不同温度对中国对虾生长及能量收支的影响

研究了18～34℃6个不同恒温下中国对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)的生长、饵料转化率及能量收支。结果表明,中国对虾的体重及能量特定生长率分别变动在1．22％～3．27％和1．33％～1．45％之间,在18～31℃温度范围内随温度升高而升高,34℃下则显著下降．对虾的摄食量及对饵料的消化率总体上随温度升高而升高,但在34℃下则有所降低;饵料重量转化率和能量转化率分别在28．99％～53．09％和15．70％～7．24％之间,总体上随温度升高而有所下降．根据拟合的多项式方程推算得到的中国对虾的最佳生长温度为29．7℃,生长能和呼吸能的变化主导着中国对虾的能量收支模式,随温度升高生长能占摄食能的比例逐渐降低,而呼吸能比例则逐渐升高。本研究表明,对虾在适宜温度下获得的较高生长率主要归因于较高的摄食量和食物消化率。     

南移刺参摄食三种沉积物饵料下的生长和能量收支比较

为研究不同沉积物对南移刺参的影响,测定了南移刺参对三种不同沉积物(海区沉积物、对虾养殖池沉积物、人工配制沉积物)的摄食,吸收效率和能量收支。结果表明,规格为26.11±1.5g的南移刺参在温度为17±1℃时,不同组别南移刺参对不同种沉积物的摄食率无显著差异(P>0.05),对虾组和人工组南移刺参同化效率和特定生长率显著高于海区组(P<0.05),且对虾组同化效率和特定生长率最高。通过对能量收支方程的探究,各组别代谢能无显著差异(P>0.05),对虾组南移刺参生长能显著高于其他两组(P<0.05),其能量收支方程为:100C=12.35G+34.91F+8.05U+44.69R。研究表明,特定养殖条件下,用虾塘沉积物喂食南移刺参时,刺参摄食能量较多的分配至生长,生长速率较快,利用虾塘沉积物作为饵料是一种可取模式。     

温度对波纹龙虾存活、摄食、蜕壳和生长的影响

波纹龙虾是热带和亚热带重要经济虾类,养殖潜力巨大。本文进行温度渐变和骤变对波纹龙虾存活、摄食影响试验,以确定存活和摄食的水温范围;进行了波纹龙虾在不同温度条件下(22、25、28、31、34℃)对其存活率、饵料用效率、蜕壳和生长情况的影响试验,以确定最适养殖水温,试验时间90 d。结果表明:波纹龙虾的生存温度范围为13—36℃,适宜温度为20—30℃。在温度22—31℃范围内,波纹龙虾的存活率和特定生长率随着温度的升高表现为先升后降,在28℃达到最大值,各组之间差异显著(P0.05);温度显著影响波纹龙虾对鲜活饵料的利用效率,饵料系数最高的是31℃组,为6.43±0.28;28℃组的波纹龙虾饵料系数最低,为5.75±0.70,与其它各组有显著差异(P0.05)。波纹龙虾的蜕壳周期随着温度的升高逐渐缩短,31℃组周期最短(16.7 d),22℃蜕壳周期最长(18.8 d),但各组之间差异不显著(P0.05)。综合以上因素考虑,波纹龙虾养殖水温宜控制在28℃。     

饥饿对牙鲆幼鱼补偿生长、生化组成及能量收支的影响

在水温(23.0±1.0)℃条件下,以鲜杂鱼(x)和配合饲料(P)为饵料,采用室内循环流水的试验方法研究饥饿后再投喂对牙鲆幼鱼补偿生长、生化组成及能量收支模式的影响.结果表明:试验组S1F5、S5F25均表现出完全补偿生长现象,且S1F5组主要通过提高摄食率(FR)来实现补偿生长,而S5F25组主要通过提高食物转化率(FCE)来实现补偿生长;经补偿生长后,各试验组鱼体的生化组成与对照组均无显著差异(P>0.05);经饥饿处理后牙鲆幼鱼生长能占摄食能的比例增加,用于排泄和代谢的比重有所下降.     

昼夜变温幅度对小菜蛾不同发育阶段生活史性状的影响

【目的】昼夜变温幅度对昆虫的发育、存活、寿命、繁殖等核心生命活动有非常重要的影响。以往研究主要以恒温为主,温度设置不符合自然界中昼夜温度波动变化,无法明确温度波动幅度与恒温之间的生物效应差别。【方法】本研究采用了二步变温,模拟了不同的昼夜温度波动幅度(25±2℃,25±4℃,25±6℃,25±8℃,25±10℃和25±12℃)与相应恒温25℃,研究了不同变温幅度对十字花科世界性害虫小菜蛾Plutella xylostella不同生活史阶段中发育、存活、寿命与繁殖的影响。【结果】结果表明,变温幅度对小菜蛾不同阶段的发育、存活、寿命与繁殖影响存在显著差异。25±2℃,25±4℃和25±6℃对小菜蛾生活史性状的影响与恒温(25℃)相似,但25±10℃和25±12℃却产生了显著的负面影响。【结论】我们发现,较大的昼夜变温幅度显著影响小菜蛾不同阶段的发育、存活、寿命与繁殖,而适宜夜低温在一定程度上修复了日高温胁迫对小菜蛾的不利影响;并且认为昼夜变温幅度作为影响昆虫核心生命活动一种重要决定因素,必需纳入到昆虫种群数量预测模型中,才能真实地反映自然界中复杂变温模式对昆虫生态学效应的影响,才能提高昆虫田间发生预测预报的准确性。     

建鲤和异育银鲫摄食不同质量饲料时的氮收支和能量收支比较

实验探讨了建鲤和异育银鲫摄食低质和高质饲料时氮和能量的收支情况.低质饲料以豆粕为主要蛋白源,饲料蛋白含量为33.91%,高质饲料以鱼粉为主要蛋白源,饲料蛋白含量为45.59%.55d的生长结果显示,氮收支和能量收支受到饲料质量和鱼类种类的显著影响:摄食低质饲料时,建鲤的生长氮和生长能比例显著低于异育银鲫,排泄氮、排泄能和代谢能比例显著高于异育银鲫;摄食高质饲料时,两种鱼的氮收支和能量收支无显著差异;建鲤的氮收支和能量收支受饲料质量的显著影响,摄食低质饲料时,其生长氮和生长能比例均显著低于摄食高质饲料时,而排泄氮、粪能和代谢能比例均显著高于摄食高质饲料时;异育银鲫的氮收支、生长能和代谢能比例不受饲料质量的显著影响.结果表明,在低质饲料条件下,建鲤利用氮和能量的能力弱于异育银鲫,在高质饲料条件下,两种鱼没有显著差异.与异育银鲫相比,建鲤利用氮和能量的能力受饲料质量的影响更为显著.       

蛋白质限制后恢复投喂对牙鲆幼鱼生长的影响

2004年4月4日~5月22日,在(23.0±0.5)℃条件下研究了牙鲆(平均体重,(8.80±0.18)g)继蛋白质限制后恢复投喂对其生长的影响。整个实验期间对照组(C组)连续48d饱食投喂含能17.29kJ/g,含粗蛋白50.00%的饵料。蛋白质限制阶段(1~18d)处理组T30和T40的饵料蛋白含量分别为27.95%和40.47%,但饵料含能与对照组相同,在恢复投喂阶段(19~48d)各处理组均投喂与对照组相同的饵料。实验结果表明,在蛋白质限制阶段,饵料蛋白质水平下降显著降低了处理组鱼的体重、特定生长率、饵料湿重、干重以及能量转化率(p<0.05),而摄食率、蛋白质效率和饵料蛋白质转化率随饵料蛋白水平降低而显著升高(p<0.05)。恢复投喂结束后,处理组上述各指标均恢复至对照组水平(p>0.05)。此外,除实验结束时T30组鱼体脂肪含量显著低于对照组(p<0.05)外,整个实验期间各处理组的表观消化率及鱼体成分与对照组相比均无显著差异(p>0.05)。实验结果表明,牙鲆幼鱼继蛋白质限制后的恢复投喂阶段出现了完全补偿生长效应。     

温度和体重对中国对虾碳收支的影响

于 1996年 5～ 9月 ,测定了 3种规格 ( 0 .2 71± 0 .0 41g、3 .5 0 9± 0 .3 0 1g、11.0 62± 1.0 2 7g)池塘养殖中国对虾 (Penaeuschinensis)在 2 0℃、2 5℃和 3 0℃下 ,摄食日本刺沙蚕 (Neanthesjaponica)的C收支 .结果表明 ,温度和体重对摄食C有显著影响 ,随温度升高和体重的下降 ,C的摄食量显著增大 ,在 2 0℃、2 5℃和 3 0℃下的平均C摄食量分别为 12 .41、19.12和 2 6.0 8mg·g-1·d-1,在 3个规格下的平均C摄食量分别为 3 6.0 6、12 .17和 9.3 8mg·g-1·d-1.不同规格中国对虾对摄食C的分配比例无显著影响 ,温度是影响中国对虾摄食C分配的主要因素 .在 3个温度下摄食沙蚕的生长C、排粪C、蜕壳C和代谢C占摄食C的平均分配比例分别为 3 1.2 3 %、4.3 8%、7.94%、5 6.45 % ;2 6.83 %、2 .92 %、6.69%、65 .79% ;16.86%、2 .3 8%、5 .99%和 74.76% .     

不同温度对迷人杜鹃种子萌发与幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

该研究利用实验室不同恒温和变温控制试验,考察了不同温度[恒温(15℃、25℃、35℃)和变温(25℃/15℃、30℃/20℃,高温12 h,低温12 h)]处理对迷人杜鹃种子萌发、幼苗形态指标和生理生化指标的影响,探讨温度对迷人杜鹃种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响机制。结果表明:(1)迷人杜鹃种子在25℃/15℃变温条件下萌发率(87.69%)和萌发指数(8.65)均最高。(2)25℃/15℃变温有利于迷人杜鹃幼苗的地径、苗高、平均根长和萌枝数的增加,以及根、茎、叶生物量的积累。(3)25℃/15℃变温处理下幼苗叶片的总叶绿素、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量最高,而MDA含量、CAT活性和SOD活性较低。研究认为,迷人杜鹃种子萌发和幼苗生长的最适宜温度条件为25℃/15℃(昼/夜),而在高温(35℃)和低温(15℃)环境下均会受到显著抑制。     

温度对褐飞虱发育、存活和产卵影响的关系模型

设置系列恒温19、22、25、28、31、34℃,测定了温度对褐飞虱发育、存活和产卵的影响,建立了温度对褐飞虱生物学参数影响的关系模型。试验结果表明:(1)褐飞虱卵和若虫的发育历期在28℃下最短。除22℃以外,短翅型雌若虫的发育历期长于雄若虫的发育历期。(2)34℃下,褐飞虱卵未成功孵化,推测34℃是褐飞虱发育的限制性高温。不同温度下若虫的存活率为:25℃22℃28℃19℃31℃;低温主要导致低龄若虫死亡,而高温则主要导致高龄若虫死亡。(3)不同温度下产卵前期为19℃31℃22℃25℃28℃。产卵期22℃时最长。短翅型雌虫寿命随着温度降低而延长,产卵量在28℃时最大(256粒),19℃时最低(108粒)。(4)采用温度(x)与褐飞虱各生物学参数(y)间进行回归分析,获得一系列关系模型;其中,卵历期(y=0.079 x2-4.462 x+70.536),若虫历期(y=0.233 x2-12.886 x+189.878),产卵前期(y=0.068 x2-3.614 x+49.88)和短翅型雌成虫寿命(y=-0.622 x+35.03)与温度间具有显著的回归关系。     

Embryonic development rate and hatchling phenotypes in the Chinese three-keeled pond turtle (Chinemys reevesii): The influence of fluctuating temperature versus constant temperature

Although the effects of constant temperatures on hatchling traits have been extensively studied in reptiles, the effects of fluctuating temperatures remain poorly understood. Eggs of the Chinese three-keeled pond turtle (Chinemys reevesii) were incubated at a constant temperatures (28 °C) and two fluctuating temperatures (28±3 °C and 28±6 °C) to test for the influence of thermal environment on incubation duration, hatchling traits, and post-hatching growth. Incubation duration was shorter at constant temperature than at fluctuating temperatures. The sex ratio of hatchlings varied among temperature treatments, with more females from 28±6 °C than from 28 °C. The size and mass were greater for hatchlings from a constant temperature than from fluctuating ones, but this difference in body size disappeared when the hatchlings were 3 months old. In addition, the swimming ability, survival, and growth of hatchlings from fluctuating temperatures did not differ from those of hatchlings from constant temperature, when they were kept at an artificial environment without food scarcity or predation. Therefore, the thermal environments with various temperature fluctuations used in this study do not significantly affect fitness-related hatchling traits in this species.     

The effects of temperature changes on the oxygen consumption of juvenile Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis Osbeck

The effects of temperature changes on oxygen consumption of Chinese shrimp (Fenneropenaeus chinensis Osbeck) were studied. The response of oxygen consumption to a temperature rise was conformed to partial metabolic compensation. No compensatory response was observed at lower temperature. A sudden temperature increase by 12 °C resulted an overshoot in oxygen consumption in shrimp adapted to 19 °C, while a sudden decrease by 12 °C in shrimp adapted to 19 °C resulted in an undershoot in oxygen consumption. The shrimp adapted to 31 °C responded with an undershoot in oxygen consumption when a sudden temperature drop by 12 °C occurred. But overshoot in oxygen consumption did not occur when the shrimps were transferred back from 19 to 31 °C. The amplitude of oxygen consumption was reduced in shrimp during the process of acclimation to the temperature diel fluctuation. After the shrimp had adapted to the temperature fluctuation, the daily mean oxygen consumption of shrimp at diel temperature fluctuation from 24 to 30 °C was significantly lower than those adapted to the constant temperature at 27 °C (P<0.05). The decrease in metabolic rate may account for the increase in the growth rate of shrimp at a diel fluctuating thermal regime.     

The behaviour of log phase Escherichia coli at temperatures that fluctuate about the minimum for growth

AIMS: To investigate the behaviour of cold-adapted, log phase Escherichia coli exposed to temperatures that fluctuate below and above the minimum for growth. METHODS AND RESULTS: Log phase E. coli cultures were incubated at a constant temperature of 2, 4 or 6 degrees C or with temperatures allowed to increase from those temperatures for 35 min, to 10 degrees C, at 6-, 12- or 24-h intervals, as commonly occurs during retail display of chilled foods. At suitable intervals for each culture, the optical absorbance value was determined using a spectrophotometer, the forward angle light scatter was determined using a flow cytometer, and portions were spread on plate count agar for enumeration of colony forming units (CFU). Numbers of CFU decreased by 3 log units or increased by 1 log unit for cultures incubated at 6 degrees C for 17 days without or with temperatures fluctuations at < or =12-h intervals, respectively. Cells elongated when cultures were incubated at 4 or 2 degrees C with temperatures fluctuating at 6-h intervals, and at 6 degrees C at constant or fluctuating temperatures, but cells did not elongate in cultures incubated at a constant temperature of 2 or 4 degrees C. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The minimum growth temperature of E. coli is assumed to be > or =7 degrees C. Elongated cells were able to divide when temperatures rose from 6 degrees C to above 7 degrees C for <45 min at < or =12-h intervals. Such temperature fluctuations may be experienced by chilled foods during defrosting cycles of retail display cases. The finding that cells behave differently under fluctuating than at constant temperatures may significantly affect understanding of appropriate temperatures for the safe storage of chilled foods and for predictive modelling of bacterial growth in such foods.     

Diurnal variation around an optimum and near‐critically high temperature does not alter the performance of an ectothermic aquatic grazer

The growing threat of global climate change has led to a profusion of studies examining the effects of warming on biota. Despite the potential importance of natural variability such as diurnal temperature fluctuations, most experimental studies on warming are conducted under stable temperatures. Here, we investigated whether the responses of an aquatic invertebrate grazer (Lymnaea stagnalis) to an increased average temperature differ when the thermal regime is either constant or fluctuates diurnally. Using thermal response curves for several life‐history and immune defense traits, we first identified the optimum and near‐critically high temperatures that Lymnaea potentially experience during summer heat waves. We then exposed individuals that originated from three different populations to these two temperatures under constant or fluctuating thermal conditions. After 7 days, we assessed growth, reproduction, and two immune parameters (phenoloxidase‐like activity and antibacterial activity of hemolymph) from each individual. Exposure to the near‐critically high temperature led to increased growth rates and decreased antibacterial activity of hemolymph compared to the optimum temperature, whilst temperature fluctuations had no effect on these traits. The results indicate that the temperature level per se, rather than the variability in temperature was the main driver altering trait responses in our study species. Forecasting responses in temperature‐related responses remains challenging, due to system‐specific properties that can include intraspecific variation. However, our study indicates that experiments examining the effects of warming using constant temperatures can give similar predictions as studies with fluctuating thermal dynamics, and may thus be useful indicators of responses in nature.     

变温对粘虫生殖及主要能源物质代谢的影响

【目的】明确变温与粘虫Mythimna separata(Walker)生长发育和生殖的关系及变温条件下粘虫主要能源物质代谢的变化规律。【方法】将粘虫卵置于光周期均为14L∶10D,温度分别为25℃和30℃日恒温和白天30℃、夜晚20℃日变温的条件下饲养,观察记录25℃和30/20℃下的成虫产卵及卵巢管发育情况,再取30℃和30/20℃下饲养获得的3龄幼虫、6龄幼虫、蛹和1日龄成虫,测定其糖原、海藻糖和甘油三酯3种能源物质的含量及海藻糖酶、3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶、3-磷酸甘油脱氢酶及3-羟酰辅酶A脱氢酶等4种主要能源物质代谢酶的活性。【结果】25℃与30/20℃饲养条件下相比,1日龄雌成虫卵巢管发育明显滞后,但单雌产卵量显著较多;蛹期糖原、海藻糖和甘油三酯的含量均高于3龄和6龄幼虫,成虫期各能源物质含量均较低。30/20℃日变温下粘虫体内供试3种能源物质的含量显著高于30℃日恒温(6龄幼虫和蛹期甘油三酯含量在两温度下无显著差异);温度变化对供试4种酶活性的影响差异显著。【结论】温度变化对粘虫的生长发育和繁殖具有显著的影响。在粘虫生长发育过程中以糖代谢为主;变温会加速糖代谢,减缓部分发育阶段的脂代谢,更有利能源物质的积累。     

Flies evolved small bodies and cells at high or fluctuating temperatures

Recent theory predicts that the sizes of cells will evolve according to fluctuations in body temperature. Smaller cells speed metabolism during periods of warming but require more energy to maintain and repair. To evaluate this theory, we studied the evolution of cell size in populations of Drosophila melanogaster held at either a constant temperature (16°C or 25°C) or fluctuating temperatures (16 and 25°C). Populations that evolved at fluctuating temperatures or a constant 25°C developed smaller thoraxes, wings, and cells than did flies exposed to a constant 16°C. The cells of flies from fluctuating environments were intermediate in size to those of flies from constant environments. Most genetic variation in cell size was independent of variation in wing size, suggesting that cell size was a target of selection. These evolutionary patterns accord with patterns of developmental plasticity documented previously. Future studies should focus on the mechanisms that underlie the selective advantage of small cells at high or fluctuating temperatures.     

Hormonal and temperature regulation of seed dormancy and germination in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Leymus chinensis</Emphasis>

Fluctuating temperature plays a critical role in determining the timing of seed germination in many plant species. However, the physiological and biochemical mechanisms underlying such a response have been paid little attention. The present study investigated the effect of plant growth regulators and cold stratification in regulating Leymus chinensis seed germination and dormancy response to temperature. Results showed that seed germination was less than 2 % at all constant temperatures while fluctuating temperature significantly increased germination percentage. The highest germination was 71 % at 20/30 °C. Removal of the embryo enclosing material of L. chinensis seed germinated to 74 %, and replaced the requirement for fluctuating temperature to germinate, by increasing embryo growth potential. Applications of GA₄₊₇ significantly increased seed germination at constant temperature. Also, inhibition of GA biosynthesis significantly decreased seed germination at fluctuating temperatures depending upon paclobutrazol concentration. This implied GA was necessary for non-dormant seed germination and played an important role in regulating seed germination response to temperature. Inhibition of ABA biosynthesis during imbibition completely released seed dormancy at 20/30 °C, but showed no effect on seed germination at constant temperature, suggesting ABA biosynthesis was important for seed dormancy maintenance but may not involve in seed germination response to temperature. Cold stratification with water or GA₃ induced seed into secondary dormancy, but this effect was reversed by exogenous FL, suggesting ABA biosynthesis during cold stratification was involved in secondary dormancy. Also, cold stratification with FL entirely replaced the requirement of fluctuating temperature for germination with seeds having 73 % germination at constant temperature. This appears to be attributed to inhibition of ABA biosynthesis and an increase of GA biosynthesis during cold stratification, leading to an increased embryo growth potential. We suggest that fluctuating temperature promotes seed germination by increasing embryo growth potential, mainly attributed to GA biosynthesis during imbibitions. ABA is important for seed dormancy maintenance and induction but showed less effect on non-dormant seed germination response to temperature.     

Performance of juvenile brown trout exposed to fluctuating water level and temperature

Individual daily food intake, mass‐specific growth rate and growth efficiency in groups of juvenile brown trout Salmo trutta were compared in tank experiments with three water level regimes (fluctuating, stable high and low water levels) and two temperature regimes (fluctuating between 10 and 14° C and constant 14° C) to simulate events during hydropeaking in regulated rivers. Fish exposed to high stable water level showed higher food intake and growth rate, and higher or similar growth efficiency than fish exposed to fluctuating or stable low water level. Both groups of slow‐growing and fast‐growing individuals fed less and grew slower at stable low and fluctuating water level than at stable high water level. Furthermore, growth and growth efficiency were lower in brown trout exposed to stable low water level and fluctuating temperature, particularly for groups of fish with slow growth. Temperature did not have any effect at high water level. For groups of fast‐growing fish, there was no difference in growth efficiency between treatments. It is concluded that fluctuating water level and temperature have a potentially detrimental effect on growth in juvenile brown trout and effects are more severe in slow‐ than fast‐growing fish.     

Interactions of temperature and dietary protein concentration in growth and feeding of Manduca sexta caterpillars

Abstract .Temperature and the protein content of food affect rates of consumption and growth in herbivorous insects in different ways: reduced temperature typically reduces both consumption and growth rates, whereas reduced dietary protein typically increases consumption rate but either reduces or has no effect on growth rate. The interactions between temperature and dietary protein concentration in affecting consumption, growth and efficiency in fifth-instar caterpillars of Manduca sexta were studied, using both short-term (4 h) and long-term (duration of fifth stadium) experiments. The short-term experiments examined constant temperatures between 14 and 42°C, whereas the long-term experiments examined constant temperatures between 18 and 34°C; both experiments considered two levels of dietary protein. In both experiments, caterpillars had significantly higher consumption and frass production rates on low-protein compared with high-protein diets at each test temperature between 18 and 34°C, thereby compensating for the lower diet quality. In contrast, at more extreme temperatures (14 and 42°C) in the short-term studies, consumption and frass production rates were lower on low-protein compared with high-protein diets. As a result, there were substantial interactions between temperature and dietary protein for consumption and frass production rates in the short-term experiments, but not in the long-term experiments. These results suggest that interactions between temperature and dietary protein may emerge because of the failure of compensatory feeding responses at low and high temperatures. It is hypothesized that the failure of compensatory responses is more likely to occur under diurnally fluctuating temperatures than under a constant temperature with the same mean, and it is proposed that interactions between temperature and dietary protein for consumption are relevant to M. sexta and other caterpillars that experience wide diurnal fluctuations in temperature in the field.