经颅磁刺激参数与结构要件的影响分析

为了进一步探索经颅磁刺激工作机理并改进或研制出新的经颅磁刺激激励源.本文从经颅磁刺激的原理推导出了磁场、感应电流及激励源原理电路电流的表达式,利用大脑-线圈和大脑-线圈-铁芯两种经颅磁刺激模型分析影响因素与头模型各组织的磁场和感应电流分布.对比分析表明电流的性质,线圈半径,线圈激励特性与铁芯对感应电流分布与电磁场分布有着本质的影响.对经颅磁刺激参数及结构要件的研究与分析可用于指导刺激线圈参数及激励源电路参数的设置,以及探索新的激励源制作.     

多信道脑部磁刺激仪的磁场有限元仿真

利用外部的交变磁场,可以对大脑神经系统进行无创刺激.用有限元分析软件--ANSYS对多信道脑部磁刺激仪在不同工作模式下产生的磁场进行了模拟,并将其与实验测量值进行了比较.结果表明,两者之间的误差小于6%,ANSYS能有效模拟多信道磁刺激仪所产生的磁场.通过对仿真结果进行分析得出：改变多信道磁刺激仪工作线圈的位置,可以调整所产生磁场的位置及形状;增加刺激靶位置邻近的工作线圈个数,可以有效改善磁刺激的深度.     

脉冲磁场对神经系统的影响(上)

续前末梢神经的磁刺激导言１９８４～１９８５年间,上野照刚Ｓ．Ｕｅｎｅ等〔４,５〕,采用磁刺激法使神经出现兴奋,即用电磁感应磁场和脉冲磁场进行磁刺激的。传统上用电容器充放电法产生的脉冲磁场的波形,是一种衰减波,尚不能形成矩形波和正弦波。这样就无法对神经的磁刺激过程进行详细地研讨。为此上野等在１９８７～１９８８年间,发表了采用任意波形发生器所提供的矩形波磁场所开展的磁刺激研究〔６,７〕。上野等又对任意波形发生器所产生的梯形波进行放大,所用的８字形线圈,其匝数为１０,外径为１００ｍｍ,内径为６０ｍｍ。…     

脑部磁刺激场的理论模型

作为脑部磁刺激研究的一项基础工作,建立了刺激磁场中的球形头模型、对方形线圈在其内产生的时变磁场和感应电场进行了理论研究.导出(?).(?).(?)的解析表达式,分析了场的特性和刺激强度的分布规律.为进一步探索时变磁场对人脑的最佳刺激方式和作用机理提供了初步的理论基础.     

不同时变磁场对神经纤维的诱导刺激作用的仿真研究

利用神经纤维的无源电缆模型描述神经纤维在磁刺激下的阈下行为,通过数字仿真得出了神经纤维在不同频率的磁刺激感应电场作用下阈下膜电位的时间特征包括波形和幅度,发现高频的感应电场诱导作用下得到的膜电位幅值小于低频电场的性质。同时采用积分变换频域分析的方法,得出了在不同空间分布的感应电场诱导刺激作用下神经纤维的响应特性,发现和低频比较,高频的空间分布函数频率成分的感应电场诱导得到的膜电位幅值较低。计算出在刺激线圈中采用典型刺激电流作用下在神经纤维响应得到的膜电位的特征。从时空两域阐述神经纤维对不同时变磁场诱导作用下的阈下响应行为,对磁刺激仪中刺激线圈的刺激电流的选择和线圈尺寸的设计都具有指导意义。     

Biol Psych:重大突破,我国科学家成功利用非侵入性磁刺激技术戒除毒瘾

正近日,我国科学家利用经颅磁刺激技术,对吸毒平均十多年的海洛因成瘾者进行研究,成功降低了患者机体对药物的渴求度,这是世界上首次把经颅磁刺激技术应用到海洛因成瘾者上,该研究发表在耶鲁大学主办的精神病学领域顶尖期刊Biological Psychiatry上(IF:10.225)。经颅磁刺激技术是一种安全无侵入性的大脑功能调控技术,是利用磁场去激活大脑的相应区域,从而对患者产生一定的治疗效果。在国际     

神经和磁线圈的相对位置对磁刺激兴奋点定位的影响

磁刺激时 ,有效地确定兴奋点是十分必要的 ,神经和磁线圈的相对位置对磁刺激兴奋点位置有重要影响。对于位于平行于组织 -空气界面下方平面内的任意走向的直线神经纤维 ,修正的激活函数由感应电场x分量和 y 分量在x方向的导数和直线神经纤维与x轴正方向的夹角决定。只有适当调整线圈的放置 ,使直线神经在八字型线圈中心正下面、平行于八字型线圈共同切线 ,激活函数的负值绝对值最大 ,神经最易兴奋 ;接近线圈表面的神经容易产生兴奋 ,神经纤维的兴奋点在线圈中心正下面;随着神经纤维的深度增加 ,激活函数的峰值迅速减少 ,神经纤维的兴奋点也逐渐偏离线圈中心。     

磁化水对红花种子萌发的影响

磁化水,亦名磁水、磁处理水,是指水经磁场作用,水的理化性能发生变化,保持有生物效应的活性水。关于磁化水对某些植物种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响,国内外已有一些报导,但由于磁场场型、场强及实验条件等不同,其结果也不一样。对中药红花种子的影响,国内报道甚少。本实验根据磁化水产生生物磁效应之原理,选用0.2T场强磁水器对红花种子进行处理,旨在探讨该场强磁化水,对红花种子萌发的影响程度。结果表明:红花种子经磁化水处理后发芽指标明显提高。材料与方法试验材料:红花种子,购于内蒙古蒙药厂。用SH型磁水器,上饶磁性材料厂制,场强0.2T。磁…     

不同磁处理方式对小球藻生长的影响

目的：利用恒定均匀磁场研究了不同磁处理方式和磁感应强度对小球藻生长的影响,探索磁处理技术应用于微藻培养的可能。方法：用t检验考察静止磁处理、循环磁处理和磁处理水三种不同的磁处理方式对小球藻生长的影响。结果：静止磁处理和循环磁处理分别在5．15mT和10．35mT范围促进小球藻生长,并且随磁感应强度增强分别从45mT与200mT开始表现出显著抑制生长作用．相同的磁感应强度下静止磁处理比循环磁处理的影响显著。未发现磁处理水对小球藻的生长有显著影响。结论：不同的磁处理方式对小球藻生长有不同的刺激与抑制的强度闽值;0．8T和1．2T磁感应强度处理下比生长速率下降的差别并不明显,说明磁处理的影响在此强度范围趋于稳定;磁处理水无显著影响说明磁场直接对小球藻细胞产生影响。     

磁场对羊草过氧化物酶的激活效应及同工酶分析

利用外磁场处理羊草种子,并将羊草进行盐（ＮａＣｌ）碱（Ｎａ２ＣＯ３）混合胁迫处理,结果表明,磁场处理不仅促进了羊草的生长,而且提高了羊草的抗盐碱性。磁场使羊草过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ）活性提高,并且诱发了一条新的同工酶带。根据羊草的长势及ＰＯＤ活性分析,确定羊草最佳的磁处理参数是３００ｍＴ处理,其次是２００ｍＴ。     

Analysis and Optimization of Pulse Dynamics for Magnetic Stimulation

Magnetic stimulation is a standard tool in brain research and has found important clinical applications in neurology, psychiatry, and rehabilitation. Whereas coil designs and the spatial field properties have been intensively studied in the literature, the temporal dynamics of the field has received less attention. Typically, the magnetic field waveform is determined by available device circuit topologies rather than by consideration of what is optimal for neural stimulation. This paper analyzes and optimizes the waveform dynamics using a nonlinear model of a mammalian axon. The optimization objective was to minimize the pulse energy loss. The energy loss drives power consumption and heating, which are the dominating limitations of magnetic stimulation. The optimization approach is based on a hybrid global-local method. Different coordinate systems for describing the continuous waveforms in a limited parameter space are defined for numerical stability. The optimization results suggest that there are waveforms with substantially higher efficiency than that of traditional pulse shapes. One class of optimal pulses is analyzed further. Although the coil voltage profile of these waveforms is almost rectangular, the corresponding current shape presents distinctive characteristics, such as a slow low-amplitude first phase which precedes the main pulse and reduces the losses. Representatives of this class of waveforms corresponding to different maximum voltages are linked by a nonlinear transformation. The main phase, however, scales with time only. As with conventional magnetic stimulation pulses, briefer pulses result in lower energy loss but require higher coil voltage than longer pulses.     

面向经颅聚焦超声的多阵元相控阵关键技术

经颅聚焦超声是一种有效的神经调控技术，具有非侵入性、聚焦靶点多和焦点可调控等优势。但由于颅骨的强声衰减和非均质特性，聚焦超声经颅后存在焦点偏移、焦域能量不足以及颅骨烫伤等问题。多阵元超声相控阵可以修正超声经颅后的相位偏差和幅值衰减，实现准确、有效的颅内聚焦。本文首先介绍了换能器的阵元排布方式，进一步归纳了相控阵激励信号的调控方法，最后对其基础研究和临床应用进行了回顾与展望。     

Bioprocess iterative batch-to-batch optimization based on hybrid parametric/nonparametric models

This paper presents a novel method for iterative batch-to-batch dynamic optimization of bioprocesses. The relationship between process performance and control inputs is established by means of hybrid grey-box models combining parametric and nonparametric structures. The bioreactor dynamics are defined by material balance equations, whereas the cell population subsystem is represented by an adjustable mixture of nonparametric and parametric models. Thus optimizations are possible without detailed mechanistic knowledge concerning the biological system. A clustering technique is used to supervise the reliability of the nonparametric subsystem during the optimization. Whenever the nonparametric outputs are unreliable, the objective function is penalized. The technique was evaluated with three simulation case studies. The overall results suggest that the convergence to the optimal process performance may be achieved after a small number of batches. The model unreliability risk constraint along with sampling scheduling are crucial to minimize the experimental effort required to attain a given process performance. In general terms, it may be concluded that the proposed method broadens the application of the hybrid parametric/nonparametric modeling technique to "newer" processes with higher potential for optimization.     

A new synthesis method for complex electric field patterning using a multichannel dense array system with applications in low-intensity noninvasive neuromodulation

Multichannel coil array systems offer precise spatiotemporal electronic steering and patterning of electric and magnetic fields without the physical movement of coils or magnets. This capability could potentially benefit a wide range of biomagnetic applications such as low-intensity noninvasive neuromodulation or magnetic drug delivery. In this regard, the objective of this work is to develop a unique synthesis method, that enabled by a multichannel dense array system, generates complex current pattern distributions not previously reported in the literature. Simulations and experimental results verify that highly curved or irregular (e.g., zig–zag) patterns at singular and multiple sites can be efficiently formed using this method. The synthesis method is composed of three primary components; a pixel cell (basic unit of pattern formation), a template array (“virtual array”: code that disseminates the coil current weights to the “physical” dense array), and a hexagonal coordinate system. Low-intensity or low-field magnetic stimulation is identified as a potential application that could benefit from this work in the future and as such is used as an example to frame the research.     

Low stray ELF magnetic field exposure system for in vitro study

An exposure facility for wide application to cell exposure to an ELF (extremely low frequency) magnetic field was developed. It is suitable for conducting experiments under a high-intensity, variable-frequency magnetic field, on the biological effects of the ELF magnetic field in an in vitro study. The exposure system consists of Merritt's 4-square coil as a basic component to generate the required magnetic field intensity of 10 mT at 50 Hz with spatial field uniformity less than +/-3% in a 400 mm cube. Concentric compensation coils are adopted to eliminate the effects of stray fields on sham (control) samples in the vicinity of the exposure system. The uniformity of the magnetic field in the exposure coil, the increase in the power supply capacity due to the existence of compensation coils, and the stray field estimation were investigated carefully. After fabricating the system, performance tests were carried out and all the characteristics were found to be satisfactory. In addition, the ideal configuration for a concentric coil system was proposed.     

Investigation of Parallel Radiofrequency Transmission for the Reduction of Heating in Long Conductive Leads in 3 Tesla Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) is increasingly used to treat a variety of brain diseases by sending electrical impulses to deep brain nuclei through long, electrically conductive leads. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of patients pre- and post-implantation is desirable to target and position the implant, to evaluate possible side-effects and to examine DBS patients who have other health conditions. Although MRI is the preferred modality for pre-operative planning, MRI post-implantation is limited due to the risk of high local power deposition, and therefore tissue heating, at the tip of the lead. The localized power deposition arises from currents induced in the leads caused by coupling with the radiofrequency (RF) transmission field during imaging. In the present work, parallel RF transmission (pTx) is used to tailor the RF electric field to suppress coupling effects. Electromagnetic simulations were performed for three pTx coil configurations with 2, 4, and 8-elements, respectively. Optimal input voltages to minimize coupling, while maintaining RF magnetic field homogeneity, were determined for all configurations using a Nelder-Mead optimization algorithm. Resulting electric and magnetic fields were compared to that of a 16-rung birdcage coil. Experimental validation was performed with a custom-built 4-element pTx coil. In simulation, 95-99% reduction of the electric field at the tip of the lead was observed between the various pTx coil configurations and the birdcage coil. Maximal reduction in E-field was obtained with the 8-element pTx coil. Magnetic field homogeneity was comparable to the birdcage coil for the 4- and 8-element pTx configurations. In experiment, a temperature increase of 2±0.15°C was observed at the tip of the wire using the birdcage coil, whereas negligible increase (0.2±0.15°C) was observed with the optimized pTx system. Although further research is required, these initial results suggest that the concept of optimizing pTx to reduce DBS heating effects holds considerable promise.     

Detection of the third and fourth heart sounds using Hilbert-Huang transform

Background

Magnetic nanoparticles are gaining great roles in biomedical applications as targeted drug delivery agents or targeted imaging contrast agents. In the magnetic nanoparticle applications, quantification of the nanoparticle density deposited in a specified region is of great importance for evaluating the delivery of the drugs or the contrast agents to the targeted tissues. We introduce a method for estimating the nanoparticle density from the displacement of tissues caused by the external magnetic field.

Methods

We can exert magnetic force to the magnetic nanoparticles residing in a living subject by applying magnetic gradient field to them. The nanoparticles under the external magnetic field then exert force to the nearby tissues causing displacement of the tissues. The displacement field induced by the nanoparticles under the external magnetic field is governed by the Navier's equation. We use an approximation method to get the inverse solution of the Navier's equation which represents the magnetic nanoparticle density map when the magnetic nanoparticles are mechanically coupled with the surrounding tissues. To produce the external magnetic field inside a living subject, we propose a coil configuration, the Helmholtz and Maxwell coil pair, that is capable of generating uniform magnetic gradient field. We have estimated the coil currents that can induce measurable displacement in soft tissues through finite element method (FEM) analysis.

Results

From the displacement data obtained from FEM analysis of a soft-tissue-mimicking phantom, we have calculated nanoparticle density maps. We obtained the magnetic nanoparticle density maps by approximating the Navier's equation to the Laplacian of the displacement field. The calculated density maps match well to the original density maps, but with some halo artifacts around the high density area. To induce measurable displacement in the living tissues with the proposed coil configuration, we need to apply the coil currents as big as 10⁴A.

Conclusions

We can obtain magnetic nanoparticle maps from the magnetically induced displacement data by approximating the Navier's equation under the assumption of uniform-gradient of the external magnetic field. However, developing a coil driving system with the capacity of up to 10⁴A should be a great technical challenge.     

可描述横向电场中外周神经兴奋的电缆方程

传统的电缆方程只能用于描述纵向电场中外周神经的兴奋,无法描述外周神经在横向电场作用下的兴奋,其于两阶段过程模型,提出一种改进的电缆方程,可以描述外周神经在横向电场中的兴奋,其结果和Struijk的离体实验数据相吻合。此改进的电缆方程可用于描述任意电场中外周神经的兴奋。     

MRI gradient coil cylinder sound field simulation and measurement

High-field, high-speed Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) generates high sound levels within and nearby the scanner. The mechanism and process that produces the gradient magnetic field (a cylindrical electro-magnet, called the gradient coil cylinder, which produces a spatially and temporally varying magnetic field inside a static background magnetic field) is the primary source of this noise. This noise can cause difficulties in verbal communication in and around the scanner, heightened patient anxiety, temporary hearing loss and possible permanent hearing impairment for health care workers and patients. In order to effectively suppress the sound radiation from the gradient coil cylinder the sound field within and nearby the gradient coil needs to be characterized This characterization may be made using an analytical solution of the sound pressure field, computational simulation, measurement analysis or some combination of these three methods. This paper presents the computational simulation and measurement results of a study of the sound radiation from a head and neck gradient coil cylinder within a 4 Tesla MRI whole body scanner. The measurement results for the sound pressure level distribution along the centerline of the gradient coil cylinder are presented. The sound pressure distributions predicted from Finite Element Analysis of the gradient coil movement during operation and subsequent Boundary Element Analysis of the sound field generated are also presented. A comparison of the measured results and the predicted results shows close agreement. Because of the extremely complex nature of the analytical solution for the gradient coil cylinder, a treatment of the analytical solution and comparison to the computational results for a simple cylinder vibrating in a purely radial direction are also presented and also show close agreement between the two methods thus validating the computational approach used with the more complex gradient coil cylinder.