马铃薯块茎特异性启动子驱动的人白细胞介素-12的遗传转化研究

为获得高效表达人白细胞介素-12(h IL-12)蛋白的转基因马铃薯植株,利用根瘤农杆菌侵染法将前期构建的马铃薯块茎特异性启动子Ppatatin驱动的h IL-12植物表达载体导入马铃薯,通过共培养、筛选、分化等过程获得转基因植株,并结合PCR、RT-PCR、GUS染色及ELISA分析对转基因植株进行鉴定。结果显示,获得12个马铃薯转基因株系,PCR检测表明其中的10个株系目的基因已导入马铃薯基因组,转基因阳性率为83%;RT-PCR分析表明其中的7个株系外源基因在转录水平成功获得表达,ELISA分析表明其中的5个株系有明显的蛋白水平表达。对这7个株系后代的检测表明外源基因成功表达且具有良好的遗传稳定性。     

几丁质酶基因导入西瓜植株及其抗病性鉴定研究

利用西瓜有性生殖过程 ,将携带有外源几丁质酶基因的质粒DNA涂抹在授粉后的柱头上 ,使其沿花粉管通道进入到生殖细胞 ,得到转化处理种子。转化T1代植株经除草剂Basta筛选和PCR扩增获得转化植株。对T3 代株系进行田间自然发病和人工接种鉴定获得 3个抗枯萎病的株系。结果表明 :几丁质酶对镰刀菌引起的西瓜枯萎病有一定的抑制作用 ,利用花粉管通道法直接导入西瓜活体植株的技术是可行的。     

转双价水解酶基因番茄植株对枯萎病抗性的提高

利用根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)介导,首次将莱豆几丁质酶和烟草β-1,3-葡聚糖酶双价水解酶基因导入番茄品种A53(Lycopersicon esculentum cv.A53)中,获得批量转基因再生植株。对外源基因的PCR和Southern杂交结果表明,外源基因已经整合到番茄基因组中,其拷贝数1-8个不等。Northern杂交和卡那霉素喷施表明目的基因和标记基因均已得到表达,抗病性鉴定初步表明转基因植株对枯萎病的抗性显著提高。     

转化双价防卫基因获得抗纹枯病水稻

将水稻几丁质酶基因(RCHIO)和苜蓿β-1,3-葡聚糖酶基因(AGLU)串联构建于一个表达质粒pZ100,经农杆茵介导法转化粳稻台北309,获得15个阳性独立转化子。T1代植株经Southern检测,表明外源基因已整合到了水稻基因组;经Northern检测,表明外源基因在RNA水平表达,在株系间有差异,2个酶基因的表达水平类似。T1代植株经纹枯病病茵接种鉴定,表明各株系对纹枯病具有不同的抗性,且抗病能力与2个外源基因的RNA表达水平有剂量关系,并获得了2个酶基因高表达且对纹枯病具有较高抗性的T1株系,可作为进一步进行分子育种的材料。     

Pi-ta+基因和几丁质酶基因双价基因导入水稻的研究

为了提高‘云资粳41’和‘云资粳43’的抗稻瘟病能力,利用农杆菌介导法将二价表达载体pCAMBIA1300-Pi-ta⁺-Bchi转化到水稻愈伤组织中。经组织培养获得再生苗,再通过氯酚红显色法、PCR检测和抗稻瘟病鉴定法获得抗稻瘟病的转基因植株,为进一步创建持久、广谱抗稻瘟病水稻新材料奠定基础。结果显示:(1)抗性愈伤组织经分化和生根培养后,共获得T⁰代水稻再生苗137株,其中‘云资粳41’14株,‘中花11’82株,‘云资粳43’41株。(2)经氯酚红显色法和PCR对再生苗检测,‘中花11’、‘云资粳41’、‘云资粳43’的转化苗阳性率分别为66%、43%和55%。证明2个外源基因已经整合到水稻基因组中。(3)对转化阳性植株温室接种稻瘟病病菌66b鉴定结果显示,转基因植株较非转基因植株对稻瘟病的抗性明显增强,而且转Pi-ta⁺基因和几丁质酶基因双价的水稻植株比转单价Pi-ta⁺基因或几丁质酶基因的水稻植株抗稻瘟病能力强。（4）氯酚红检测结果存在一定的假阳性,PCR检测结果更真实可靠,但氯酚红显色法方便、快速,结果观察直观,可对大量的转基因植株进行初步筛选。研究表明,转Pi-ta⁺基因和几丁质酶基因双价基因的水稻植株具有更高的抗稻瘟病能力。     

双价抗真菌基因表达载体的构建及转基因西瓜的研究

构建了同时含有番茄儿丁质酶基因（Chi3）和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶基因（Glu-Ac）的双价抗真菌基因植物表达载体,以西瓜（Citrullus lanatus）子叶块为外植体,采用根癌农杆菌（Agrobacterium tumefaciens）介导法,将Chi3和Glu-Ac同时导入西瓜栽培种“中育一号”,共获得46株抗性再生植株。经PCR、Southern blot和RT—PCR检测,表明外源基因己成功整合到西瓜基因组中,并在转录水平得到表达。利用尖孢镰刀菌西瓜专化型（Fusarium oxysporum）对转基因植株进行离体叶片抗病性检测,表明转基因植株对枯萎病的抗性均有不同程度的增强。     

转双价抗虫基因大白菜新种质的获得及其抗虫性分析

采用超声波辅助花粉介导方法,将双价抗虫基因BmkIT-Chitinase导入早熟型大白菜自交系20-19-3,最终获得了5个转基因大白菜优良自交系纯合株系Z1-5、Z2-7、Z9-6、Z11-6和Z20-13;以转基因大白菜株系和非转基因对照植株为材料,对BmkIT-Chitinase基因在大白菜中的遗传规律、基因表达及抗虫性进行进一步分析。结果显示:(1)转化株后代多代(T_1~T_4)PCR、Southern blotting等分子跟踪检测表明,目的基因已成功导入受体植株,且能够稳定遗传;用该转基因方法对大白菜进行基因转化所获得的转基因植株分析显示,外源基因多数以多拷贝形式整合于核基因组,少部分外源基因以单拷贝形式整合。(2)Elisa分析结果证明,所导入的外源基因可高效表达,T4代株系新鲜叶片中表达产物量最高达到0.069μg·g~(-1)左右。(3)转基因株系田间抗虫性统计分析表明,转化株系与对照在抗虫性方面有显著差异,其对小菜蛾及菜青虫抗性普遍提高2~3级。研究认为,转BmkIT-Chitinase基因大白菜中BmkIT-Chitinase基因的表达可有效提高大白菜的抗虫性。     

几丁质酶—葡聚糖酶双介基因导入滇型杂交稻恢复系提高稻瘟病抗性的研究

将含有菜豆（Phaseolus limensis)几丁质酶基因和烟草（Nicotiana tabacum)β-1,3-葡聚糖酶基因的pBLGC(16.5kb)质粒用基因枪法导入滇型杂交稻（Oryza sativa L.ssp.japonica)恢复系“南29”中,总计获得93个转化再生植株,以β-1,3-葡聚糖酶基因制备探讨对T1代株系进行Southern杂交分析,17个株系为杂交阳性,证实外源基因完整结构已整合到水稻基因组中;连续多代的PCR追踪检测证实外源基因已遗传至T4代;对所获得的6个PCR检测阳性T4代品系进行了稻瘟病菌（Magnaporthe grisea)生理小种接种鉴定和稻瘟病大田诱发鉴定,结果表明,转基因品系对稻瘟病的抗性较受体对照大幅度提高,获得了稻瘟病新抗源,但不同品系稻瘟病抗性并不相同。     

几丁质酶-葡聚糖酶双价基因导入滇型杂交稻恢复系提高稻瘟病抗性的研究

将含有菜豆(Phaseolus limensis)几丁质酶基因和烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)β-1,3-葡聚糖酶基因的pBLGC(16.5 kb)质粒用基因枪法导入滇型杂交稻(Oryza sativa L.ssp.japonica)恢复系"南29"中,总计获得93个转化再生植株,以β-1,3-葡聚糖酶基因制备探针对T1代株系进行Southern杂交分析,17个株系为杂交阳性,证实外源基因完整结构已整合到水稻基因组中;连续多代的PCR追踪检测证实外源基因已遗传至T4代;对所获得的6个PCR检测阳性T4代品系进行了稻瘟病菌(Magnaporthe grisea)生理小种接种鉴定和稻瘟病大田诱发鉴定,结果表明,转基因品系对稻瘟病的抗性较受体对照大幅度提高,获得了稻瘟病新抗源,但不同品系稻瘟病抗性并不相同.     

以胆碱脱氢酶基因对小黑杨花粉植株的遗传转化

以小黑杨（Populus simoniixP．nigra）花粉植株叶片为外植体,用根癌农杆菌介导法将胆碱脱氢酶基因（betA）导入其中,将获得的4株卡那霉素抗性转基因株系进行PCR检测,结果均为阳性。用荧光定量PCR对转基因株系的betA基因转录结果检测表明,4个转基因株系均已表达外源基因,但表达量有差异。对获得的4株转基因株系及对照进行NaCl胁迫处理,当NaCl浓度为0．55％时,非转基因小黑杨花粉植株生根率为0,转基因株系生根率为80％～100％;在NaCl为0．70％～0.80％时,则转基因株系生根率也为0。4个转基因株系的甜菜碱含量显著高于未转基因对照,说明抛融基因的导入提高了转基因株系的耐盐性。     

Inheritance and effect on ripening of antisense polygalacturonase genes in transgenic tomatoes

The role of the cell wall hydrolase polygalacturonase (PG) during fruit ripening was investigated using novel mutant tomato lines in which expression of the PG gene has been down regulated by antisense RNA. Tomato plants were transformed with chimaeric genes designed to express anti-PG RNA constitutively. Thirteen transformed lines were obtained of which five were analysed in detail. All contained a single PG antisense gene, the expression of which led to a reduction in PG enzyme activity in ripe fruit to between 5% and 50% that of normal. One line, GR16, showed a reduction to 10% of normal PG activity. The reduction in activity segregated with the PG antisense gene in selfed progeny of GR16. Plants homozygous for the antisense gene showed a reduction of PG enzyme expression of greater than 99%. The PG antisense gene was inherited stably through two generations. In tomato fruit with a residual 1% PG enzyme activity pectin depolymerisation was inhibited, indicating that PG is involved in pectin degradation in vivo. Other ripening parameters, such as ethylene production, lycopene accumulation, polyuronide solubilisation, and invertase activity, together with pectinesterase activity were not affected by the expression of the antisense gene.     

多聚半乳糖醛酸酶反义基因在转基因番茄中的表达

番茄的多聚半乳糖醛酸是一种在果实成熟阶段特异性表达的酶。为了研究它在果实成熟中的作用,将其ｃＤＮＡ与花椰菜花叶病毒３５Ｓ启动子嵌合后,以反义基因的形式经农杆菌介导导入番茄植株,进一步分析了反义基因的整合与表达。结果表明,在转基因番茄中,反义基因的表达能明显抑制果实内源多聚半乳糖醛酸酶的活性。     

PG与番茄果实成熟的关系

系统比较了转多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（PG）反义基因和对照番茄果实成熟过程中绿熟、转色、粉顶、粉红、全红5个时期的PG活性和与其相关的生理、生化组分的动态变化。实验表明,转基因果与对照果相比,PG活性始终处于较低水平,PG活性强烈被抑制是在全红期;果实的硬度、贮藏寿命指数都高于对照果;番茄红素合成积累进程被延缓;可溶性果胶含量、电解质外渗百分率均低于对照果。外源乙烯刺激引起对照果PG活性剧增,而转基因果表现钝化。讨论了PG活性与果实成熟、耐贮性及软化的关系,及对外源乙烯刺激的敏感性。首次明确提出PG活性在对照果中极大地表达,在转基因果中强烈被抑制是在全红期 ,而不是在整个成熟期;PG活性在果实软化中起直接和重要作用;PG活性的高低与番茄红素的合成与积累有关。     

PG在番茄果实成熟中的作用及二价金属离子与乙烯对PG活性的影响

对采后番茄果实的电镜观察表明:当果实成熟衰老时,叶绿体数量减少,多数基粒结构丧失;成熟果实胞壁中胶层水解成中空的电子透明区,初生壁的纤丝也发生一定程度的水解,相邻细胞分离;外源 PG(多聚半乳糖醛酸酶)提取物处理绿熟期果实组织,也可引起胞壁结构和叶绿体发生与正常衰老相同的变化。Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Co~(2+)二价金属离子处理果实,可明显降低番茄红素含量和 PG 活性,延缓果实软化。外源乙烯处理果实,可促进番茄红素的形成,提高 PG活性,并能解除钙对 PG 活性的抑制。本文也对 PG 在乙烯和 Ca~(2+)调节果实成熟中的作用进行了讨论。     

The Role of Polygalacturonase (PG) in Tomato Fruit Ripening and Effects of Divalent Metal Ions and Ethylene on PG Activity

It has been reported that PG is a key enzyme related to the tomato fruit ripening. In this study tomato fruits were harvested at the mature-green stage and stored at room temperature. The cell ultrastructure of pericarp tissue was observed at different ripening stages, and the effects of treatments with ethylene and calcium on PG activity and fruit ripening were examined. The object of this study is to elucidate the role of PG in regulation of tomato fruit ripening by ethylene and calcium. PG activity, was undetectable at mature-green stage, but it rose rapidly as fruif ripening. The rise in PG activity was coincided with the dechnmg of fruit firmness during ripening of tomato fruits. The observation of cell ultrastructure showed that the most of grana in chloroplast were lost and the mitochondrial cristae decreased as fruit ripening. Striking changes of cell wall structure was most noted, beginning with dissolution of the middle lamella and eventual disruption of primary cell wall. A similar pattern of changes of cell wall and chloroplast have been observed in pericarp tissue treated with PG extract. In fruits treated with calcium and other divalent metal ions atmature-green stage, the lycopene content and PG activity decreased dramatically. Ethylene application enhanced the formation of lycopene and PG activity. The inhibition of Ca2+ on PG ac ivity was removed by ethylene. Based on the above results, it was demonstrated that PG played a major role in ripening of tomato fruits, and suggested that the regulation of fruit ripening by ethylene and Ca2+ was all mediated by PG. PG induced the hydrolysis of cell wall and released the other hydrolytic enzymes, then effected the ripening processes follow up.     

PG与番茄果实成熟的关系

系统比较了转多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)反义基因和对照番茄果实成熟过程中绿熟、转色、粉顶、粉红、全红5个时期的PG活性和与其相关的生理、生化组分的动态变化.实验表明,转基因果与对照果相比,PG活性始终处于较低水平,PG活性强烈被抑制是在全红期;果实的硬度、贮藏寿命指数都高于对照果;番茄红素合成积累进程被延缓;可溶性果胶含量、电解质外渗百分率均低于对照果.外源乙烯刺激引起对照果PG活性剧增,而转基因果表现钝化.讨论了PG活性与果实成熟、耐贮性及软化的关系,及对外源乙烯刺激的敏感性.首次明确提出PG活性在对照果中极大地表达,在转基因果中强烈被抑制是在全红期,而不是在整个成熟期;PG活性在果实软化中起直接和重要作用;PG活性的高低与番茄红素的合成与积累有关.     

Effect of the Calcium on Polygalacturonase (PG) Activity and Synthesis at Different Ripening Stages of Tomato Fruits

It has been reported that PG is a key enzyme related to the tomato fruit ripening and that the application of calcium can dramatically decrease the PG activity and delay the ripening of fruits. In this paper the effects of calcium treament at various ripening stages on the transformation of absorbed calcium, PG activity and PG synthesis in tomato fruits were studicd. According to the analysis of calcium by atomic absorption spectroscopy, it was shown that the soluble and total calcium contents in pericarp of fruits treated with calcium at mature-green stage were increased significantly, and that more soluble calcium was transformed into bound calcium. Both the absorption and transformation of calcium decreased in fruits treated with calcium at later stage of ripening. The inhibition of calcium on PG activity was most effective by treatment at mature-green stage, but less effective at later stage of ripening. One reason for the decrease of calcium inhibition was probably due to the decline of calcium absorption as fruit ripening. The polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of PG showed that PG with a molecular weight of 46.7 kD was absent in mature-green fruits, and PG synthesis occurred only at the later stage of ripening. It seems that the earlier the treatment was done the more effective of the calcium inhibition of PG synthesis. Based on the above results, it was concluded that the PG plays a major role in ripening and senescence of tomato fruits, and both PG synthesis and its activity were inhibited by calcium. In order to delay the ripening and senescence of tomato fruits, the treatment with calcium should be done at mature-green stage.     

钙对不同成熟期番茄果实的PG活性及其合成的影响

本文研究了钙处理不同成熟期番茄果实对果壁组织中钙含量与转化、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)活性与 PG 合成的影响。结果表明,钙处理绿熟期的番茄果实可使总钙和可溶性钙含量明显增加,并较多转化为结合钙;后期处理,进入和转化的钙都减少。同样,钙处理愈早,对果实 PG 活性的抑制愈强,绿熟期处理可完全抑制 PG 活性。凝胶电泳结合钌红染色,证明绿熟期果实无 PG,PG 是在果实成熟过程中新合成的。钙处理愈早,对 PG 合成的抑制愈强,绿熟期钙处理可完全抑制 PG 合成。     

番茄果实中乙烯与多聚半乳糖醛酸酶的关系

乙烯与多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)都是果实成熟过程中关键的调节因子.一方面,在有乙烯合成缺陷的转反义ACS番茄和乙烯感受缺陷的Nr突变体番茄果实中PG基因表达量都明显下降,PG酶活性明显降低;用外源乙烯(100 μL/L)处理绿熟期番茄果实使PG基因的表达明显增强,而1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP,1 μL/L)处理转色期番茄果实明显抑制PG基因表达.另一方面,转反义PG基因番茄果实乙烯释放量在授粉后低于其野生型,番茄乙烯受体基因LeETR4和乙烯反应因子LeERF2基因表达量比野生种低.PG降解果胶的产物D-GA(100 mg/L)促进未熟期番茄果实中的乙烯生成和LeETR4、LeERF2基因的表达.     

Analysis of Transgenic Tomatoes with Expression of Antisense Polygalacturonase Gene

Authors have been transfered antisense polygalacturonase (PG, E, C, 3, 2, 1, 15) gene into two tomato cultivars (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. “Lichun” and “Qingfeng”) by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and obtained homozygotes with expression of antisense PG gene. Analysis of Northern blot and PG activity showed that antisense PG gene had stably expressed in T0～T2 generations of transgenic tomatoes, and this expression could be inherited and enhanced in the progeny. For example, PG activity of To, T1 and T2 generation fruits in line T2-19 of"Lichun” was dropped to 27%, 20% and 4% respectively. But the remarkable decrement of PG activity did not have obvious inhibitory effect on normal fruit softening. The transgenic plants of T0～T2 generations grew and developed normally. Average yield per plant and average weight per fruit in these transgenic plants were a little more than those in nontransgenic control. The content determination of vitamin C, soluble sugar and soluble solid substances indicated that transgenic fruits kept the original texture and taste. The contents of vitamin C and soluble solid substances of “Lichun” T2-19 and soluble sugar of “Qingfeng” T2-46 were higher than those of the control. Stored in 28～32℃ for 30 days, all of nontransgenic fruits and about 50% of the transgenic ones were infected by pathologcal bacteria, a few of remainders could be perserved for 50 days. These evidences suggested that the resistance of the transgenic fruits to pathological bacteria during preservation has been strengthened. The approach which the authors used to study regulation of tomato fruit ripening will be desirable to improve the storability of certain famous and precious fruits.