中国作物常见菌物病害及其病原名录——主要粮食和油料作物

菌物病害是植物病害中占比最大的一类,为害重且分布广,对农业生产造成严重损失。有效防控植物病害的基础是对病原物进行正确鉴定,而学名是病原物的信息载体。随着菌物分类学研究的不断深入,其命名规则也在不断变化。墨尔本和深圳两届国际植物学大会确定和完善了《国际藻类、菌物和植物命名法规》,自此菌物的命名开始实行“一菌一名”规则。但许多非菌物分类工作者难以跟踪菌物名称最新变更,这使得植物病原菌物名称的使用较为混乱,因此菌物学名统一问题亟待解决。从《中国农作物病虫害》第三版筛选中国常见农作物菌物病害将其分为三部分,本文为第一部分,主要介绍粮食和油料作物菌物病害,共195个,涉及病原菌物物种212个。对筛选出的病原菌物拉丁学名按照最新命名法规、世界菌物名称数据库以及最新菌物分类学研究成果进行核对,并按作物种类列出病害名称、病原菌物的中文名和现用拉丁学名,部分包含基原异名和常见异名。植物病原菌物学名统一规范地使用有利于植物病害的诊断,也为学术交流、信息传递和大众科普等工作的开展提供依据。     

中国柑橘菌物病原名录

我国是世界上最大的柑橘生产国,柑橘产业在我国农业生产中占有重要地位.菌物病害是制约我国柑橘产业效益的重要因素.在过去一百余年里,我国植物病理学家和菌物学家描述和记载了大量柑橘上的病原菌物.然而随着分子系统学在菌物分类鉴定中的广泛应用,以及菌物命名法规的变化,一些菌物的分类地位和拉丁学名发生了较大的变化.为了方便使用者了...     

我国植物病原真菌最新研究进展——植物病原真菌专刊序言

本期《菌物学报》"植物病原真菌专刊"刊登了12篇文章,其中关于病原真菌种类调查、鉴定及形态描述的文章5篇,病原真菌检测与检疫的文章2篇,病原真菌种群结构的文章2篇,基因组学研究进展的文章3篇。本期内容基本体现了我国植物病原真菌研究的最新进展,对今后的植物病原菌形态分类、分子分析和基因组学研究都具有重要的参考价值。     

中国农业植物病原菌物常见种属名录

植物病原菌物是造成植物病害的主要病原物,可对生态安全、粮食安全、生物多样性造成重要威胁和灾害.近年来,菌物分类学的研究逐步深入,大量新分类单元被描述、高阶分类系统被修订和完善.在墨尔本和深圳两届国际植物学大会上,对《国际藻类、菌物和植物命名法规》中涉及菌物的部分做出了重大调整以实现"一菌一名".上述研究进展和改变对植物...     

菌物学报征稿简则

<正>《菌物学报》(曾用名《真菌学报》、《菌物系统》)1982年创刊,是中国科学院主管的菌物学学术期刊,报道菌物(真菌、粘菌、卵菌等)学研究领域最新成果。主要刊登菌物系统分类学、菌物分子与细胞生物学、菌物区系地理学、菌物多样性及资源开发利用、动植物病原菌物学、医学真菌学、食用和药用真菌学等方面的综述、研究论文和简报。本刊是中国自然科学核心期刊,也是国际菌物学界信赖的刊物,已被国内外多家权威检索系统收录。     

菌物学报征稿简则

<正>《菌物学报》(曾用名《真菌学报》、《菌物系统》)1982年创刊,是中国科学院主管的菌物学学术期刊,报道菌物(真菌、粘菌、卵菌等)学研究领域最新成果。主要刊登菌物系统分类学、菌物分子与细胞生物学、菌物区系地理学、菌物多样性及资源开发利用、动植物病原菌物学、医学真菌学、食用和药用真菌学等方面的综述、研究论文和简报。本刊是中国自然科学核心期刊,也是国际菌物学界信赖的刊物,已被国内外多家权威检索系统收录。     

《菌物学报》征稿简则

1刊物简介《菌物学报》(原名《真菌学报》)1982年创刊,是中国科学院主管的菌物学学术期刊,报道菌物(真菌、粘菌、卵菌等)学研究领域最新成果。主要刊登菌物系统分类学、菌物分子与细胞生物学、菌物区系地理学、菌物多样性及资源开发利用、动植物病原菌物学、医学真菌学、食用和药用真菌学等方面的研究论文、简报和综述。     

《菌物学报》征稿简则

<正>1刊物简介《菌物学报》(曾用名《真菌学报》、《菌物系统》)1982年创刊,是中国科学院主管的菌物学学术期刊,报道菌物(真菌、粘菌、卵菌等)学研究领域最新成果。主要刊登菌物系统分类学、菌物分子与细胞生物学、菌物区系地理学、菌物多样性及资源开发利用、动植物病原菌物学、医学真菌学、食用和药用真菌学等方面的研究论文、简报和综述。本刊是     

菌物学报征稿简则

正《菌物学报》(曾用名《真菌学报》、《菌物系统》)1982年创刊,是中国科学院主管的菌物学学术期刊,报道菌物(真菌、粘菌、卵菌等)学研究领域最新成果。主要刊登菌物系统分类学、菌物分子与细胞生物学、菌物区系地理学、菌物多样性及资源开发利用、动植物病原菌物学、医学真菌学、食用和药用真菌学等方面的综述、研究论文和简报。本刊是我国自然科学核心期刊,也是国际菌物学界信赖的刊物,已被国内外多家权威检索系统收录。     

中国菌物已知种数

据作者对1978年以来国内外主要菌物学期刊和专著进行的系统搜集,中国大陆发表的菌物累计有2,849新种,129新变种,5,260新记录种。若加上戴芳澜编著的《中国真菌总汇》所记载的6,737种和168变种,中国大陆已知菌物计14,846种297变种。据不完全统计,香港和台湾报道的菌物种类中分别约有800种和400种在中国大陆未曾记载,因此全国总计已知菌物应为16,046种297变种。假设其中有10%为同物异名,则目前我国菌物已知种数约为14,700种,其中管毛生物界(主要是卵菌)约300种,原生动物界(主要是黏菌)约有340种,真菌约14,060种。     

拮抗植物病原真菌链霉菌菌株ZH-356的鉴定及其生防评价

[目的]对实验室分离到的菌株ZH-356进行鉴定并评价其对植物病原真菌的生物防治效果,为研发针对植物真菌病害的生防菌剂提供理论指导。[方法]通过平板对峙法确定菌株ZH-356抗菌谱,并通过16S rRNA基因序列分析确定其种属,利用离体枝条的苹果树腐烂病菌感染预防试验和患腐烂病苹果树的防治试验评价其生防效果。[结果]菌株ZH-356鉴定为链霉菌属,与直丝紫链霉菌(Streptomyces rectiviolaceus)相似性最高,为99.71%。抗菌谱试验表明,菌株ZH-356对苹果树腐烂病菌、小麦赤霉病菌、小麦根腐病菌和番茄早疫病菌等多种植物病原真菌均具有较强的抑制作用,这种抑制作用可导致苹果树腐烂病菌菌丝变粗、交叉扭曲、分支变少且容易断裂。此外,ZH-356产生的抑菌活性物质对温度和酸碱度具有高度稳定性,并且该活性物质只存在于其胞内,只有当ZH-356遇到植物病原真菌时才会被分泌出来以抑制它们的生长。在离体枝条的苹果树腐烂病菌感染预防试验中,ZH-356对苹果树腐烂病防效可达94%以上,而在患腐烂病苹果树的防治试验中,ZH-356菌制剂对苹果树腐烂病的防效高达100%。[结论]链霉菌ZH-356抑菌谱广,对多种植物病原真菌均具有良好的拮抗活性,可作为防治植物真菌病害的生防菌株,为基于ZH-356菌株的生防菌剂的开发和防治苹果树腐烂病等植物真菌病害奠定了基础。     

温郁金内生真菌Chaetomium globosum L18对植物病原菌的抑菌谱及拮抗机理

通过体外培养法,研究了药用植物温郁金内生真菌Chaetomium globosum L18对几种常见的植物病原菌的抑菌谱及其拮抗机理。结果表明,Chaetomium globosum L18对多种植物病原真菌和细菌均有不同程度的抑制作用,具有较广的抑菌谱,但对不同植物病原菌的抑制作用具有显著性差异(P<0.05),抑制率最高可达到92.9%;抑菌机制结果显示,竞争作用和重寄生作用是其主要的拮抗机制之一;发酵产物抑制作用测定发现,内生真菌Chaetomium globosum L18能够分泌产生抗菌物质抑制病原菌菌丝的生长和孢子萌发,可引起病原菌菌丝菌丝膨大成串珠状,分枝增多,分枝顶端膨胀后细胞壁破裂,原生质外溢,产生溶菌作用;使分生孢子萌发畸形,萌发率降低。     

Trichoderma/pathogen/plant interaction in pre-harvest food security

Large losses before crop harvesting are caused by plant pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, oomycetes, fungi, and nematodes. Among these, fungi are the major cause of losses in agriculture worldwide. Plant pathogens are still controlled through application of agrochemicals, causing human disease and impacting environmental and food security. Biological control provides a safe alternative for the control of fungal plant pathogens, because of the ability of biocontrol agents to establish in the ecosystem. Some Trichoderma spp. are considered potential agents in the control of fungal plant diseases. They can interact directly with roots, increasing plant growth, resistance to diseases, and tolerance to abiotic stress. Furthermore, Trichoderma can directly kill fungal plant pathogens by antibiosis, as well as via mycoparasitism strategies. In this review, we will discuss the interactions between Trichoderma/fungal pathogens/plants during the pre-harvest of crops. In addition, we will highlight how these interactions can influence crop production and food security. Finally, we will describe the future of crop production using antimicrobial peptides, plants carrying pathogen-derived resistance, and plantibodies.     

三种进境林木检疫性有害真菌名称的更正

2007年中华人民共和国农业部公布的《中华人民共和国进境植物检疫性有害生物》中包括了3种木材腐朽病原真菌,即松干基褐腐病菌Inonotus weirii (Murrill) Kotlaba et Pouzar、木层孔褐根腐病菌Phellinus noxius (Corner) G.H. Cunn.和橡胶白根病菌Rigidoporus lignosus (Klotzsch) Imaz.。基于国内外最新分子系统学研究,上述3种名称均发生了较大变化,为了适应进境林木检疫的需要及为今后植物检疫性有害生物名录的更新做好技术储备,我们对这3种重要的对外检疫性林木病原菌的名称说明和更改如下：松干基褐腐病菌Inonotus weirii (Murrill) Kotlaba et Pouzar的拉丁学名应改为Coniferiporia weirii (Murrill) L.W. Zhou & Y.C. Dai,相应的汉语学名也应改为韦氏松柏卧孔菌;木层孔褐根腐病菌Phellinus noxius (Corner) G.H. Cunn.的拉丁学名应改为Pyrrhoderma noxium (Corner) L.W. Zhou & Y.C. Dai,相应的汉语学名也应改为有害红皮孔菌;橡胶白根病菌Rigidoporus lignosus (Klotzsch) Imaz.是小孔硬孔菌Rigidoporus microporus (Sw.) Overeem的同物异名,因此其名称应叫做小孔硬孔菌Rigidoporus microporus (Sw.) Overeem。另外,有害红皮孔菌 Pyrrhoderma noxium和小孔硬孔菌Rigidoporus microporus已经在我国广泛分布,因此今后在修订进境植物检疫性有害生物名录时对有关有害生物种类进行增删应予以考虑。     

Fungal entomopathogens: new insights on their ecology

An important mechanism for insect pest control should be the use of fungal entomopathogens. Even though these organisms have been studied for more than 100 y, their effective use in the field remains elusive. Recently, however, it has been discovered that many of these entomopathogenic fungi play additional roles in nature. They are endophytes, antagonists of plant pathogens, associates with the rhizosphere, and possibly even plant growth promoting agents. These findings indicate that the ecological role of these fungi in the environment is not fully understood and limits our ability to employ them successfully for pest management. In this paper, we review the recently discovered roles played by many entomopathogenic fungi and propose new research strategies focused on alternate uses for these fungi. It seems likely that these agents can be used in multiple roles in protecting plants from pests and diseases and at the same time promoting plant growth.     

Fungal factors involved in host immune evasion,modulation and exploitation during infection

Human and plant pathogenic fungi have a major impact on public health and agriculture. Although these fungi infect very diverse hosts and are often highly adapted to specific host niches, they share surprisingly similar mechanisms that mediate immune evasion, modulation of distinct host targets and exploitation of host nutrients, highlighting that successful strategies have evolved independently among diverse fungal pathogens. These attributes are facilitated by an arsenal of fungal factors. However, not a single molecule, but rather the combined effects of several factors enable these pathogens to establish infection. In this review, we discuss the principles of human and plant fungal pathogenicity mechanisms and discuss recent discoveries made in this field.     

Assessing the mycotoxigenic threat of necrotrophic pathogens of wheat

Pathogenic fungi are the causal agents of many significant plant diseases around the world. These diseases often result in significant yield reductions, leading to lower food production rates and economic losses. Several of these pathogenic fungi also produce mycotoxins during infection, which are harmful to human and animal health. Whilst some of these toxins and the fungi that produce them have been studied intensively, the mycotoxigenic potential of many of these pathogens remains largely unknown. Included within these fungi are the necrotrophic pathogens of wheat, Stagonospora nodorum, Pyrenophora tritici-repentis and Alternaria alternata. Recent studies have demonstrated that each of these pathogens is capable of synthesizing an array of mycotoxic compounds during disease development, questioning their status as non-mycotoxin producers. This review summarises recent mycotoxin findings in these necrotrophic wheat pathogens by briefly discussing the mycotoxins identified, their toxicity and their synthesis. Future and emerging threats are also considered.