两种不同终止子在转基因鲤鱼中的促生长效应

转基因构建体中启动子的选择会直接影响转植基因的活性, 近年来有研究表明转基因构建体中终止子的选择会一定程度地影响转植基因的活性。为了更好地筛选转基因构建体和培育快速生长的转“全鱼”生长激素(Growth hormone, GH)基因鱼, 文章用鲤鱼β-actin基因终止子和生长激素基因终止子分别构建了转基因构建体, 显微注射得到转“全鱼”GH基因鱼P0代养殖群体, 比较两种不同终止子构建体的活性。统计分析发现, 生长激素基因终止子构建体的养殖群体的体重频率呈正态分布且平均体重显著高于β-actin基因终止子构建体的养殖群体, β-actin基因终止子构建体的养殖群体的体重频率呈右倾趋势的非正态分布。值得一提的是在混合养殖组中得到一条生长最为快速的鲤鱼证实为转基因阳性且为生长激素基因终止子构建体的转基因鲤鱼。该结果表明转“全鱼”生长激素基因鲤鱼可快速生长, 并能将转植基因向下代遗传。实验结果提示生长激素基因终止子构建体比β-actin基因终止子构建体表现的促生长活性要强。     

转青鱼生长激素基因异源四倍体鲫鲤

生态安全性是转基因鱼走向市场的瓶颈,通过转基因四倍体鱼同转基因二倍体鱼杂交获得不育的转基因三倍体鱼是解决该问题的有效途径之一.本研究构建了青鱼β-actin基因启动子和青鱼生长激素（GH）基因精确连接的＂全鱼＂基因pbcAbcGHc;并采用显微注射法将pbcAbcGHc导入异源四倍体鲫鲤受精卵.对照养殖结果表明,150日龄的转基因异源四倍体鲫鲤原代（P0）的体重及体长明显大于对照组.选择60尾P0代转基因异源四倍体鲫鲤,采用PCR方法检测出外源青鱼GH基因在P0代转基因四倍体尾鳍基因组DNA中的整合率为90%;对20尾雄性P0代转基因四倍体精液样本的PCR检测发现,13个样本具有外源青鱼GH基因的整合.在一尾生长速度显著的P0代转基因四倍体鲫鲤的肌肉、肝脏、肾脏和卵巢组织中可检测到外源青鱼GH基因的转录.本研究成功获得了具有明显生长优势的P0代转青鱼GH基因异源四倍体鲫鲤,为建立转青鱼GH基因异源四倍体鲫鲤纯系和研制不育的转基因三倍体鱼奠定了基础.     

转青鱼生长激素基因日本白鲫原代的研制

构建由青鱼β-actin基因启动子和青鱼生长激素(GH)基因精确拼接的"全鱼"基因pbcAbcGHc,并采用显微注射法将pbcAbcGHc导入日本白鲫的受精卵中.对照养殖结果显示150日龄P0代转基因日本白鲫的平均体重是对照组1.37倍,平均体长是对照组1.07倍.选择30尾P0代转基因日本白鲫,PCR方法检测出外源青鱼GH基因在P0代转基因日本白鲫尾鳍基因组DNA中的整合率为90%;在一尾生长速度显著的转青鱼GH基因日本白鲫P0的肌肉、肝脏两种组织中可检测到外源青鱼GH基因的转录.P0代转青鱼GH基因日本白鲫P0的成功获得为建立转青鱼GH基因日本白鲫纯系奠定了基础.     

快速生长转基因鲤鱼可望在中国实现商品化

由中国科学院院士、中国科学院水生生物所朱作言研究员主持的“快速生长转基因鲤鱼的中试研究”已通过成果鉴定。中国科学院李振声院士、中国工程院刘筠院士和林浩然院士等专家鉴定认为,该项研究建立了快速生长转基因鲤鱼的高效、安全养殖模式;对转“全鱼”生长激素基因鱼食品消费安全进行了严密的科学实验,证实了转“全鱼”生长激素基因鱼的食品消费安全性,为转“全鱼”生长激素基因鲤鱼的大规模商品化生产提供了科学依据,研究成果居国际领先水平。 朱作言院士主持的该项研究,筛选获得了快速生长的转“全鱼”生长激素基因黄河鲤鱼核心群200尾,其生长速度比对照鱼快140％以上。试验证明：转基因鱼怀卵量略低于普通黄河鲤鱼,受精率和孵化率与对照鱼无显著差异,转“全鱼”生长激素基因黄河鲤鱼具备大规模苗种繁育生产能力;转“全鱼”生长激素基因鲤鱼F1代的大规模养殖不仅增产,而且可降低养殖成本,并为转基因鱼的进一步选育提供材料;转“全鱼”生长激素基因三倍体鱼平均体重增长速度比对照鱼提高15％,铒料利用效率提高11．1％,由此建立了转“全鱼”生长激素基因高效、安全的养殖模式。试验还证明：摄食转“全鱼”生长激素基因鱼对小鼠的生长、脏器发育、血液生理生化指标、繁殖能力及其后代的生长发育均无影响。为此,专家建议,尽快推广养殖转基因三倍体鲤鱼,在我国建立世界首例转基因动物品种商品化生产的范例。杨淑培     

转基因鱼的研究进展与商业化前景

转基因技术为鱼类育种开辟了新的途径。目前已培育出转生长激素基因鲤、鲑和罗非鱼,转荧光蛋白基因斑马鱼与唐鱼等可稳定遗传的转基因鱼品系,其中快长转生长激素基因鱼的获得对于提高水产养殖的产量与养殖效益具有十分重要的意义。文章简要综述了转基因鱼应用研究的成就、相关技术及生态安全方面的研究进展。显微注射仍是目前基因转植的常用方法,应用转座酶或巨核酸酶介导的转基因新技术可提高基因转植效率与整合率。转基因元件的选择应尽量考虑"全鱼"基因或"自源"基因,以减少转基因鱼食用安全方面的顾虑同时也有利于转植基因的表达与生理功效的发挥。生态安全是转基因鱼商用化面临的最大问题。虽然有研究显示转基因鱼与传统的选育鱼类相比适合度较差,但由于环境与基因型间的相互作用,根据实验室获得的转基因鱼对生态影响的结果,难以预测转基因鱼一旦逃逸会对自然水生态环境产生怎样的影响。因此应建立高度自然化的环境以获得可靠的数据客观评价生态风险,有效的物理拦截、不育化处理等生物学控制策略仍是保证转基因鱼安全应用的关键措施。     

全鱼基因的构建及其在鲫鱼体内的整合与转录

利用PCR技术删除大麻哈鱼生长激素基因的启动序列,通过基因重组构建出全鱼基因（鲤鱼MT启动子－大麻哈鱼生长激素基因）;以融合全鱼基因为外源基因,通过显微注射方法将其线性片段导入鲫鱼受精卵内,研究其整合与转录效率。结果表明,全鱼基因在鲫鱼基因组中的整合率为36．4％（16／44）,对转基因阳性鱼的RNA样本进行Northern印迹杂交检测,转录率为25％（1／4）。因此,该全鱼基因可以作为转基因鱼研究和应用的外源基因。     

国内信息

快速生长转基因鲤鱼可望在中国实现商品化由中国科学院院士、中国科学院水生生物所朱作言研究员主持的“快速生长转基因鲤鱼的中试研究”已通过成果鉴定。中国科学院李振声院士、中国工程院刘筠院士和林浩然院士等专家鉴定认为 ,该项研究建立了快速生长转基因鲤鱼的高效、安全养殖模式 ;对转“全鱼”生长激素基因鱼食品消费安全进行了严密的科学实验 ,证实了转“全鱼”生长激素基因鱼的食品消费安全性 ,为转“全鱼”生长激素基因鲤鱼的大规模商品化生产提供了科学依据 ,研究成果居国际领先水平。朱作言院士主持的该项研究 ,筛选获得了快速生…     

鲤鱼生长激素基因在鲫鱼中的基因转移及PCR检测

鲫鱼群体内,个体之间的生长速度差别不大,遗传保守性较强,用常规育种方法很难获得生长速度快、个体差异较大的后代。通过基因转移技术,将外源基因如鱼的生长激素基因导入鱼的受精卵中,而获得转基因鱼是钱定向育种的一条有效途径。已有报道,在虹鳟鱼生长激素cDNA上游连结一个病毒启动子构建成表达质粒,由此获得的转基因鲤鱼比对照生长速度快20％。但是未见有将鲤鱼生长激素基因导入鲫鱼受精卵的报导。我们克隆了鲤鱼生长激素基因,并用它构建了含有病毒启动子（F.1,插入0．8Kb,位于XbaI和PstI之间)的表达质粒（Fig.2,命名为pCMV－TK－CGH）。用该质粒对鲫鱼受精卵进行注射,注射了1000粒卵,获得了转基因实验鲫鱼480尾。孵化率为48％。将其中100尾幼鱼于水簇箱中进行放养。选择其中个体较大的50尾进行PCR检测。其中8条鱼的基因组DNA有0．6Kb的PCR扩增产物（Fig.3),表明其上整合有外源的鲤鱼生长激素基因,其整合率为16％。其中最大的一条体重4．2g,体和6cm,比对照（0．7g,4cm）体重增加5倍,体长增加2cm(Fig.4)。我们构建的是高效表达质粒,其上含有巨细胞病毒增强子和人单纯疱疹病毒胸苷激酶启动子（属强启动子）,对鲤鱼生长激素基因有较强的启动作用。鲤鱼和鲫鱼在分类上属同科不同属,考虑到两者生长激素基因有较强的启动作用。鲤鱼和鲫鱼在分类上属同科不同属,考虑到两者生长激素基因的同源性,对转基因鲫鱼的PCR检测参照了加拿大学者Du所用引物的设计、使注射的外源基因与其本身的内源生长激素基因相区别。我们的转基因整合率（16％）与Zhang(10%)、Grass和Hackett等报道的接近。转基因鲫鱼生长速度增加的倍数（5倍）与Du等人的结果（2－6）接近。但是,这一生长速度快的优势能否遗传给后代,有待进一步观察。     

鱼类基因转移育种的几个问题

１９８５年,世界上第一批转基因鱼诞生。随后,鱼类基因转移迅速应用到培育高产、优质和抗逆的养殖鱼类新品种,并在解决发育生物学分子生物学和生理学等方面的难题中发挥了重要作用。目前,研究者已经建立了三种成熟的鱼类基因转移方法,即显微注射、电脉冲和精子携带法,证实了转移大受体鱼基因组中的整合、性腺传递、表达和转译表达产物的生物活性。最近,“全鱼”生长激素（ＧＨ）基因的克隆与应用,使快速生长转ＧＨ基因鱼的研     

转基因鱼构建模式的研究 I．cMT—sGH全鱼基因鱼的构建与检测

转基因鱼工作的开展被用于水产科学基础与应用研究的各个领域。应用方面的一顶重要研究利用转生长激素基因来提高鱼的增长速度。需要解决两个问题：一是转基因鱼所使用的基因元件;二是外源基因的高整和率与高表达,已有许多报道认为：不同种动物的生长激素不一定相互促进生长。我们通过显微注射,将鲤鱼金属硫蛋白启动子（cMT）与大巴哈鱼生长激素基因（sGH）的融合基因（cMT-sGH)导入鲤鱼半日细胞后期的早期胚胎,构建了全鱼基因鲤鱼。通过斑点杂交、Southern blot结合PCR－Southern blot,对外源sGH的整和进行了精确的检测和分析。实验选取性成熟鲤鱼,收集卵子和精子,湿法受精获得受精卵。经过转基因注射,孵化后的鱼苗放入水族。待鱼平游,提取总DNA进行检测。以PstI酶切质粒pcMTsGH(Fig.4)分离3．4KbsGH片段,用随机引物标记,作为杂交探针。同时,设计并合成sGH基因的PCR特异引物。Fig.1的斑点杂交结果与Fig.2的PCR－Southern结果相比较（Table1),说明斑眯杂交存在着高的假阳性。而PCR－Southen将PCR的快速、方便与Southern的准确性相结合,排除了PCR本身可能的非特异,大大提高了检测效率,同时也检验了引物的设计是否成功。Table1的结果表明：我们所构建的基因鱼达到了37．7％的高整和率,且稳定性好。高整和率的原因与所使用的基因元件有很大关系。Fig.3基因组的Southern行为－PstI和BglII酶切的杂交信号条带多、共迁移,说明基因的整和方式为多拷贝,可能伴有碱基修饰。这可能是表达率降低的重要原因。     

Simultaneous measurement of the trace elements Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum and their reference ranges by ICP-MS

The goal of this article was to establish reference ranges of the concentration of trace elements in human serum and to compare these results with those reported by other authors. We describe the sample preparation and measurement conditions that allow the rapid, precise, and accurate determination of Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum samples (n=110) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Accuracy and precision were determined by analyzing three reconstituted reference serum samples by comparison with other methods and by the standard addition procedure. The advantages of the ICP-MS method include short time of analysis of the elements mentioned, low detection limit, high precision, and high accuracy. Disadventages include a high risk of contamination due to the presence of some of the elements of interest in the environment, the relatively delicate sample handling, and the high cost of the equipment.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Crystal structure, detonation performance, and thermal stability of a new polynitro cage compound: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptacyclo [5.5.1.13, 11. 15, 9] pentadecane

A new polynitro cage compound 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptcyclo [5.5.1.1(3,11).1(5,9)] pentadecane (NNNAHP) was designed in the present work. Its molecular structure was optimized at the B3LYP/6-31 G(d,p) level of density functional theory (DFT) and crystal structure was predicted using the Compass and Dreiding force fields and refined by DFT GGA-RPBE method. The obtained crystal structure of NNNAHP belongs to the P-1 space group and the lattice parameters are a = 9.99 ?, b = 10.78 ?, c = 9.99 ?, α = 90.01°, β = 120.01°, γ = 90.00°, and Z = 2, respectively. Based on the optimized crystal structure, the band gap, density of state, thermodynamic properties, infrared spectrum, strain energy, detonation characteristics, and thermal stability were predicted. Calculation results show that NNNAHP has detonation properties close to those of CL-20 and is a high energy density compound with moderate stability.     

Reference values for the concentrations of As,Cd, Co,Cr, Cu,Fe, I,Hg, Mn,Mo, Ni,Pb, Se,and Zn in selected human tissues and body fluids

This report attempts to formulate reference ranges of elemental concentrations for 15 trace elements in selected human tissues and body fluids. A set of samples consisting of whole blood, blood serum, urine, milk, liver, and hair were chosen and considered for 15 elements of biological significance: As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, F, Fe, I, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn. The results represent wholly or partially data received from 40 countries of the global regions of Africa, Asia, Europe, North, South, and Central America, Australia, and New Zealand. This survey, even if qualitative, has been useful in demonstrating certain trends of trace-element scenarios around the world. It is of course recognized that both diet and environment exert a strong influence on the distribution pattern of several elements, such as As, Cd, Mn, Pb, Se, and Zn. A limited comparison of the available information on soil status of different countries reflected some interesting associations for elements, such as Mn and Zn. Importantly, this study revealed that only a few countries were in a position to identify a reasonable amount of data on samples requested for this project. Regretably, for a number of countries, any dependable data for even such essential elements as Cu, Fe, and Zn were not available. In view of the nutritional importance of many elements, the time is ripe for concerted efforts by intergovernmental agencies to initiate investigations or commission task forces/projects to generate reliable reference data for selected global regions, which sadly lack data of any kind at present.     

Relations of the Al,B, Ba,Br, Ca,Cl, Cu,Fe, K,Li, Mg,Mn, Na,P, S,Si, Sr,and Zn mass fractions to morphometric parameters in pediatric and nonhyperplastic young adult prostate glands

The variation with age of the 18 trace element mass fractions and some histological characteristics of intact prostate glands of 50 subjects aged 0–30 years was investigated by instrumental neutron activation analysis, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, and a quantitative morphometric analysis. Mean values ± standard error of the mean (M ± SΕΜ) for the mass fractions (in milligrams per kilogram wet tissue) of these trace elements in pre-puberty were: Al 28.5 ± 9.0, B 0.40 ± 0.11, Ba 1.48 ± 0.44, Br 10.5 ± 1.5, Ca 241 ± 30, Cl 3,203 ± 278, Cu 3.51 ± 0.89, Fe 33.7 ± 4.1, K 2,364 ± 145, Li 0.020 ± 0.004, Mg 153 ± 23, Mn 0.46 ± 0.06, Na 2,286 ± 130, P 1,391 ± 100, S 1,698 ± 132, Si 62 ± 11, Sr 0.38 ± 0.08, and Zn 27.6 ± 2.3. During puberty and postpuberty, when there is a significant increase in circulating androgens, the mean values were: Al 7.2 ± 1.4, B 0.21 ± 0.05, Ba 0.25 ± 0.06, Br 5.8 ± 1.0, Ca 433 ± 81, Cl 2,314 ± 201, Cu 1.77 ± 0.13, Fe 20.9 ± 1.6, K 2,585 ± 118, Li 0.0088 ± 0.0014, Mg 232 ± 27, Mn 0.34 ± 0.04, Na 1,875 ± 107, P 1,403 ± 98, S 1,673 ± 73, Si 22.2 ± 3.1, Sr 0.22 ± 0.03, and Zn 93.3 ± 8.9. Mean values (M ± SΕΜ) of percent volumes (%) of the stroma, epithelium and lumen in the prostate before puberty were 73.4 ± 2.6, 20.4 ± 1.7, and 4.45 ± 0.94, respectively, versus 46.5 ± 2.5, 38.5 ± 1.9, and 14.9 ± 1.2 during puberty and postpuberty. This work’s results confirm that the Zn mass fraction in prostate tissue is an androgen-dependent parameter. For the first time it has been demonstrated that the glandular lumen is a main pool of Ca, Mg, and Zn accumulation and that the stroma is a main pool of Al, B, Ba, Br, Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, Na, and Si accumulation in the normal human prostate, for the age range 0–30 years. It was concluded that the Ca, Mg, and Zn binds tightly within the prostatic fluid, because the volume of glandular lumen reflects the volume of prostatic fluid.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.     

Monovalent Cation Permeation through the Connexin40 Gap Junction Channel : Cs,Rb, K,Na, Li,TEA, TMA,TBA, and Effects of Anions Br,Cl, F,Acetate, Aspartate,Glutamate, and NO3

The unitary conductances and permeability sequences of the rat connexin40 (rCx40) gap junction channels to seven monovalent cations and anions were studied in rCx40-transfected neuroblastoma 2A (N2A) cell pairs using the dual whole cell recording technique. Chloride salt cation substitutions (115 mM principal salt) resulted in the following junctional maximal single channel current-voltage relationship slope conductances (γ_j in pS): CsCl (153), RbCl (148), KCl (142), NaCl (115), LiCl (86), TMACl (71), TEACl (63). Reversible block of the rCx40 channel was observed with TBA. Potassium anion salt γ_j are: Kglutamate (160), Kacetate (160), Kaspartate (158), KNO₃ (157), KF (148), KCl (142), and KBr (132). Ion selectivity was verified by measuring reversal potentials for current in rCx40 gap junction channels with asymmetric salt solutions in the two electrodes and using the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation to calculate relative permeabilities. The permeabilities relative to Li⁺ are: Cs⁺ (1.38), Rb⁺ (1.32), K⁺ (1.31), Na⁺ (1.16), TMA⁺ (0.53), TEA⁺ (0.45), TBA⁺ (0.03), Cl⁻ (0.19), glutamate⁻ (0.04), and NO₃− (0.14), assuming that the monovalent anions permeate the channel by forming ion pairs with permeant monovalent cations within the pore thereby causing proportionate decreases in the channel conductance. This hypothesis can account for why the predicted increasing conductances with increasing ion mobilities in an essentially aqueous channel were not observed for anions in the rCx40 channel. The rCx40 effective channel radius is estimated to be 6.6 Å from a theoretical fit of the relationship of relative permeability and cation radius.     

Caprine blood groups. 2. The C,G, H,I, J,K, L,N, and Q systems

Nine blood group systems of goats were identified using 12 caprine reagents produced by absorption of alloimmune antisera. The caprine C blood group system, possibly homologous to the ovine C blood group system, was characterized by two reagents and shown to be controlled by three alleles,C ¹²,C ²⁵, andC ⁻. A more complex blood group system of goats, designated G, was identified using three reagents and shown to be controlled by six codominant alleles (G ^10.19.20,G ^10.19,G ^10.20,G ¹⁰,G ¹⁹,G ²⁰) and a recessive allele (G ⁻). A further seven one-factor two-allelic systems were identified by seven reagents. The nine genetic systems provided exclusion probabilities of 0.479, 0.492, 0.548, and 0.572 in Australian Angora, Dairy, Cashmere, and Texan Angora goat breeds, respectively. This work was supported by a grant from the Australian Stud Book, Alison Road, Randwick, New South Wales 2031, Australia.