基于卫星定位跟踪数据解读白头鹤的性别、年龄、繁殖及领域回归

2014—2021年,在中国东北、长江中下游以及蒙古国和俄罗斯,通过救助和野外捕捉共计为33只白头鹤(Grus monacha)安装了卫星定位跟踪器,同时佩戴了金属环和彩色塑料环。根据卫星定位信息,找到繁殖巢后,在其周边布设红外照相机。利用卫星跟踪6年以上的6只白头鹤个体以及在小兴安岭北部度夏、繁殖的7只白头鹤个体的定位跟踪数据,将5月15日零时位点为基准点,利用设置的位移-时间计算公式将定位坐标转为位移-时间曲线,使获得的定位数据图形化,结合野外行为观察,获得判别指标：繁殖地或度夏地夜间位移-时间曲线的平直度,反映了白头鹤夜栖点的位置变化;根据曲线平直度判断：曲线平直的是雌性,曲线呈锯齿状的是雄性;距离繁殖区较近、曲线变化幅度非常大的是亚成体,在繁殖区域、曲线近乎平直达1个月左右的是成鸟;根据平直曲线长度,确认是否繁殖成功及初始繁殖年龄;4月初至6月末期间的不同跟踪个体的位移-时间曲线重合的,可以认定为配对关系;重合部分的长短,则反映出配对关系的稳定性;巢址的位移-时间曲线间距,反映出巢址的变化。不同年份的巢址间距离,可以展示白头鹤具有很规则的领域回归行为。依据这些指标对跟踪的全部3...     

白头鹤孵卵后期的行为节律观察

作者于2003~2004年连续2年的4月末至5月初在黑龙江大沾河湿地自然保护区,对3对野生白头鹤(Grus monacha)的孵卵过程进行了定点观察,结果表明,白头鹤的卧巢行为(t=-4.92,P=0.00)和护巢行为(t=3.09,P=0.007)在雌、雄个体间存在极显著差异;不同孵卵阶段的卧巢行为(t=2.95,P<0.01)、护巢行为(t=4.29,P<0.01)和育雏行为(t=-6.79,P<0.01)表现出不同的节律性。天气状况是影响白头鹤孵卵期各行为的重要因素,晴天时的凉卵行为(t=1.55,P<0.01)和育雏行为(t=4.06,P>0.01)时间明显多于阴雨天。对雌、雄个体行为同时进行观察的结果表明,雌(雄)鹤卧巢行为的时间与雄(雌)鹤护巢行为的时间呈显著正相关(相关系数分别为R=0.94和R=0.86)。     

西沙群岛东岛小军舰鸟繁殖种群的初步观察

2003年3-4月对西沙群岛的鸟类资源进行了考察,在西沙群岛的东岛发现小军舰鸟(Fregata minor)繁殖,为迄今所知该种在我国仅有的繁殖记录。野外观察共发现7个巢,其中5个巢中途毁损,另见幼鸟13只,非繁殖雄性个体2只。还观察到小军舰鸟与红脚鲣鸟相互影响的负面行为,如抢食、窃巢材等。调查结果显示,西沙群岛小军舰鸟分布范围现已缩小,而且种群数量显著下降。     

陕西汉中朱鹮国家级自然保护区周边地区朱鹮调查

2013年通过对陕西汉中朱鹮国家级自然保护区周边地区朱鹮Nipponia nippon调查,发现在城固、西乡、留坝、南郑、佛坪和洋县,朱鹮筑巢25个,其中城固10个巢,繁殖12只雏鸟,西乡10个巢,繁殖21只雏鸟,留坝1个巢,繁殖3只雏鸟,洋县4个巢,繁殖3只雏鸟。游荡期发现朱鹮66只,分布于城固、西乡、留坝、南郑、汉台和洋县6县区。因此,建议建立保护区周边地区朱鹮保护点,林业部门提供朱鹮专项保护经费并积极开展朱鹮的保护宣传工作。     

内蒙古赛罕乌拉国家级自然 保护区黑鹳繁殖记述

黑鹳(Ciconia nigra)种群数量稀少,成活率低,为国家Ⅰ级重点保护物种,加强对黑鹳的保护已刻不容缓。内蒙古赛罕乌拉国家级自然保护区是黑鹳的重要繁殖栖息地,开展繁殖行为研究有助于提高对黑鹳的保护成效。2012至2015年对2处黑鹳繁殖巢址进行了繁殖期观察。2012年5月15日首次发现1巢内有4枚卵并有亲鸟在巢中孵卵,6月7日孵化出4只幼雏,8月底全部成功离巢。2013年4月黑鹳利用该巢产卵5枚,孵化1只雏鸟,孵卵期约33 d,后期卵、雏鸟均消失,推测为来自蛇类的捕食。2014、2015年该巢未被利用。2014年4月24日发现另外一处巢址,8月12日观察到3只幼鸟已开始练习飞行,至8月19日全部离巢。2015年该巢孵化雏鸟4只,6月初死于恶劣天气。通过监测发现黑鹳连续多年在保护区内栖息繁殖,所发现的两巢成功出雏7只个体。本研究初步获得保护区境内黑鹳的繁殖信息,为后续促进黑鹳种群恢复与栖息地保护提供了基础数据。     

野化放飞朱出现集群营巢现象

2007年3~7月,我们在陕西省洋县华阳镇对野化放飞朱鹮(Nipponia nippon)个体进行监测的过程中,发现3对朱鹮在同一棵树上集群营巢(communal breeding),并繁殖成功。这是自1981年野生朱鹮种群重新发现以来,首次记录到朱鹮集群营巢的现象。3对朱鹮营巢的地点位于洋县华阳镇中学附近,经纬度为107°54′204E,33°59′670N,海拔1113m。营巢树种为油松,树高25m,胸径82cm,据当地村民说已有近百年树龄。3巢的详细信息见表1。表1朱鹮集群繁殖信息巢编号亲鸟环号雄鸟♂雌鸟♀巢高(m)产卵数(枚)出壳数(只)出飞数(只)1红色09红色10162222红色06无环14222…     

陕西汉阴发现朱鹮新分布

中国朱鹮就地保护和易地保护取得的成果使朱鹮分布区的扩大成为可能。2013年6月3日,在陕西汉阴县龙垭镇凤柳村(32°58′N,108°31′E,海拔526 m)发现一对朱鹮(H12♀和B747♂)营巢繁殖,成功出飞3只幼鸟。2014年1月12日,我们又在该地的青泥河畔发现8只朱鹮的越冬觅食群体。其中包括上述繁殖配对及其3只后代、1只来自洋县野生种群的个体(J41)以及2只无法识别身份的个体。同年5月该繁殖配对成功出飞幼鸟4只。自2011年之后,宁陕朱鹮再引入种群的个体与洋县野生个体形成配对,说明两个种群之间存在基因交流。汉阴朱鹮新分布的发现表明,陕西宁陕朱鹮再引入项目的实施增加了朱鹮野生种群(源种群)向秦岭东部地区扩散的速度,还将有利于朱鹮再引入种群(卫星种群)的建立。     

栗斑腹的繁殖习性

1999年 5～ 7月 ,通过野外直接观测的方法 ,对栗斑腹的繁殖过程进行了调查。结果表明 :在1 0 3 78hm2 样地内共有 4 5个巢 ,种群密度为 0 81只 hm2 。平均窝卵数为 5 0 9枚 ,孵化期为 1 2d,孵化率为 36 3% ,繁殖成功率为 2 7 7% ,繁殖生产力为 0 4 9。     

河南董寨寿带鸟繁殖生态及雌雄个体形态类型

寿带（Terpsiphone incei）是雀形目王鹟科的鸟类,在我国大部分地区均有分布。以往研究曾对我国部分地区寿带的繁殖习性进行了报道,但对其雌雄个体的形态类型缺少描述。为进一步了解寿带的繁殖习性及其雌雄个体的形态类型,本研究于2014至2017年每年的5至7月在河南董寨国家级自然保护区对其进行了观察。观察发现,寿带在董寨国家级自然保护区一般于5月下旬开始筑巢繁殖,雌雄亲鸟均参与筑巢、孵卵和育雏。寿带巢多位于刺槐（Robinia pseudoacacia）、麻栎（Quercus acutissima）、枫杨（Pterocarya stenoptera）等几种植物上,平均窝卵数（± SD）为（3.8 ± 0.6）枚（n = 25巢）,孵卵期12 ~ 13 d（n = 4巢）,各巢卵的平均孵化率（± SD）为91.7% ± 17.7%（n = 9巢）,窝雏数（± SD）为（3.6 ± 0.8）只（n = 19巢）,巢内育雏期约10 d,巢成功率为34.5%（n = 29巢）,弃巢和天敌捕食是巢失败的主要原因。寿带雌鸟具有栗色短尾型和栗色长尾型2种形态,而雄鸟具有栗色长尾型、白色长尾型和栗色短尾型3种常见形态,且雄鸟以栗色长尾型所占比例最高,为69.4%（n = 36巢）。此外还记录到1只栗色身体但具有白色长尾羽的雄鸟。本研究的结果有助于进一步了解寿带的繁殖习性及其雌雄个体的形态类型。     

北戴河朱鹮野化训练种群的繁殖和婚外配北大核心CSCD

为了扩大朱鹮(Nipponia nippon)种群的数量和分布区,于2018年7月从洋县引进20只朱鹮在北戴河建立了朱鹮野化种群。2020年繁殖期,北戴河共有22只朱鹮,其中成年朱鹮17只,雌雄性比为1.1;实际繁殖密度为37.8只/hm2;人工巢的密度为40.0巢/hm2,人工巢筐内径为50 cm。2020年繁殖期,北戴河朱鹮共配对8对,其中6对繁殖成功,营巢成功率为75%;共产卵33枚,平均窝卵数为(4.1±1.8)枚;出壳18只,孵化率54.5%;出飞13只,出飞率72.2%,繁殖成功率为39.4%,繁殖生产力为2.2±1.2。与洋县饲养种群相比,北戴河种群首枚卵的产卵时间晚17 d,与两地温差相吻合。北戴河朱鹮的窝卵数显著高于洋县种群,这可能是由种内巢寄生所致。监控录像表明,北戴河1巢朱鹮的窝卵数高达6枚,超过野生种群平均窝卵数(2或3枚)的2倍,推测发生了种内巢寄生行为。此外,还观察到8号巢朱鹮同时发生了婚外配和种内巢寄生行为,婚外配雌鸟将卵产在该雄鸟的巢中,使得窝卵数高达7枚。此后在该巢中发现3只朱鹮轮流孵卵,以及2只雌性朱鹮并排孵于同一巢中的异常情况。北戴河朱鹮的种内巢寄生行为可能是因网笼内人工巢址密度较高但隐蔽性较低所致,而婚外配行为可能与种群密度和繁殖密度过高有关。本文有关朱鹮异常繁殖行为的研究结果可为野化网笼内人工巢筐的设置和野化种源的选择提供参考,并提示我们进一步关注朱鹮在环境压力下的表型可塑性和生态适应能力。     

Migration routes and stopover sites of Black-necked Cranes determined by satellite tracking

ABSTRACT.   Because their breeding and wintering areas are in remote locations, little is known about the biology of Black-necked Cranes ( Grus nigricollis ), including their migratory behavior. Using satellite telemetry, we monitored the migration of Black-necked Cranes ( N = 6) in China to determine migration routes and the location of stopover sites. From 2005 to 2007, four cranes were tracked during two spring migrations and one fall migration, one was tracked during one spring and one fall migration, and one was tracked during one spring migration. On average, the cranes made seven flights over a 5-d period to migrate 651 km to breeding areas in the spring. In the fall, birds averaged six flights in 5 d to migrate 694 km. The routes traveled by cranes during spring and autumn migration were similar. Both the migration distances and duration of migration are the shortest reported for any crane species to date. Most stopover sites were in areas along rivers and close to wetlands in the Daliang Mountains and the Ruoergai Plateau. Conservation measures are needed to reduce habitat loss (wetland and pasture) in the Daliang Mountains and establish a reserve for stopover sites in the Ruoergai marshes, such as Longriba and Bai River in Hongyuan County.     

云南大山包越冬黑颈鹤迁徙路线的卫星跟踪

2005年2月26日和3月1日在云南省昭通大山包黑颈鹤国家级自然保护区,分别为4只越冬黑颈鹤佩戴卫星信号发射器(PTTs),跟踪研究其迁徙路线和迁徙停歇地。2005年春季迁徙中,有2只跟踪黑颈鹤到达繁殖地,其中1只黑颈鹤在2005年11月和2006年3月分别完成从繁殖地返回越冬地和从越冬地再次到达繁殖地的迁徙过程。2只春季迁徙黑颈鹤的迁徙路线大致相同——沿着长江上游金沙江、大渡河一直向北到达黄河上游白河及黑河沿岸若尔盖湿地内。春季迁徙过程中,途中停歇3—4次,总迁徙距离是674—713km,迁徙全程所用时间3—4天。秋季迁徙全程所用时间8天。在4个PTTs工作期间,共确定有13个黑颈鹤迁徙停歇地,其中11个停歇地在河流滩地;其他2个停歇地在高山湖泊附近。总体上,黑颈鹤一般选择海拔在1900m以上湖泊、河流等湿地内,距离耕地较近且人、畜干扰较少的栖息地停歇。     

中国首次卫星跟踪黑颈鹤研究初报

黑颈鹤（Grus nigricollis）为国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物,分别被IUCN和CITES列为易危和附录Ⅰ物种,是世界上15种鹤类中唯一生活于高原的鹤类。黑颈鹤夏季在我国境内的青藏高原繁殖,冬季除在不丹北部有少量个体外,绝大部分种群在青藏高原东南部和云贵高原越冬。作为主要分布于我国的珍稀鸟类,我国学者对该物种的地理分布、     

Changes in the number and distribution of Greater Sandhill Cranes in the Eastern Population

Once nearly extirpated, the Eastern Population (EP) of Greater Sandhill Cranes (Grus canadensis tabida) has increased in number and expanded its range in breeding and wintering areas. Data from Christmas Bird Counts (CBCs) and Breeding Bird Surveys (BBSs) were used to delineate changes in the wintering and breeding area distributions during the period from 1966 to 2013. Crane densities were plotted to the centroid of CBC circles or BBS routes, and the Geographic Mean Centers (GMCs) for wintering and breeding populations were calculated. The number of Greater Sandhill Cranes detected during the breeding season has steadily increased since 1966, with just six birds observed in 1966 and 1046 observed in 2013. The GMC of the Sandhill Crane breeding population has remained in Wisconsin during the 47‐yr time frame. The total number of Sandhill Cranes counted in the eastern United States during CBCs grew from 423 in 1965–1966 to 46,194 in 2012–2013, with a peak number of 55,826 in 2011–2012. The GMC of wintering Greater Sandhill Cranes was located in Florida during the periods from 1966 to 1977 and 1978 to 1989, but shifted north‐northwest by nearly 4° of latitude (into Georgia) by 1990–2001. By 2002–2013, the GMC had shifted an additional degree north as well as almost a degree west in longitude. Greater Sandhill Cranes in the EP may continue to winter further north and remain in more northerly areas later in the fall before migrating further south. Factors such as annual weather, long‐term climate change, and changes in land use may influence future population trends and changes in both the breeding and wintering ranges of the EP of Sandhill Cranes.     

Home-range size and movement patterns of Hooded Vultures Necrosyrtes monachus in southern Africa

Hooded Vulture Necrosyrtes monachus populations have declined dramatically in recent years, but we know little about their ecology. We radio-tagged four vultures in northern Botswana to gather data on animal movement and home-range patterns. Hooded Vultures were primarily sedentary at night. Hooded Vultures moved similar distances and speeds during the wet and dry season, and travelled over similar home ranges as measured using minimum convex polygons (MCP), but used much smaller core areas during the dry (breeding) season. We found significant differences in mean distances and speeds moved among different birds, and when comparing day to night, but not between the wet (non-breeding) and dry (breeding) season or by year. All of the variables we tested, including individual vulture differences, season, year and number of fixes, significantly influenced 95% MCP and kernel density estimate (KDE) home-range sizes. Hooded Vultures used significantly smaller KDE home-range sizes during the dry (breeding season) than in the wet (non-breeding) season. Hooded Vultures travelled smaller daily distances over smaller home ranges than most other vulture species for which data exist.     

THE BREEDING OF THE LESSER FLAMINGO IN THE MWERU WANTIPA, NORTHERN RHODESIA.

A hitherto unreported breeding site of the Lesser Flamingo Phoeniconaias minor is recorded in the Mweru Wantipa or Mweru Marsh, Northern Rhodesia. The site of the nesting colony, its structure, nest construction and behaviour of the birds is described. The importance of flooding in determining the site of the nesting colony is noted; adverse conditions caused by a rise in the water-level of Lake Mweru Wantipa appear to have completely destroyed the nests. The instability of such environments does not offer much chance of regular and permanent breeding, and may influence local movements on the part of the birds.     

Mechanisms of colony selection by first‐year Lesser Kestrels Falco naumanni

In colonial species, first‐time breeders may use the number of settled conspecifics in colony selection, but such a relationship is confused by the correlation between colony size and nest‐site availability. To distinguish conspecific attraction from neutral colony selection, we experimentally increased nest availability for first‐year Lesser Kestrels Falco naumanni, allowing us to dissociate the number of vacant nest‐sites from colony size at the arrival time of first‐year birds. Under natural conditions, the number of first‐year birds settling was positively correlated with both the number of philopatric and the total number of breeding pairs (colony size) already settled. However, the probability of occupation of experimentally manipulated nests by first‐year birds was independent of colony size. In experimental colonies, the number of first‐year birds settling was positively correlated with the number of manipulated nest‐sites but not with the number of conspecifics. Overall, these results support a neutral colony selection by first‐year Lesser Kestrels based on nest‐site availability.     

大小兴安岭针叶树倒木上木腐真菌的物种多样性

木腐真菌在森林生态系统中具有丰富的物种多样性, 并在倒木的降解过程中发挥重要的生态功能。针叶树是大小兴安岭森林生态系统的优势树种, 因此研究针叶树倒木木腐真菌物种多样性和影响其物种分布的相关环境因子有助于揭示大小兴安岭森林生态系统物质循环的机理。本研究收集了近16年对大小兴安岭地区冷杉属(Abies)、落叶松属(Larix)、云杉属(Picea)和松属(Pinus) 4类针叶树倒木上1,561份木腐真菌标本的采集信息, 统计了物种种类及其腐朽类型, 并选取具有代表性的地点开展木腐真菌群落多样性及其与环境因子的相关性分析。结果显示, 大小兴安岭针叶树倒木木腐真菌有166种, 隶属于70属, 其中白腐真菌有111种, 占所有种类的66.9%, 褐腐真菌为55种, 占所有种类的33.1%。在4类针叶树倒木上均能生长的真菌种类有19种, 占所有种类的11.5%, 其中柔丝干酪孔菌(Oligoporus sericeomollis)是各类倒木上木腐真菌群落中的优势种。大兴安岭地区落叶松属为优势寄主, 其倒木上生长的木腐真菌种类数和个体数在4类倒木中均为最高; 而小兴安岭地区松属倒木上木腐真菌种类数和个体数比其他3类倒木高, 是该地区的优势寄主。对6个代表性地区木腐真菌群落的研究显示, 有11种真菌在6个地区均有分布, 小兴安岭地区木腐真菌多样性普遍高于大兴安岭地区; 聚类分析显示树种比地理位置对木腐真菌物种分布的影响更大。     

中国鹤类现状及其保护对策

中国有9种鹤类,其中灰鹤（Grus grus）、黑颈鹤（Grus nigricollis）、丹顶鹤（Grus japonensis）、白枕鹤（Grus vipio）、赤颈鹤（Grus antigone）、蓑羽鹤（Anthropoides virgo）在中国进行繁殖。中国政府为保护鹤类采取了大量有效措施。本文在结合当前鹤类数量和保护现状的基础上,对中国鹤类的保护对策进行探讨。