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1.
3种禾草苗期生长和水分利用对土壤水分变化的反应   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
采用5种不同的水分处理,于室内生长箱内盆栽条件下对引种禾草柳枝稷(Panicum virgatum)、乡土禾草白羊草(Bothriochloa ischaemum)和栽培禾草谷子(Setaria italica)等苗期根冠生长和水分利用特征进行了比较分析.结果显示:(1)充分供水下3种禾草的苗期生物量和蒸腾效率均显著高于其它4种水分处理,而高水与低水处理下各自的根冠比无显著差异;(2)各水分处理下谷子苗期总生物量、蒸腾效率和耗水量均显著大于白羊草和柳枝稷;(3)在5种水分处理下,苗期根冠比谷子均最小,柳枝稷最大;(4)低降复水后,3种禾草生物量和蒸腾效率较低水处理分别显著提高16.7%-98.7%和28.2%-118.2%,显示出补偿效应,以白羊草增幅最大.结果表明,白羊草、谷子和柳枝稷在不同土壤水分处理下的苗期生物量、根冠分配比例以及水分利用效率差异反映了野生种、栽培种和引进种禾草苗期对半干旱环境条件水分生态适应性的异同.  相似文献   

2.
以引进禾草柳枝稷为材料,在半干旱黄土丘陵区人工梯田设置20cm(L20)、40cm(L40)和60cm(L60)3种种植行距,比较研究了其光合生理参数日变化、地上部分生物量及土壤水分剖面分布特征,探讨其光合生理和水分利用特征与种植行距的关系。结果表明:(1)不同行距下,柳枝稷叶片净光合速率(Pn)日变化均呈双峰曲线,第一峰值均出现在10:00,第二峰值L40出现在14:00,L20和L60出现在16:00,具有明显的光合"午休"现象,且均由非气孔因素限制引起;柳枝稷叶片Pn日均值大小依次为:L60>L40>L20,且两两间差异显著。(2)柳枝稷叶片水分利用效率(WUE)日变化与Pn相似,分别在10:00和14:00达到峰值,日均值大小依次为:L60>L40>L20。(3)不同行距下,土壤体积含水量均随土层深度增加呈先增加后减少再增加的趋势,除0~50cm土层外,其它各土层土壤储水量均存在较大差异,0~380cm土层总土壤储水量表现为:L20>L40>L60。(4)柳枝稷地上生物量大小依次为:L20>L60>L40。研究发现,20cm行距的柳枝稷个体虽光合速率较低,但群体生物量和土壤储水量较高,所以柳枝稷在黄土丘陵区梯田的较优行距为20cm。  相似文献   

3.
杨新国  李玉英  吴天龙  程序 《生态学报》2008,28(12):6043-6050
为深入认识半干旱黄土丘陵沟壑区引种能源植物柳枝稷生物质生产的开发潜力及其约束机制,调查了农田、植丛尺度上早熟和晚熟柳枝稷年度生命周期内生物量累积、分株建成动态,以及土壤水分供求平衡过程。研究发现,植丛尺度早熟柳枝稷抽穗比例近100%,分株生殖发生大小阈值依赖基本丧失,高度大小分布近似正态,种群内光资源竞争强度明显弱化,与晚熟类型形成明显差异。农田尺度晚熟柳枝稷生物质产量可以达到15t/hm^2,高出早熟类型近1倍,但是其立地80~400cm土层的含水量稳定在7%以下,土壤干旱已经发生,早期干旱胁迫导致的生长停滞,以及生长中后期的成片倒伏现象在两年的观测周期内连续出现。早熟柳枝稷立地则形成相对稳定的白草、柳枝稷复合优势植被结构,深层土壤水分含量稳定在10%以上,实现了跨年度的土壤水分供求平衡。植丛尺度的生物质形成在一定程度上取决于分株生殖发生的大小依赖程度和分株间竞争关系格局,基于植丛尺度普遍的生殖发生和明显弱化的光资源竞争,早熟柳枝稷表现出更为高效的生物质形成机制。农田尺度晚熟柳枝稷尽管在雨热同步期的降水资源利用效率上存在明显比较优势,但是在降水资源利用分配策略和效应上,早熟柳枝稷表现出了综合的生态适宜性优势。保证雨热同步期降水资源利用和保蓄的平衡,是半干旱黄土丘陵沟壑区生物质生产应该遵循的基本原则之一。  相似文献   

4.
采用14份柳枝稷开展盆栽试验,研究了在北京地区条件下其生物量差异及分配规律。结果表明,低地型柳枝稷Kanlow生物量最高,其茎秆、地上部和整株生物量分别达到175.48 g/株、299.18 g/株和447.66 g/株,而高地型柳枝稷Nebraska生物量最低,其茎秆、地上部和整株生物量分别为29.86 g/株、58.08 g/株和140.51 g/株。就柳枝稷整株植株而言,Kanlow地上部生物量分配比例最高,达到63.13%,S2最低,为40.55%,Kanlow地上部营养器官生物量分配比例最高,达到48.67%,Nebraska最低,为31.88%。就柳枝稷地上部而言,Alamo、Kanlow和Trailblazer茎秆生物量分配比例及茎叶比均较高,分别为35.91%和2.75,37.09%和2.56,34.39%和2.48。起源纬度显著影响了柳枝稷的生物量及其分配,就柳枝稷整株植株而言,起源纬度与柳枝稷生物量显著负相关,与地下部生物量分配比例显著正相关,与地上部、种子和茎生物量分配比例显著负相关。就柳枝稷地上部而言,起源纬度与茎生物量分配比例及茎叶比显著负相关,与叶和鞘生物量分配比例显著正相关。生物量的差异及其分配规律反映出柳枝稷对生态环境长期适应的生殖与生长策略。本研究为柳枝稷遗传资源引种和品种选育提供了依据。  相似文献   

5.
用内生长法测定的生物能源作物根生产的长期变化 对于土地用途转为种植生物燃料作物后的根系产量,还很少进行过长期的测定。为了评价此前的土地用途对地下生物量积累的影响,我们在“美国休耕保护项目”(Conservation Reserve Program, CPR)下生长了22年的草地(CRP草地)和使用期超过50年的农业用地(AGR农地)转为种植生物燃料作物玉米(Zea mays, Corn, C)、柳枝稷(Panicum virgatum, Switchgrass, Sw)和恢复性草原植被(Prairie, Pr)。我们将一块CPR草地维持为对照。我们的假设是土地利用历史和作物类型对根系密度有显著的影响;其中,原CRP草地上种植的多年生作物具有较高的根系生产力,而在原农业用地上种植的玉米的根系生产力最低。通过内生长土芯法对内生长根系生物量进行了原位测定,同时对地上净初级生产力(ANPP)进行了测量。包括气温、生长季长度和降水量在内的辅助测量则被用来考查它们对根系生产量的影响。根系生产力在未转变的CRP草地最高(1716 g m−2 yr−1),而在玉米田中最低(526 g m−2 yr−1)。由CRP草地和AGR农田转变而来的多年生作物种植地在第一年都具有较低的根系生物量和ANPP,但柳枝稷在2011年达到峰值,恢复后的草原植被也在一年后达到峰值。恢复后的草原生态系统稳定性较高(AGR-Pr: 4.3 ± 0.11; CRP-Pr: 4.1 ± 0.10),而仅种植单一作物的生态系统稳定性都较低。根系生产量与ANPP呈正相关性(R2 = 0.40)。总体而言,对生物燃料作物大规模种植过程中的根系生物量积累应予以重视,因为这是固碳的一种主 要来源。  相似文献   

6.
不同盐胁迫对柳枝稷生物量、品质和光合生理的影响   总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9  
为明确不同盐胁迫对柳枝稷生物量、品质及光合生理的影响,以无盐胁迫作为对照(CK),选取0.40%Na Cl、0.80%Na2SO4和0.80%Na HCO3进行了土柱试验。结果表明:(1)与CK相比,Na Cl、Na2SO4、Na HCO3胁迫下柳枝稷地上生物量、地下生物量、总生物量、籽粒产量及根冠比均显著降低(P0.05),总生物量分别降低49.39%、60.52%、76.45%,Na HCO3对柳枝稷的生长抑制作用最强,Na Cl最弱;(2)Na Cl胁迫下柳枝稷地上生物质灰分含量显著增高14.89%,Na2SO4胁迫下硫(S)含量显著增高262.32%,纤维素含量显著降低13.71%,Na HCO3胁迫下钾(K)含量显著增高54.95%,半纤维素含量显著增高10.87%,灰分和S含量的增高不利于柳枝稷地上生物质的燃烧利用,纤维素含量的降低和半纤维素含量的增高不利于其转化利用;(3)Na Cl、Na2SO4、Na HCO3胁迫下柳枝稷叶片净光合速率(Pn)分别显著降低21.89%、29.54%和24.59%,气孔限制因素可能是其光合作用受到抑制、生物量下降的关键因素。  相似文献   

7.
潘佳  李荣  胡小文 《西北植物学报》2016,36(6):1190-1198
在盆栽条件下,研究了不同水分处理对红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)叶碳同位素组成、光合特性和分枝生长的影响,并进一步调查了自然条件下不同退化程度红砂草地的土壤含水量,分枝生长、叶碳同位素及其关系。结果表明:(1)在盆栽条件下,随土壤含水量的降低,红砂当年生分枝生物量、一级分枝长、二级分枝数及其叶片净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率均显著减小,而叶片碳同位素组成(δ~(13) C)和水分利用效率则随土壤含水量降低而显著增加;且叶片δ~(13) C与当年生分枝生物量、一级分枝长、二级分枝数、叶片净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率呈显著负相关关系。(2)在田间自然条件下,红砂叶片δ~(13) C与立地30~60cm及60~100cm土层的土壤含水量、单位冠幅面积生物量、单位冠幅面积分枝数呈显著负相关关系。研究认为,在盆栽和田间条件下,红砂叶片δ~(13) C是指示其生境水分状况的良好指标;红砂主要利用土壤的深层水分,其在土壤含水量相对较低的轻度退化区水分利用效率比土壤含水量相对较高的重度退化区更高。这一结论对于理解干旱生境中红砂的水分利用策略以及红砂草地的管理和恢复具有一定的指导意义。  相似文献   

8.
高寒地区多年生禾草混播草地的群落学特征研究   总被引:16,自引:3,他引:13       下载免费PDF全文
对青藏高原高寒地区天祝县金强河地区的 3年龄禾草混播草地进行了群落学特征研究。结果表明 ,栽培禾草比天然禾草约提前 15d返青 ,推后 10d成熟 ,整个生长期延长 2 5d左右 ;建植多年生禾草混播草地可以增加草地植被覆盖率 ,提高草地初级生产力 ,改善草地基况 ;多叶老芒麦和垂穗披碱草在群落中占优势地位 ,9类混播组合可以归为多叶老芒麦 (或垂穗披碱草 )单优群落和多叶老芒麦和垂穗披碱草共优群落两大类 ;全生长季内混播草群的生长速度呈倒“V”字型和倒“U”字型分布 ,草群的平均生长速度介于 0 5 5~ 0 .70cm·d-1;群落的物种多样性和丰富度随组分草种数目的增加而增加 ,均匀度则随草种数目增加而下降 ;人工禾草群落间优势种群的重叠程度越大 ,群落的相似程度越高。  相似文献   

9.
麻栎(Quercus acutissima)是一种分布广、用途大、耐干旱瘠薄的乔木树种,掌握其生长规律和养分利用特性对麻栎人工林的科学经营十分必要。对安徽省滁州市红琊山林场两种立地条件下的麻栎人工林的生长和养分状况进行了对比研究,结果表明:在土壤含石量较高、养分含量较少的立地条件下,12年生的麻栎人工林地上部分生物量为49180.2kg.hm–2;林木养分总累积量为633.9kg.hm–2,其中N、P、K、Ca、Mg的累积量分别为119.9、18.7、88.5、368.6和38.2kg.hm–2。在土壤含石量较少、养分含量较高的立地条件下,12年生麻栎人工林地上部分生物量为90774.8kg.hm–2;林木养分总累积量为993.6kg.hm–2,其中N、P、K、Ca、Mg的累积量分别为203.5、23.0、146.9、553.6和66.6kg.hm–2。所以,立地条件对麻栎生长和养分累积具有显著影响。较差立地条件下的麻栎对土壤养分的富集系数较大,但其凋落物的养分含量较低。研究显示,麻栎可以通过养分奢侈吸收、提高养分内循环、减少养分损失等途径来适应低养分环境。  相似文献   

10.
将能源植物用作矿区生态修复物种,对矿区的经济发展和生态环境具有重要意义。以能源植物柳枝稷为研究对象,通过盆栽试验,分析其在对照、轻度、中度以及重度干旱胁迫下柳枝稷幼苗在矿区土壤基质和非矿区土壤基质下的生长特性,并结合不同干旱胁迫下矿区土壤基质中种子萌发特征,揭示柳枝稷对干旱胁迫的响应机制和对矿区土壤的生态适应性。试验结果表明:(1)柳枝稷种子发芽总数、发芽率、发芽势以及发芽指数在轻度胁迫下达到最大值,活力指数在对照组最高,而在重度胁迫下,各项指标均达到最小值;种苗各生长指标在轻度胁迫下最小,幼苗根长和鲜重在重度胁迫下最高,芽长和芽重在其余三组胁迫下相差不大。(2)干旱胁迫使两种土壤基质下的柳枝稷株高降低,枯叶率增加,在对照、轻度胁迫和重度胁迫下能够保持叶片水分含量和分蘖数稳定;矿区土壤基质中,柳枝稷根体积在轻度胁迫下最大,中度胁迫下根长最长,重度胁迫下根数最多;根冠比随着干旱胁迫的加剧表现出先减后增的趋势,在轻度胁迫下最小,在重度胁迫下最大。(3)与非矿区土壤基质相比,柳枝稷在矿区土壤基质下根冠比更大,其余生长指标均更小;随着干旱胁迫的加剧,柳枝稷在矿区土壤基质下的株高、枯叶率、叶片相对含水量以及分蘖数与非矿区土壤基质下变化趋势一致。综上,柳枝稷在矿区土壤下的生长特性比在非矿区土壤下表现更差;在轻度干旱胁迫下各项生理指标表现更好,在中度和重度干旱胁迫下虽然其生长发育受到限制,但能通过调整生物量配比确保自身存活。因此,柳枝稷在矿区土壤环境下具有一定的抗旱性和抗贫瘠性,将其作为矿区生态修复品种具有可行性。  相似文献   

11.
The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) is an extensive land use in the United States, which restores cultivated land to perennial vegetation through seeding. Low precipitation and high potential evapotranspiration are major limitations to the establishment and growth of seeded species in semiarid regions. We tested the rate of development of plant functional types across a chronosequence of restored fields using a model of plant succession. We also determined how the seeding of non‐native (introduced) relative to native perennial grasses influenced plant community recovery. In contrast to the native shortgrass steppe (SGS), recently seeded CRP fields had high cover of annuals, forbs, C3, and introduced species. The seed mix determined which perennial grasses dominated the plant community within 18 years, but slow establishment prolonged early seral stages, allowed for the spread of colonizing perennial grasses, and limited recovery to less than half the canopy cover of undisturbed shortrass steppe. Species density declined in restored fields as seeded perennial grass cover increased and was lower in CRP fields seeded with introduced compared to native perennial grasses. Plant community composition transitioned to C4 and native species, even if fields were not seeded with these species, and was modified by shifts in the amount and seasonality of precipitation. Thus, in semiarid CRP fields, we found that the potential for recovery depended on time since CRP enrollment, seed mix, and climatic variability. Full recovery, based on similarity to vegetation cover and composition of undisturbed SGS, requires greater than 20 years.  相似文献   

12.
研究了半干旱黄土高原区不同退耕模式下植被恢复的比较,对3种不同人工豆科牧草多年生紫花苜蓿alfalfa(Medicago sativa)、多年生沙打旺erect milkvetch(Astragalus adsurgens)、2年生草木樨sweetclover(Melilotus officinalis))和一种自然撂荒(fallow)进行了实地种植比较。通过3a研究发现:紫花苜蓿是耗水最严重的牧草,水分利用效率仅高于撂荒;沙打旺具有最高的地上总生物量和水分利用效率。紫花苜蓿和沙打旺地块中杂草生物量逐年降低,物种数量最低且没有增加。2年生草木樨地物种数和地上生物量逐年增高,草木樨对暴雨的入渗贮存能力最大,显著高于自然撂荒。草木樨结束生活史后第1年地上总生物量(和撂荒一样全为杂草)是撂荒地的两倍,且略高于紫花苜蓿的地上总生物量,同时物种数量也和物种数目最多的撂荒地没有显著差异(p<0.05)。草木樨显著降低了10~40cm土壤剖面的容重,草木樨结束生活史后残留根系有助于深层土壤水分恢复,水分状况恢复良好且优于紫花苜蓿和沙打旺。可见短期的人工干扰下两年生草木樨的种植有利于促进自然植被的恢复,优于自然撂荒和其他牧草种植的方式,容易推广且实际可行。  相似文献   

13.
为探讨石漠化山区立地类型对青冈(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)和蒜头果(Malania oleifera)直播造林的影响及其机理,本研究采取小区播种试验方法,并监测这2个树种在石漠化山区3种立地类型(灌丛、草丛和裸地)中种子萌发、幼苗存活与生长量情况,以及各立地类型中枯落物储量和小气候环境因子特征。结果显示,灌丛和草丛中枯落物储量分别为(182.55±47.94)g/m2和(99.88±35.76)g/m2;灌丛和草丛距离地面150cm处的光照强度和气温显著低于裸地、空气湿度显著高于裸地,且距离地面越近效果越明显;灌丛和草丛地下5cm处的土壤温度显著低于裸地;青冈种子萌发率、幼苗保存率和幼苗生长量在3种立地类型间差异不显著(P0.05);蒜头果种子萌发率在裸地和灌丛间差异显著(P=0.014),一年生幼苗株高生长量在裸地和灌丛之间、草丛和灌丛之间差异显著(P=0.011和P=0.041),幼苗基径生长量在裸地和灌丛之间差异显著(P=0.043),在草丛和灌丛之间差异极显著(P=0.003)。本实验结果表明,在桂西南石漠化山区灌、草丛的保育作用下,蒜头果种子发芽率较高,幼苗生长较快,可选择种子直播方式造林;而青冈因一年生幼苗越冬后死亡率很高,需要改进幼苗抚育措施或改变造林方式,才能取得较理想的效果。  相似文献   

14.
Livestock grazing represents a major human disturbance to grasslands throughout the world. We evaluated the effects of long-term grazing (>20 years) on a dominant perennial grass species, Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvel., in the semiarid grassland of Inner Mongolia, China, in terms of its morphological and functional responses. L. chinensis, one of the most abundant species in semiarid grassland, had significantly smaller leaf area, fewer vegetative tillers and shorter shoot internodes length, but significantly greater specific leaf area for the individuals in the grazing plot than those in the exclosure (grazing-free) plot. Long-term grazing also altered the relative distribution of biomass to leaves, roots and rhizomes. The biomass, coverage and the number of species were lower in the grazing plot by 50–70% in comparison with those in the grazing-free plot. In addition, the long-term grazing substantively decreased the physiological capacities of this grass species, including significantly lower net photosynthetic rate, apparent quantum efficiency, photochemical efficiency of PSII and water use efficiency. Significantly higher stable oxygen isotope ratios (δ 18O) of the soil water in the grazing plot than those in the grazing-free plot indicated a much higher soil evaporation in the grazing plot because of less litter coverage. Seasonal patterns in the δ 18O values of the stem water of L. chinensis and three other common species in the grazing and grazing-free plots indicated that plants in the grazing and grazing-free plots might shift their water sources differently from a dry month (June) to a wet month (August). This study illustrated the importance of using different approaches to study the possible responses of grass species in arid regions to human disturbances, such as long-term grazing.  相似文献   

15.
In semiarid south Texas, land conversion has reduced thornscrub forests by greater than 95%, and stressors, including competition with invasive grasses, mammalian herbivory, and drought, threaten the success of restoration efforts. This study assessed the effectiveness of multiple restoration treatments aimed at improving survival and growth of thornscrub forest seedlings planted in old agricultural fields. In January 2013, we treated greater than 1,100 seedlings with grass‐specific herbicide, herbivore exclosures, and shelter tubes, used separately or combined. We further evaluated the effects of shelter tube duration (0, 6, 12, and 18 months). For each seedling, we quantified surrounding invasive grass cover, browse intensity, height, and basal diameter every 4 months until September 2014. Herbicide application decreased invasive grass cover approximately 5‐fold and increased seedling survival (23%) and basal diameter (26%). Shelter tube application for 12 and 18 months increased seedling survival (10%) and height (43 and 74%, respectively), whereas seedlings treated with tubes for only 6 months performed similar to those left untreated. Exclosures had no impact on seedling survival but increased seedling height (23%) and basal diameter (26%). We found no significant interactive effects of treatments. Overall, herbicide most effectively increased seedling survival and basal diameter growth, whereas shelter tubes proved most useful for promoting height growth. Combined, these treatments increased implementation and maintenance costs 2‐fold, but minimized seedling mortality and maximized restoration potential. These findings highlight the necessity of post‐planting seedling management to reduce stress from invasive grasses, mammalian herbivory, and drought and improve restoration potential in semiarid thornscrub forests.  相似文献   

16.
Influence of short-term water stress on plant growth and leaf gas exchange was studied simultaneously in a growth chamber experiment using two annual grass species differing in photosynthetic pathway type, plant architecture and phenology:Triticum aestivum L. cv. Katya-A-1 (C3, a drought resistant wheat cultivar of erect growth) andTragus racemosus (L.) All. (C4, a prostrate weed of warm semiarid areas). At the leaf level, gas exchange rates declined with decreasing soil water potential for both species in such a way that instantaneous photosynthetic water use efficiency (PWUE, mmol CO2 assimilated per mol H2O transpired) increased. At adequate water supply, the C4 grass showed much lower stomatal conductance and higher PWUE than the C3 species, but this difference disappeared at severe water stress when leaf gas exchange rates were similarly reduced for both species. However, by using soil water more sparingly, the C4 species was able to assimilate under non-stressful conditions for a longer time than the C3 wheat did. At the whole-plant level, decreasing water availability substantially reduced the relative growth rate (RGR) ofT. aestivum, while biomass partitioning changed in favour of root growth, so that the plant could exploit the limiting water resource more efficiently. The change in partitioning preceded the overall reduction of RGR and it was associated with increased biomass allocation to roots and less to leaves, as well as with a decrease in specific leaf area. Water saving byT. racemosus sufficiently postponed water stress effects on plant growth occurring only as a moderate reduction in leaf area enlargement. For unstressed vegetative plants, relative growth rate of the C4 T. racemosus was only slightly higher than that of the C3 T. aestivum, though it was achieved at a much lower water cost. The lack of difference in RGR was probably due to growth conditions being relatively suboptimal for the C4 plant and also to a relatively large investment in stem tissues by the C4 T. racemosus. Only 10% of the plant biomass was allocated to roots in the C4 species while this was more than 30% for the C3 wheat cultivar. These results emphasize the importance of water saving and high WUE of C4 plants in maintaining growth under moderate water stress in comparison with C3 species.  相似文献   

17.
The present study was conducted to examine photosynthetic characteristics of three dominant grass species (Agropyron cristatum, Leymus chinensis, and Cleistogenes squarrosa) and their responses to burning and nitrogen fertilization in a semiarid grassland in northern China. Photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs), and water use efficiency (WUE) showed strong temporal variability over the growing season. C. squarrosa showed a significantly higher Pn and WUE than A. cristatum and L. chinensis. Burning stimulated Pn of A. cristatum and L. chinensis by 24-59% (P<0.05) in the early growing season, but not during other time periods. Light-saturated photosynthetic rate (φmax) in A. cristatum C. squarrosa. The burning-induced changes in soil moisture could explain 51% (P=0.01) of the burning-induced changes The stimulation of Pn under N fertilization was mainly observed in the early growing season when the soil extractable N content was significantly higher in the fertilized plots. The N fertilization-induced changes in soil extractable N content could explain 66% (P=0.001) of the changes in Pn, under N fertilization. The photosynthetic responses of the three species indicate that burning and N fertilization will potentially change the community structure and ecosystem productivity in the semiarid grasslands of northern China.  相似文献   

18.
Five potential energy crops in northern China were examined for fuel characteristics over different harvest times to test whether or not a delayed harvest improves fuel quality in a semiarid area in China as is the case in northern Europe and North America. The five crops include indigo bush (Amorpha fruticosa), sand willow (Salix cheilophila), switch grass (Panicum virgatum), reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea), and sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia). These crops are considered as fuels for thermal conversion. From September 2002 to April 2003, biomass was sampled monthly, and the effects of harvest time on the fuel characteristics of the five crops were studied. With respect to ash and some undesired element contents in biomass, a delayed harvest in spring resulted in a better fuel quality than a traditional harvest in autumn. Of the five species, indigo bush and sand willow had the lowest ash contents when harvested in spring. Switch grass is a promising herbaceous energy crop in semiarid areas in terms of its yield, fuel characteristics, and low water use. Chlorine had the most significant correlation with harvest time and ash content in the biomass. In a comparison with the biofuel crops in Europe and North America, a much higher proportion of chlorine was found in all examined plants. The results from this study indicate that an energy crop with delayed harvest may extend fuel resources and conserve soil in semiarid regions in northern China, practices that will help maintain and improve economical and ecological sustainability.  相似文献   

19.
Inadequate abandonment of copper mine tailings under semiarid Mediterranean climate type conditions has posed important environmental risks in Chile due to wind and rain erosion. There are cost-effective technologies for tailings stabilization such as phytostabilization. However, this technology has not been used in Chile yet. This study evaluated in a greenhouse assay the efficacy of biosolids, lime, and a commercial mycorrhiza to improve adverse conditions of oxidized Cu mine tailings for adequate establishment and grow of Lolium perenne L. var nui. Chemical characterization of experimental substrates and pore water samples were performed; plant density, biomass production, chlorophyll content, and metal content in shoots was evaluated in rye grass plants after an eight-week growth period. Results showed that neutralization of tailings and superficial application of biosolids increased both aerial biomass production and chlorophyll content of rye grass. Increased Cu solubilization and translocation to shoots occurred after biosolids application (mixed), particularly on unlimed tailings, due to formation of soluble organometallic complexes with dissolved organic carbon (DOC) which can be readily absorbed by plant roots. Positive effects of mycorrhizal inoculation on rye grass growth were restricted to treatments with superficial application of biosolids, probably due to Cu toxicity effects on commercial mycorrhiza used (Glomulus intraradices).  相似文献   

20.
Savannas are commonly described as a vegetation type with a grass layer interspersed with a discontinuous tree or shrub layer. On the contrary, forbs, a plant life form that can include any nongraminoid herbaceous vascular plant, are poorly represented in definitions of savannas worldwide. While forbs have been acknowledged as a diverse component of the herbaceous layer in savanna ecosystems and valued for the ecosystem services and functions they provide, they have not been the primary focus in most savanna vegetation studies. We performed a systematic review of scientific literature to establish the extent to which forbs are implicitly or explicitly considered as a discrete vegetation component in savanna research. The overall aims were to summarize knowledge on forb ecology, identify knowledge gaps, and derive new perspectives for savanna research and management with a special focus on arid and semiarid ecosystems in Africa. We synthesize and discuss our findings in the context of different overarching research themes: (a) functional organization and spatial patterning, (b) land degradation and range management, (c) conservation and reserve management, (d) resource use and forage patterning, and (e) germination and recruitment. Our results revealed biases in published research with respect to study origin (country coverage in Africa), climate (more semiarid than arid systems), spatial scale (more local than landscape scale), the level at which responses or resource potential was analyzed (primarily plant functional groups rather than species), and the focus on interactions between life forms (rather seldom between forbs and grasses and/or trees). We conclude that the understanding of African savanna community responses to drivers of global environmental change requires knowledge beyond interactions between trees and grasses only and beyond the plant functional group level. Despite multifaceted evidence of our current understanding of forbs in dry savannas, there appear to be knowledge gaps, specifically in linking drivers of environmental change to forb community responses. We therefore propose that more attention be given to forbs as an additional ecologically important plant life form in the conventional tree–grass paradigm of savannas.  相似文献   

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