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1.
通过对长尾管蚜蝇体色变异的研究,发现该种蚜蝇在体色变异方面有如下特点:(1)腹部色斑的变异形式多样,种群中以浅色者为主,深色的个体比例较少;腹部色斑变异表现出明显的性别差异,雄性变异形式比雌性丰富;(2)后足腿节颜色变异呈现出一定的连续性,从主要呈黑色(肉眼观察)到黄褐色;且这种变化与性别无关;(3)翅上暗色云斑的变化仅有2种形式,种群中具暗色云斑者占大多数;云斑的有无与性别无关;(4)体色变异与发生季节、海拔无关. 相似文献
2.
《昆虫学报》2016,(3)
【目的】昆虫中经常可见体色变化,但是关于其作用价值了解甚少。高桥氏果蝇Drosophila takahashii在遗传上表现出腹部黑化的不连续变化。为了测定生理性状是否可能受黑化的影响,我们调查了3个不同色型个体腹部黑化的变化和胁迫相关性状,检验了季节性环境条件将增强相应的季节性表型的适应性这一假说。【方法】从不同海拔地点采集高桥氏果蝇,对深色和浅色纯育品系的遗传杂交进行的孟德尔分析证实存在一个主要位点,为D等位基因显性。对种群以及3种色型果蝇的生理生态学性状进行了统计分析。【结果】在旱季观察到深色等位基因频率的显著增加,在雨季会出现体色较浅的果蝇,这说明气候选择起着重要作用。不过,在这两个季节中体色居中的果蝇均很多。中间色型的果蝇由于适应而表现出所有性状的F值均显著增加(P0.001),但在深色和浅色纯育品系中未观察到这类适应效果(P≥0.42)。【结论】通过不同性状的测定结果我们提出,在干冷胁迫条件下,在深色型中观察到显著更高的生理学耐性;而在湿热条件下,在浅色型中观察到显著更高的生理学耐性。有意思的是,中间表型在这两种条件下均有较强的适应能力。而且,我们发现温湿度的季节性改变给胁迫相关的性状施加了选择压力。 相似文献
3.
[目的]昆虫中经常可见体色变化,但是关于其作用价值了解甚少.高桥氏果蝇Drosophila takahashii在遗传上表现出腹部黑化的不连续变化.为了测定生理性状是否可能受黑化的影响,我们调查了3个不同色型个体腹部黑化的变化和胁迫相关性状,检验了季节性环境条件将增强相应的季节性表型的适应性这一假说.[方法]从不同海拔地点采集高桥氏果蝇,对深色和浅色纯育品系的遗传杂交进行的孟德尔分析证实存在一个主要位点,为D等位基因显性.对种群以及3种色型果蝇的生理生态学性状进行了统计分析.[结果]在旱季观察到深色等位基因频率的显著增加,在雨季会出现体色较浅的果蝇,这说明气候选择起着重要作用.不过,在这两个季节中体色居中的果蝇均很多.中间色型的果蝇由于适应而表现出所有性状的F值均显著增加(P <0.001),但在深色和浅色纯育品系中未观察到这类适应效果(P≥0.42).[结论]通过不同性状的测定结果我们提出,在干冷胁迫条件下,在深色型中观察到显著更高的生理学耐性;而在湿热条件下,在浅色型中观察到显著更高的生理学耐性.有意思的是,中间表型在这两种条件下均有较强的适应能力.而且,我们发现温湿度的季节性改变给胁迫相关的性状施加了选择压力. 相似文献
4.
《四川动物》2021,(4)
体色是动物重要的形态特征,具有信息传递、体温调节和反捕食等功能。动物体色的研究近2个世纪,已在进化和适应方面取得了较大突破,开拓了行为生态学研究的新方向,极大地促进了应用心理学、计算机科学和军事等应用学科的发展。在目前已知的356种龟鳖动物中,体色多样,但由于其特殊的甲壳结构,龟鳖动物体色研究起步较晚,各种体色的生态适应意义尚不清楚。自20世纪50年代以来,在龟鳖动物体色的形成和调节、信息传递以及伪装策略等方面研究有所突破。这些研究表明,龟鳖动物在激素的调节下,色素发生变化导致体色改变;水生龟鳖动物受环境颜色影响较大,陆生龟鳖动物体色受环境颜色影响较小;部分物种的体色存在两性异形,雄龟通过向雌龟展示身上的色斑来求偶;背景匹配、混隐色和乔装3种伪装策略的研究证明龟鳖动物体色能够提供反捕食优势;深色的龟鳖动物在体温调节和种内竞争中都比浅色个体更有优势。目前,龟鳖动物图案的形成、腹甲颜色和特殊体色的功能适应等研究进展较慢,而且尚无相关的研究检验龟鳖动物的体色是否符合葛洛格定律,未来开展这些方面的研究可以促进理解龟鳖动物体色的生态适应和进化。 相似文献
5.
昆虫色斑型与基因型的关联性以及与环境适应性的关系,是昆虫学的研究热点之一。异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis Pallas作为一种重要的昆虫色斑多型性资源,受到广泛重视。本文于2012-2015年通过调查统计泰安市异色瓢虫不同时期鞘翅底色、不同位置斑点、联斑、二窗型和四窗型、性比等指标的变化特点,并进行了多项式拟合、χ2(卡方)检验和相关性分析,明确了异色瓢虫色斑型和性比的周年变化特点及其与月平均气温的关系。结果表明,浅色型异色瓢虫中,浅色型、不同位置斑点和联斑数量比例均随月份先降后升,与月平均温度显著负相关,均在夏季出现最低值。深色型中,深色型数量比例随月份先升后降,与月平均温度显著正相关;其中的二窗型数量比例在夏季和冬季上升,春季和秋季下降,四窗型则相反,但均于月平均气温相关性不显著,相关系数分别为-0.09和0.09。异色瓢虫种群、浅色型和深色型均表现为偏雌现象,在夏季更为明显,且与月平均气温显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.79、0.90和0.66。χ2检验可知,异色瓢虫浅色型和深色型数量、不同位置斑点数量、联斑数量、二窗型和四窗型数量以及种群、浅色型和深色型雌雄数量均与月份显著关联。综合分析可知,异色瓢虫浅色型中各指标受月平均气温影响均较大。除数量比例和性比受温度影响较大外,深色型中二窗型和四窗型比例变化较小。异色瓢虫各指标均月份显著关联。 相似文献
6.
食蚜蝇是蚜虫的主要天敌之一。通过对东北大豆生态区捕食性食蚜蝇的种类和种群数量调查,共发现9属15种捕食性食蚜蝇,其中,黑带食蚜蝇Episyrphus balteatus(De Geer)、大灰食蚜蝇Eupeodes corollae(Fabricius)、印度细腹食蚜蝇Sphaerophoria indiana(Bigot)和宽尾细腹食蚜蝇Sphaerophoria rueppelli(Wiedemann)为田间常见种;黑带食蚜蝇是大豆整个生长过程中的主要优势种,大灰食蚜蝇是大豆生长前期的优势种,细腹食蚜蝇是大豆生长中后期的优势种群;食蚜蝇幼虫发生高峰期与大豆蚜发生高峰期基本吻合。通过捕食量测定,发现黑带食蚜蝇平均每头幼虫对大豆蚜的理论最大捕食量为984头;在田间益害比为1∶150时,控害效果达到最大,近60%;而在1:250时单头控制蚜量最多,为102头,且控害效果可达到40%以上。以上研究结果表明,食蚜蝇对大豆蚜具有较强的捕食能力,具有很大的生防应用潜能。本文还提出了关于食蚜蝇田间保护的可行性措施。 相似文献
7.
【目的】红棕象甲Rhynchophorus ferrugineus(Olivier)是棕榈科植物上重要入侵害虫之一,寄主及分布范围广。详细了解红棕象甲前胸背板色斑的特征,不仅能够从形态上快速正确地识别,从而为进行有效的监测和防控提供依据,同时为红棕象甲种群多样性在其入侵过程中的适应性和入侵性分析提供理论基础。【方法】本文通过对21个野外不同地理种群及室内两种体色型的红棕象甲样本的色斑数量、形状及分布位置进行统计分析。【结果】1)红棕象甲前胸背板色斑一般分前后两行排列,色斑数在2-11个不等;色斑形状有(近)椭圆形、圆形、心形、水滴状、线形、三角形、菱形和不规则形等。2)不同地理种群的色斑在数量,形状和位置分布存在差异。福建省11个地理种群中含有6个和7个色斑数的个体占87.7%,重庆(CQ)种群的个体全部是6个和7个色斑类型;四川(SC)、上海(SH)、云南(YN)、深圳(SZ)4个种群的优势色斑型为6个色斑型,分别占50.0%、45.0%、71.4%和70%;广西(GX)、美洲阿鲁巴岛(Aruba)和台湾地区(TW)种群中7个色斑型个体占大多数,分别为50.0%、77.8%和80%;海南(HN)种群的色斑数主要集中在6个和8个色斑(33.3%和56.7%);巴基斯坦种群2个色斑类型占68.2%。色斑形状和分布位置的聚类图结果显示地理位置与色斑的形状及位置没有规律性。3)不同地理种群优势色斑的分布没有雌雄特异性。4)经纬度和种群色斑数的相关性分析,结果显示色斑数与地理纬度间存在显著的低度负相关性(r=﹣0.312,P=0.010),而地理经度与色斑数间没有显著的相关性(r=﹣0.059,P=0.635)。5)实验室群体中,黑色型的红棕象甲的优势色斑数为7个,红色型的优势色斑数则为8个,其中,10个色斑类型仅在红色型中存在。色斑数高的色斑类型(色斑数大于7个)在红色型中存在的比例远远高于黑色型(红色型为55.6%,黑色型为2.3%),且红色型的色斑的大小一般为前排小,后排大,这与黑色型存在明显差异。【结论】不同地理种群的红棕象甲在色斑数量,色斑形状和色斑分布位置上存在差异,但这种差异并没有地理位置的规律性,但在海南和巴基斯坦种群中存在种群特异性,福建和台湾地区种群存在相似性;色斑数多的种群,其色斑形状多样性越高;色斑类型与体色之间存在联系。 相似文献
8.
<正> 杧果切叶象Deporaus marginatus Pascoe是杧果叶部的主要害虫。1986年作者在云南景东首次观察到该虫的自然种群个体存在体色变异。它们表现在成虫腹部腹面的色泽有3种 相似文献
9.
在印度次大陆的亚热带地区, 秋天冷而干燥, 春天湿润。变温性果蝇所具有的抗干燥性有助于其度过较为干旱的气候条件。 Drosophila jambulina 具有体色二型性。已有研究表明, 随湿度变化, D. jambulina热带种群始终保持体色多型性, 这与热条件下体色黑化相反, 且该热带物种中体色分化频率随季节性变化, 这符合黑化 干燥假说。但是两种色型的D. jambulina产生这类气候适应的机理尚不明了。为了检验干燥相关性状生理基础的分化与对气候条件的色型特异性适应相关这一假说, 我们利用分别在17℃和25℃、 低湿(40% RH)和高湿(80% RH)条件下饲养获得的两种色型的D. jambulina, 检测了其水分平衡对相对湿度、 温度、 及温湿度相互作用的反应。我们发现, 在低相对湿度下, 两种温度下饲养的深色型果蝇的生理和脱水性状数值显著高于浅色型。对两种色型果蝇的水分收支情况进行的比较分析表明, 在低相对湿度下, 深色型果蝇的含水量较高、 水分损失率较低、 抗脱水能力较强, 使其具有更强的抗干燥性。在干燥胁迫过程中, 两种色型的果蝇均以碳水化合物作为代谢燃料, 但是在低湿条件下, 深色果蝇中贮存碳水化合物的含量明显要高。而且, 在两种湿度条件下, 这两种色型果蝇之间的总能量收支显著不同。据此认为, D. jambulina的水分平衡相关性状表现出的色型特异性分化与其对湿热生境的适应相关。 相似文献
10.
为了揭示豹纹鳃棘鲈(Plectropomus leopardus)体色变异机制, 研究选取了不同体色个体的样本, 利用石蜡切片、冰冻切片及体视显微镜观察等方法揭示不同皮肤部位色素细胞的类型、分布和数量的差异, 并对应激和非应激状态下色素细胞的变化进行了研究。结果显示, 黑色素细胞在背部和尾部分布比较密集, 在腹部较为稀疏, 黑色个体的黑色素细胞数量较红色个体多; 在应激状态下个体能迅速发生体色变化, 主要由于色素细胞快速扩张和收缩导致。研究为进一步揭示豹纹鳃棘鲈体色变异的分子机制和优良品种选育奠定了基础。 相似文献
11.
The influence of the development rates of immature stages of Eristalis arbustorum (Diptera; Syrphidae) on adult abdominal colour pattern 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Abstract. The abdominal colour pattern of Eristalis arbustorum (L.) shows seasonal variation, with animals emerging in spring being darker than those emerging during summer. One of the most important environmental cues influencing the abdominal colour pattern is developmental temperature. An experiment was carried out to establish which period during the immature stages was important in determining final adult colour pattern. The results indicate a good relationship between the length of the pupal period and both the extent of the paler markings on the abdomen and the grey score of these markings. The length of the larval period did not have any effect on adult colour pattern. 相似文献
12.
Elvira Lafuente Filipa Alves Jessica G. King Carolina M. Peralta Patrícia Beldade 《Ecology and evolution》2021,11(12):8136
Body pigmentation is an evolutionarily diversified and ecologically relevant trait with substantial variation within and between species, and important roles in animal survival and reproduction. Insect pigmentation, in particular, provides some of the most compelling examples of adaptive evolution, including its ecological significance and genetic bases. Pigmentation includes multiple aspects of color and color pattern that may vary more or less independently, and can be under different selective pressures. We decompose Drosophila thorax and abdominal pigmentation, a valuable eco‐evo‐devo model, into distinct measurable traits related to color and color pattern. We investigate intra‐ and interspecific variation for those traits and assess its different sources. For each body part, we measured overall darkness, as well as four other pigmentation properties distinguishing between background color and color of the darker pattern elements that decorate each body part. By focusing on two standard D. melanogaster laboratory populations, we show that pigmentation components vary and covary in distinct manners depending on sex, genetic background, and temperature during development. Studying three natural populations of D. melanogaster along a latitudinal cline and five other Drosophila species, we then show that evolution of lighter or darker bodies can be achieved by changing distinct component traits. Our results paint a much more complex picture of body pigmentation variation than previous studies could uncover, including patterns of sexual dimorphism, thermal plasticity, and interspecific diversity. These findings underscore the value of detailed quantitative phenotyping and analysis of different sources of variation for a better understanding of phenotypic variation and diversification, and the ecological pressures and genetic mechanisms underlying them. 相似文献
13.
L. Jacquin C. Récapet A.-C. Prévot-Julliard G. Leboucher P. Lenouvel N. Erin H. Corbel A. Frantz J. Gasparini 《Oecologia》2013,173(3):1089-1099
Urbanization is a major challenge for biodiversity conservation, yet the evolutionary processes taking place in urbanized areas remain poorly known. Human activities in cities set new selective forces in motion which need to be investigated to predict the evolutionary responses of animal species living in urban areas. In this study, we investigated the role of urbanization and parasites in the maintenance of melanin-based color polymorphism in the feral pigeon Columba livia. Using a correlative approach, we tested whether differently colored genotypes displayed alternative phenotypic responses to urbanization, by comparing body condition, blood parasite prevalence and parasite load between colored morphs along an urbanization gradient. Body condition did not vary with urbanization, but paler individuals had a higher body condition than darker individuals. Moreover, paler morphs were less often parasitized than darker morphs in moderately urbanized habitats, but their parasite prevalence increased with urbanization. In contrast, darker morphs had similar parasite prevalence along the urbanization gradient. This suggests that paler morphs did better than darker morphs in moderately urbanized environments but were negatively affected by increasing urbanization, while darker morphs performed equally in all environments. Thus, differently colored individuals were distributed non-randomly across the urban habitat and suffered different parasite risk according to their location (a gene-by-environment interaction). This suggests that melanin-based coloration might reflect alternative strategies to cope with urbanization via different exposure or susceptibility to parasites. Spatial variability of parasite pressures linked with urbanization may, thus, play a central role in the maintenance of plumage color polymorphism in this urban species. 相似文献
14.
D. P. T. BURKE 《Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》1989,36(1-2):55-63
Samples of Cepaea nemoralis (L.) taken from sand-dune, lowland and mountain populations show differences in body colour. Overall, sand-dune populations are much paler than those in the other two areas. On sand-dunes, darker and more variable populations are found in densely vegetated habitats; in the lowland, darker forms occur further inland but there is no correlation with vegetation; mountain populations are darker and less variable on north- than south-facing slopes. Overall differences between areas can be ascribed to climatic selection and differences in variation within areas to niche width. 相似文献
15.
The environmental and genetic control of seasonal polyphenism in larval color and its adaptive significance in a swallowtail butterfly 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Hazel WN 《Evolution; international journal of organic evolution》2002,56(2):342-348
Seasonal polyphenism, in which different forms of a species are produced at different times of the year, is a common form of phenotypic plasticity among insects. Here I show that the production of dark fifth-instar caterpillars of the eastern black swallowtail butterfly, Papilio polyxenes, is a seasonal polyphenism, with larvae reared on autumnal conditions being significantly darker than larvae reared on midsummer conditions. Both rearing photoperiod and temperature were found to have individual and synergistic effects on larval darkness. Genetic analysis of variation among full-sibling families reared on combinations of two different temperatures and photoperiods is consistent with the hypothesis that variation in darkness is heritable. In addition, the genetic correlation in larval darkness across midsummer and autumnal environments is not different from zero, suggesting that differential gene expression is responsible for the increase in larval darkness in the autumn. The relatively dark autumnal form was found to have a higher body temperature in sunlight than did the lighter midsummer form, and small differences in temperature were found to increase larval growth rate. These results suggest that this genetically based seasonal polyphenism in larval color has evolved in part to increase larval growth rates in the autumn. 相似文献
16.
We investigated population divergence in body melanisation in wild samples of Drosophila melanogaster across an elevational gradient (512-2202 m) in the Western Himalayas. Wild populations are characterized by higher phenotypic variability as compared with laboratory populations. Significant differences in elevational slope values for three posterior abdominal segments (fifth, sixth and seventh) in wild versus laboratory populations suggest plastic effects. However, elevational slope values do not differ for the three anterior abdominal segments (second, third and fourth). Thus, elevational changes in melanisation include genetic as well as plastic effects. Fitness consequences of within population variability were analyzed on the basis of assorted darker and lighter flies from two highlands as well as from two lowland localities. There is lack of correlation of melanisation with body size as well as ovariole number in assorted darker and lighter flies. For each population, darker flies showed higher desiccation resistance, lower rate of water loss, longer copulation duration and greater fecundity as compared with lighter flies. Phenotypic variations in body melanisation can be interpreted in relation with seasonal changes in temperature as well as humidity (Tcv and RHcv) of the sites of origin of populations. Thus, elevational changes in body melanisation may represent genetic response to selection pressures imposed by colder and drier climatic conditions in the Western Himalayas. 相似文献
17.
《Fly》2013,7(3):111-117
We investigated population divergence in body melanisation in wild samples of Drosophila melanogaster across an elevational gradient (512 - 2202m) in the Western Himalayas. Wild populations are characterized by higher phenotypic variability as compared with laboratory populations. Significant differences in elevational slope values for three posterior abdominal segments (5th, 6th and 7th) in wild versus laboratory populations suggest plastic effects. However, elevational slope values do not differ for the three anterior abdominal segments (2nd, 3rd and 4th). Thus, elevational changes in melanisation include genetic as well as plastic effects. Fitness consequences of within population variability were analyzed on the basis of assorted darker and lighter flies from two highland as well as from two lowland localities. There is lack of correlation of melanisation with body size as well as ovariole number in assorted darker and lighter flies. For each population, darker flies showed higher desiccation resistance, lower rate of water loss, longer copulation duration and greater fecundity as compared with lighter flies. Phenotypic variations in body melanisation can be interpreted in relation with seasonal changes in temperature as well as humidity (Tcv and RHcv) of the sites of origin of populations. Thus, elevational changes in body melanisation may represent genetic response to selection pressures imposed by colder and drier climatic conditions in the Western Himalayas. 相似文献
18.
Nicolás Oliveira Mega 《Entomological Science》2014,17(4):376-387
The body size of insects is affected by environmental conditions during development and can present considerable intraspecific variations, which can be seen as an ultimate consequence/adaptation to environmental conditions. This paper evaluated whether the body size of the butterfly Dryas iulia from subtropical populations was influenced by changing climate conditions and food source availability during the seasons. The likely reasons behind body size variation were also investigated. First, field data on body size variation, host‐plant availability and climate fluctuation throughout the seasons were recorded. Then, the effects of host‐plant species and temperature on body size were analyzed by controlled experiments. Field data revealed that body size and host‐plant availability varied significantly through the seasons. Populations had the smallest body size during the spring and the biggest size during summer, whereas host‐plant availability was lower during winter and higher during spring. The controlled experiments revealed that both temperature and host‐plant had significant effect on the plasticity of body size. Larvae subjected to winter temperature treatment led to smaller butterflies when compared to immatures reared under summer temperature treatment, and larvae fed with Passiflora misera produced bigger adults when compared to larvae reared on Passiflora suberosa. The combination of data gathered in the field and in the laboratory suggests that seasonal body size variation in D. iulia is related mainly to differences in the temperatures to which larvae are subjected during development, while host‐plant shifts caused by differential availability of food through the seasons had slightly effects on the variation observed. 相似文献
19.
DARRELL J. KEMP RHONDDA E. JONES 《Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2001,72(1):33-45
Phenotypic plasticity may enable organisms to maximize their fitness in seasonally variable environments. However, in butterflies, seasonal polyphenism is often striking but functionally obscure. This paper addresses the possible adaptive significance of phenotypic variation in the tropical butterfly Hypolimnas bolina (L.) (Nymphalidae). Plasticity in body size and wing coloration can be elicited in this species under laboratory conditions, however it is not known how this plasticity is expressed in the wild. Moreover, adult H. bolina spend the winter dry season in a reproductive diapause, which allows certain predictions regarding the occurrence of seasonal plasticity. Based on consideration of the requirements of diapausing and directly developing individuals, we predicted that if seasonal plasticity in phenotype were adaptive, then overwintering individuals should be larger and darker than their directly developing counterparts. This prediction was largely - although not entirely - fulfilled. Dry season butterflies were duller and darker than their wet season counterparts (this plasticity was superimposed on a genetic colour polymorphism), however size plasticity varied geographically. Dry season adults were consistently larger than wet season adults in the tropical north, but not in the south. We use these findings to discuss the possible adaptive significance of seasonal variation in the colour and size of this tropical butterfly. 相似文献
20.
Critical weight in the development of insect body size 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Body size is one of the most important life history characters of organisms, yet little is known of the physiological mechanisms that regulate either body size or variation in body size. Here, we examined one of these mechanisms, the critical weight, which is defined as the minimal mass at which further growth is not necessary for a normal time course to pupation. The critical weight occurred at 55% of peak larval mass in laboratory-reared larvae of the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta. We examined the effects of genetic and environmental variation in the critical weight on body size. As in many other insects, Manduca larvae reared on poor diets were smaller and those reared at lower temperatures were larger than control animals. We demonstrated that the critical weight was lower on low quality diets but did not change with temperature. There was significant genetic variation for body size, for plasticity of body size, and for critical weight, but not for plasticity of critical weight. Variation in the critical weight accounted for 73% of between-family variance in peak larval size, whereas plasticity of critical weight was not significantly correlated with plasticity of body size. Our results suggest that although critical weight is an important factor in determining body size and enabling the evolution of body size, it may, at the same time, act as a constraint on the evolution of plasticity of body size. Thus, the determinants of body size and the determinants of plasticity of body size do not need to be identical. 相似文献