植物人工种子的概况

综述了近20年来植物人工种子的研究概况,结合前人在这方面的研究,系统阐述了人工种子的概念,制作流程及研究的意义,提出了人工种子应解决的问题及相应对策,体细胞胚的质量及大规模生产,人工种皮内膜包裹材料的选择,人工种子的防腐和贮藏运输等,展望了人工种子的开发利用前景。     

植物人工种子研究进展

本文综述了近20年来植物人工种子研究的进展,并对人工种子的诸领域：概念、意义、动态、应用前景、体细胞胚的诱导与同步化、包埋方法、人工种皮、干化、贮藏及防腐等进行了概述。结合我们在铁皮石斛人工种子方面的研究,提出了人工种子应解决的问题及今后的研究方向。     

木薯淀粉对人工胚乳性能及对人工种子发芽率的影响

研究了四种高聚化合物对人工胚乳性能及对人工种子发芽率的影响。结果表明,l％的木薯淀粉与1．5％的海藻酸钠制作的复台胚乳改善了单一海藻酸钠制作的人工种子胚乳的暖水性．从而提高了人工种子的发芽率     

植物人工种子研究进展

在我国高技术的发展规划中,生物技术是被重视的首领技术之一。植物人工种子正是在创建中的生物技术,由于其具有重大的实践意义和经济价值,目前美国、日本、法国等都相继地开展了此方面的广泛研究,并在胡萝卜、芹菜、苜蓿、花椰菜、西红柿等植物中获得成功。我国从事此方面研究很少,从1985年开始中科院植物所探索了西洋参、玉米、芹菜等植物人工种子的研究,取得可喜成绩。本文阐述植物人工种子发展历程,人工种子的概念,使用的可行性,优越性及对人工种子技术发展中现存的问题,前景给以了乐观的估计。     

植物人工种子的研究

本文介绍了人工种子研究的进展及人工种子的包埋方法和有关从体细胞胚转变为小植株的问题。     

人工种子的研究进展

本文简要回顾了人工种子的研究历史,总结了人工种子的制作技术,并对人工种子的生产意义进行了阐述.     

沉水植物菹草的人工种子技术

为满足水生态系统重建及水体景观对沉水植物种苗的需求,本文建立了菹草（Potamogeton crispus L.）人工种子的制作方法,并分析了菹草人工种子的萌发条件。结果表明,以海藻酸钠为包埋剂,在包埋剂中添加IBA 1.0 mg/L + 6-BA 0.5 mg/L,制备的菹草人工种子在灭菌自来水中萌发率可达80％,且转株率达20％。在15－25℃之间,温度对菹草人工种子萌发和转株的影响不显著;氮磷水平对菹草人工种子萌发和转株的影响不显著;光强对菹草人工种子的萌发和转株有显著影响,较高的光强有较高的萌发率和转株率,光强为40μmol/ m2. s时,菹草人工种子萌发率、转株率可达67.8％、35.6％;底质对菹草人工种子的萌发和转株有显著影响,菹草人工种子在黄沙壤上的萌发率、转株率分别为60%和42.2%,黄沙壤比淤泥和砂石更适合菹草人工种子萌发和转株;菹草人工种子在野外湖水的试验中萌发率、转株率分别达到28%、15%。     

海草种子特性与海草床修复

海草床面积的急剧减少已引起人们对海草床生态修复的重视, 种子在海草床修复中具有较大的应用潜力。该文系统归纳了近年来有关海草种子的研究概况及其应用进展: 从种子生物学和生态学角度对海草种子的形态结构、发育、散布、休眠和萌发进行了归纳比较; 提出了在研究天然海草种子库的同时, 有必要建立人工海草种子库的观点, 并指出建立和完善人工海草种子库需基于种子生物学和生态学研究, 以指导种子的采集和保存; 对海草种子的播种方式和利用种子修复海草床的途径进行了阐述, 并指出了目前研究和应用中存在的一系列问题。最后对海草种子的研究和应用前景进行了展望, 提出海草种子生态学将成为今后的研究热点, 在应用方面, 仍然需要以提高种子萌发率和成苗率为研究重点, 并指出如果利用由种子获得的人工幼苗进行海草床修复, 需首先解决幼苗成活率低的难题。     

来自F_1品种的人工种苗的田间试验成功

麒麟啤酒公司6月21日发表了由莴苣和芹菜的F_1品种的人工种子育成的种苗的田间试验成功。降低成本和开发自动化大量生产系统、人工种子的新品种的育种等还有实用化的课题。但是该公司证实了在田间和植物工场能实际使用人工种子的意义很大。确信将来人工种子是用基因操作和细胞融合等育种的“生物技术植物”的增殖不可缺少的工具。不能期待这种“生物技术植物”一定有育性,人工种子具有把以有性生殖的种子为基础的现有种子产业     

生物人工肝的研究进展

肝衰竭是临床常见的严重肝病症候群,病死率极高,除肝移植外,目前尚无有效的治疗方法。人工肝支持系统是治疗肝功能衰竭的重要方法之一,主要包括非生物型人工肝和生物型人工肝。结合了功能性肝细胞的生物型人工肝装置可发挥肝脏解毒、合成、代谢等功能,并且可以部分替代人体肝脏功能。生物型人工肝研发的关键在于种子细胞的筛选和生物反应器的构建。具有良好特性种子细胞的生物人工肝对于肝衰竭的疗效已在一些临床前研究中得以体现,并且目前已启动了多个生物人工肝的临床研究。该文从种子细胞的来源、生物反应器结构分类和临床应用等不同方面,对目前生物型人工肝的发展现状进行了综述。     

Effect of feed on larvae of Macrobrachium malcolmsonii (H. Milne Edwards) reared in synthetic brackishwater

Freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium malcolmsonii, has potential for aquaculture. Larvae of M. malcolmsonii were reared in synthetic brackishwater using commercial salts. Live and artificial feeds were provided to larvae either individually or in combination. Survival was significantly higher when larvae were fed with live feed only. However, larvae fed with artificial feed showed significantly lower survival. Survival was significantly higher when Artemia combined together with other feeds. Despite its limitations, synthetic brackishwater can be used for freshwater prawn seed production.     

Efficacy of artificial seeds in the delivery of bioactive compounds to the seed dwelling larvae of Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

Artificial seeds offer an important method to assay the bioactivity of natural and synthetic compounds against insect larvae that develop within the cotyledons of seeds. Here, the efficacy of artificial seeds as a mechanism to deliver bioactive compounds to larvae of the bruchid beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus, was compared to that of black-eyed beans that had been imbibed with the same bioactive compounds: malachite green or the methanolic extract of neem (Azadirachta indica). Females laid an equivalent number of eggs on control artificial seeds in comparison with black-eyed beans, although egg-to-adult survival on artificial seeds was reduced. Manipulation of the hardness of artificial seeds influenced female oviposition decisions, with more eggs laid on the harder seeds, although seed hardness had no effect on egg-to-adult survival. Incorporation of neem extract or malachite green into the artificial seeds resulted in 100 % larval mortality, while larval mortality on seeds imbibed with neem extract or malachite green was between 50 and 70 %. This suggests incorporation of toxins into artificial seeds, produces a more sensitive assay of compound toxicity in comparison with the method of imbibing seeds and offers a useful method to study of seed–arthropod interactions.     

腾格里沙漠东南缘苔藓结皮对荒漠土壤种子库的影响

对腾格里沙漠东南缘沙坡头人工植被区和天然植被区苔藓结皮种子库进行了研究.结果表明,土壤种子库密度随着苔藓结皮的发育呈现增加的趋势,天然植被区是24年生人工植被区的3.4倍.种子库中共发现12种植物种子,分属于6科,其中1年生草本植物占70%以上.人工植被区未发现有多年生草本的植物种子,天然植被区多年生草本占20%,半灌木植物在人工植被区和天然植被区分别占20%和10%.人工植被区土壤种子库物种丰富度指数相对较低,而天然植被区物种丰富度指数是人工植被区的2倍;人工植被区土壤种子库物种多样性指数随着结皮的发育略有下降,天然植被区的多样性指数最高,为0.693;人工植被区土壤种子库物种相似性指数为1,相对较高,而人工植物区与天然植被区的物种相似性指数为0.4.苔藓结皮的出现增加了地表粗糙度,有利于对种子的捕获,同时显著地改善了土壤环境,有利于更多植物的定居.     

Effects of encapsulation on Citrus reticulata Blanco somatic embryo conversion

Preliminary experiments on calcium-sodium alginate encapsulation of somatic embryos from anther culture were performed, in order to evaluate the effect of this technique on the recovery of plantlets, and the applicability of the synthetic seed technology to Citrus reticulata Blanco. Frequencies of conversion of somatic embryos on plant growth medium were 15.0%, 26.7% and 50.0%, respectively, when the somatic embryos were sown non-encapsulated, encapsulated with a hormone-less artificial endosperm or encapsulated with an artificial endosperm containing GA₃. Encapsulation with GA₃was also useful for storage of somatic embryos at 4 °C for one month; when sown on perlite medium, conversion frequencies were 25% with encapsulated somatic embryos against 5% with non-encapsulated embryos. Sowing on soil mix medium did not result in satisfactory conversion. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Vertebrate‐mediated seed rain and artificial perches contribute to overcome seed dispersal limitation in a Mediterranean old field

Natural regeneration of vegetation is a frequent outcome of land abandonment, although the rate and diversity of such regeneration may be severely restricted by seed dispersal limitation, among other factors. In spite of this, studies aiming to quantify seed rain and test methods to enhance it, such as artificial perches, are still underrepresented in the Mediterranean. In our study, we quantified seed rain density and richness and tested the effects of artificial perches on such rain over a distance gradient on seven Mediterranean island old fields. In each of the seven sites, we positioned three sampling stations, each consisting of 1 seed trap under an artificial perch and 1 as a control on the ground, distributed at 30, 60, and 90 m from natural vegetation remnant. All traps received seeds, suggesting no overall dispersal limitation. Of the 11 seed species found, 10 were fleshy‐fruited and dispersed by vertebrates. Seed traps under perches received significantly higher seed rain of fleshy‐fruited species dispersed by birds, while ground traps received significantly more seeds of the species also dispersed by mammals, especially Rubus ulmifolius. The distance from the seed source was nonsignificant in all cases. Our study demonstrates the key role of vertebrate‐mediated seed dispersal services to overcome dispersal limitation in old fields, as well as the effective contribution of even small artificial perches in contrasting such limitation. The lack of differences over the distance gradient reveal that the upper spatial limit of dispersal limitation was not achieved.     

Proximate Limitations to Fruit and Seed Set in Phellodendron amurense var. sachalinense

Abstract Fruit and seed set in a dioecious tree, Phellodendron amurense var. sachalinense grown in isolation, were studied for three years in Hokkaido, northern Japan. Hand pollination did not affect fruit set during the three years, but did affect seed-set by increasing the proportion of fruits with higher seed numbers. Artificial defoliation resulted in decreased mean seed mass, but caused no significant differences in mean seed number per fruit. Total seed mass per infructescence increased with inflorescence size except with artificial defoliation where it reached an upper limit. Although the results of the artificial defoliation treatment indicate that resources are most important for fruit and seed set, it is concluded that fruit and seed set of the tree are not limited by resources, since the number of fruits increased with inflorescence size and an artificial defoliation treatment did not decrease seed-number.     

霍山石斛人工种子包埋繁殖体和萌发

以腋芽、原球茎、不定芽为繁殖体, 制作霍山石斛人工种子, 利用正交设计探讨麦芽糖、6-BA/NAA、活性炭、海藻酸钠、离子交换时间五个因素对霍山石斛人工种子萌发的影响; 并对人工种皮的糖分泄漏率以及pH的变化进行测定, 另外对霍山石斛人工种子的贮藏和防腐做了初步研究。结果表明: 麦芽糖是影响霍山石斛人工种子萌发的主要因素, 适宜的处理组合为麦芽糖含量为4%、6-BA/NAA 10:1, 活性炭浓度0.1%, 海藻酸钠浓度4.0%, 将含有繁殖体的此配方溶液滴入2% CaCl2溶液中, 进行离子交换反应, 反应时间10 min。以腋芽, 原球茎, 不定芽为繁殖体的霍山石斛人工种子萌发率分别可达到65.6%、90.1%、75.2%, 萌发后幼苗的存活率分别为16.1%、80.6%和19.1%。4°C下贮藏20 d后, 霍山石斛人工种子以腋芽, 原球茎, 不定芽为繁殖体的萌发率分别为3.3%、10.6%、5.2%。包埋剂加入多菌灵后, 自然条件下萌发率分别可以达到6.8%, 13.8%, 7.9%。     

霍山石斛人工种子包埋繁殖体和萌发

以腋芽、原球茎、不定芽为繁殖体, 制作霍山石斛人工种子, 利用正交设计探讨麦芽糖、6-BA/NAA、活性炭、海藻酸钠、离子交换时间五个因素对霍山石斛人工种子萌发的影响; 并对人工种皮的糖分泄漏率以及pH的变化进行测定, 另外对霍山石斛人工种子的贮藏和防腐做了初步研究。结果表明: 麦芽糖是影响霍山石斛人工种子萌发的主要因素, 适宜的处理组合为麦芽糖含量为4%、6-BA/NAA 10:1, 活性炭浓度0.1%, 海藻酸钠浓度4.0%, 将含有繁殖体的此配方溶液滴入2% CaCl2溶液中, 进行离子交换反应, 反应时间10 min。以腋芽, 原球茎, 不定芽为繁殖体的霍山石斛人工种子萌发率分别可达到65.6%、90.1%、75.2%, 萌发后幼苗的存活率分别为16.1%、80.6%和19.1%。4°C下贮藏20 d后, 霍山石斛人工种子以腋芽, 原球茎, 不定芽为繁殖体的萌发率分别为3.3%、10.6%、5.2%。包埋剂加入多菌灵后, 自然条件下萌发率分别可以达到6.8%, 13.8%, 7.9%。     

Variation in breeding system among populations of the common woodland herbAnemone nemorosa (Ranunculaceae)

Recent studies of germination in natural habitats, of genetic variation within populations and of the relative proportion of vegetative and sexual reproduction in the clonal plant speciesAnemone nemorosa suggest that sexual recruitment by seeds from outcrossed flowers is important for the maintenance of this species' populations. Because published reports on its breeding system are controversial, pollination experiments were performed in five natural populations ofA. nemorosa. Differences in ovule number per flower were recorded among populations, but they were not related to obvious habitat differences. Seed/ovule-ratios were significantly higher after open pollination and artificial crossing than after either artificial or spontaneous selfing. Populations had no effect on seed/ovuleratios. Different breeding indices indicated thatA. nemorosa is mainly self-incompatible. Nevertheless, some seed set also occurred after selfing, and both artificial and spontaneous selfing exhibited higher variation in seed/ovule-ratios than open pollination and artificial crossing. Continuous variation in seed/ovule-ratios after selfing suggested that the expression and effectiveness of the self-incompatibility system ofA. nemorosa is influenced by both genetic variation and phenotypic plasticity.