obliquus showed no difference in the macrophyte treatments and the controls, and the cultures were dominated by 4-celled coenobia. The results indicated P. malaianus had significant allelopathic effects on the growth and physiological processes of S. obliquus. Moreover, the allelopathic effects depended on initial algal cell density, biomass density of the macrophyte, and their interaction. In the experiment of P. malaianus culture filtrates (phase II), filtrates from combined culture of plant and S. obliquus at the low initial cell density exhibited no apparent growth inhibitory effect on S. obliquus. The result showed that initial addition of growth-inhibiting plant filtrates had no allelopathic effect on S. obliquus. We concluded that the allelopathic effects on S. obliquus were found in the presence of P. malaianus, but not in P. malaianus filtrates. However, the absence of allelopathic effect on S. obliquus might be due to the very low concentrations of allelochemicals in the filtrates. Handling editor: S. M. Thomas     

铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)对惠氏微囊藻(Microcystis wesenbergii)的化感作用

通过混合培养和添加过滤液两种方式观察铜绿微囊藻和惠氏微囊藻的生长曲线,探讨两种微囊藻之间的化感作用。结果表明:在混合培养条件下,两者能够形成相互抑制作用;当两者起始藻密度高于0.5×106cells.mL-1、混合比为1:1时,惠氏微囊藻的生长因化感作用而受到显著抑制(P<0.05),同时惠氏微囊藻也会对铜绿微囊藻产生一定的胁迫作用;处于对数生长期的铜绿微囊藻过滤液能抑制惠氏微囊藻的生长,且惠氏微囊藻起始藻密度低于0.5×106cells.mL-1,连续滴加该过滤液后,其生长受到极显著抑制(P<0.01)。     

Importance of Nutrient Competition and Allelopathic Effects in Suppression of the Green Alga Scenedesmus obliquus by the Macrophytes Chara, Elodea and Myriophyllum

Possible allelopathic effects of substances released from the macrophytes Chara globularis, Elodea canadensis, Myriophyllum spicatum on the common green alga Scenedesmus obliquus were tested in the laboratory with plastic plants and untreated medium as controls. A two-phase approach was used in which first the effects of physical presence of plants was studied (phase I) followed by the effects of plant culture filtrates (phase II). In the presence of plastic plants growth was reduced only marginally, but strong growth inhibition of Scenedesmus occurred in the physical presence of all macrophytes. In contrast, filtrates from Chara had no growth inhibitory effect on Scenedesmus. Myriophyllum filtrate reduced particle-based growth rate by 7% compared to filtration controls, while Elodea culture filtrate reduced volume-based growth by 12%, chlorophyll-based growth by 28% and particle-based growth by 15%. Photosystem II-efficiency of Scenedesmus was reduced in all three macrophyte treatments in phase I, but not in filtrates from macrophyte cultures (phase II). Thus, while enzyme activity or other physiological aspects may have been affected, the current study yielded no proof for allelopathically active compounds being directed at photosynthesis. Mean particle volume (MPV) of Scenedesmus was not influenced by macrophyte exudates and cultures remained dominated by unicells. The strong growth inhibitory effects found for Scenedesmus in the physical presence of macrophytes, but not in plastic controls, and no or weaker response in nutrient-enriched filtrates, suggest nutrient competition was a more powerful driving factor than allelochemicals. However, the experimental design does not exclude disappearance of allelochemicals during the filtration process.     

氮和磷浓度对中肋骨条藻和锥状斯氏藻种间竞争的影响

采用室内单养和混养方法, 设置不同的氮、磷营养条件, 研究了氮、磷对中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)和锥状斯氏藻(Scrippsiella trochoidea)种间竞争的影响。结果表明: 混养时各氮和磷浓度下均呈现培养初期中肋骨条藻为优势种、培养后期锥状斯氏藻为优势种的变化趋势, 但随着氮、磷浓度的升高, 中肋骨条藻作为优势种的时间延长; 与单养时相比, 混养中两种微藻的最大密度受到不同程度的抑制, 表现出氮、磷浓度越高, 受抑制的程度越大的特征, 且与锥状斯氏藻相比, 中肋骨条藻的最大密度受到抑制的程度更大。混养时两种微藻均是在氮、磷浓度最高时, 抑制起始点出现时间最长, 随着氮、磷浓度的降低, 抑制起始点出现时间缩短; 各氮、磷浓度条件下, 锥状斯氏藻对中肋骨条藻的竞争抑制参数明显高于中肋骨条藻对锥状斯氏藻的竞争抑制参数, 当氮浓度为512 μmol·L^-1、磷浓度为2 μmol·L ^-1时, 竞争结果是锥状斯氏藻获胜; 其余氮、磷浓度条件下为两种微藻不稳定共存。