土壤养分异质性和种间竞争对互花米草和芦苇生长繁殖特性的影响

土壤养分异质性在自然界中普遍存在。土壤养分异质性对克隆植物生长繁殖有一定影响,但耦合竞争对入侵植物和本土植物生长繁殖影响的研究却相对匮乏。以入侵克隆植物互花米草和本土克隆植物芦苇为研究对象,通过温室控制实验模拟设置了土壤养分同质和养分异质处理(保证两种土壤的总养分含量相同),交叉3种定植模式(实验容器内单植入侵种6株,单植本土种6株以及两物种各3株交替种植),探究土壤养分异质性和种间竞争对入侵种互花米草和本土种芦苇生长繁殖的影响。结果表明:土壤养分异质性显著降低了互花米草的单株叶片数,而增加了其单株节间长以及芦苇的单株根状茎长;种间竞争模式下,互花米草的单株分株数,以及两种植物的单株节间长、根状茎节数和根状茎长都显著高于单植模式,而芦苇的单株地上生物量、叶生物量、茎生物量都显著低于单植模式;土壤养分异质性和种间竞争对互花米草单株的叶片数和茎生物量产生了显著的交互作用,而对芦苇各指标无显著影响。这些结果说明,土壤养分异质性可以影响互花米草与芦苇的种间竞争关系。     

土壤水分条件对克隆植物互花米草表型可塑性的影响

在互花米草草滩挖掘沙蚕是海岸带常见的行为,会造成土壤结构松散,蓄水能力下降,局部土壤水分含量低.能否利用这些条件,降低互花米草种群的入侵性,并进而对互花米草的控制提供对策是一个重要的生态学命题.为此,实验模拟3种不同土壤蓄水条件,并测定互花米草在该条件下的形态与存活指标、克隆特征参数及生物量积累与分配格局.结果表明:土壤水分条件对互花米草的叶长和根状茎生物量均没有显著影响(p> 0.05);而其株高、分枝强度、克隆存活数、克隆存活率及地上生物量在各土壤水分条件间差异显著(p< 0.05);在低水分条件下,互花米草的芽数、基茎粗、地上生物量比和叶生物量比均显著低于其他两组处理(p< 0.05),地下生物量比则显著高于其他两组处理(p< 0.05);在中等水分条件下,互花米草的根状茎长、根状茎节数、地下生物量和茎生物量比与其他两组处理差异不显著(p> 0.05),而在其他两组处理间差异显著(p< 0.05);在高水分条件下,总生物量、茎生物量和根生物量显著高于其他两组处理(p< 0.05),根状茎生物量比则显著低于其他两组处理(p< 0.05),而这些指标在其他两组处理间均差异不显著(p> 0.05).由此推断,土壤水分条件适中有利于互花米草的生长扩张以占领有利的资源环境,而土壤水分条件低则抑制互花米草的生长繁殖,影响其种群延续.     

芦苇、互花米草的生长和繁殖对盐分胁迫的响应

对2种海滨植物——土著种芦苇(Phragmites australis)和外来种互花米草(Sparti-na alterniflora)在淡水、中盐度(15‰)和高盐度(30‰)环境下生长和有性繁殖特征及其年际动态进行了研究,以期探索海滨植物对盐分胁迫的适应机制。结果表明:2年中各盐度处理下互花米草地上部分生物量均高于芦苇,芦苇和互花米草地上部分生物量、株高和分蘖数均随着盐度的升高而显著下降。芦苇第1年没有开花;第2年,只有淡水和中盐度处理下的芦苇开花。各盐分梯度下,第1年互花米草的开花株数没有显著差异,但花序重量在高盐度条件下显著下降;第2年高盐胁迫仍然抑制了互花米草的繁殖。第1年各处理下的芦苇株高均低于互花米草,但第2年淡水和中盐环境中的芦苇株高高于互花米草。除了高盐处理下的芦苇,第2年这2种植物地上部分生物量、株高、开花株数、花序重量显著高于第1年。与芦苇相比,互花米草表现出较高的生长能力和耐盐能力;2种植物的生长和繁殖的能力随着定居时间的增加而提高,但高盐胁迫抑制了芦苇第2年的增长;芦苇第2年在淡水和中盐度条件下表现出株高上的优势。     

上海崇明东滩互花米草种子产量及其萌发对温度的响应

外来物种互花米草通过快速的无性和有性繁殖,已在崇明东滩形成了大面积的单优势种群。研究了崇明东滩互花米草入侵区种子产量及温度对其萌发的影响。结果表明,互花米草在潮间带的中潮间带种子产量最高,为44523粒/m²,高潮间带次之,为31150粒/m²,低潮间带最低,为17250粒/m²。各潮间带的种子在10 30℃范围内均能萌发,而且随着温度的升高,萌发率和萌发速度总体呈现先增大后减小的趋势。互花米草种子在25℃恒温与20/30℃变温处理下的萌发率最高和萌发速度最快,而且互花米草种子在变温环境下的萌发率高于恒温处理。研究表明,崇明东滩中潮间带互花米草的种子产量和活性最高,是提供有性扩散种源的主要区域,适合种子萌发温度的4-5月是互花米草进行有性扩散的主要季节。研究结果对了解互花米草有性繁殖扩散的时空格局和入侵生态学过程,以及有效控制和管理入侵物种互花米草提供了科学依据。     

互花米草与海三棱藨草的生长特征和相对竞争能力

外来物种互花米草(Spartinaalterniflora)已对我国特有种海三棱藨草 (Scirpusmariqueter)发生了竞争取代。作者通过在长江口崇明东滩湿地取样和盆栽竞争实验,比较了二者的主要生长特征和种间相对竞争能力。结果表明:无论是先锋种群还是成熟种群,互花米草的高度、盖度、地上生物量、地下生物量和平均每花序种子数都显著大于海三棱藨草;海三棱藨草的密度和单位面积结实枝条数显著大于互花米草。两种植物成熟种群的单位面积种子产量和种子的萌发率没有显著差异。种内竞争和种间竞争显著降低了两种植物的平均每株产生的无性小株数、结实株数、地上生物量和地下球茎数(海三棱藨草产生球茎),互花米草的种间竞争能力 (相对邻里效应指数 )显著大于海三棱藨草。互花米草在生长上的优势可能导致其在种间竞争上的优势,从而使互花米草能够在海三棱藨草群落中成功入侵。     

互花米草与海三棱蔗草的生长特征和相对竞争能力

外来物种互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)已对我国特有种海三棱蔗草(Scirpus mariqueter)发生了竞争取代。作者通过在长江口崇明东滩湿地取样和盆栽竞争实验,比较了二者的主要生长特征和种间相对竞争能力。结果表明：无论是先锋种群还是成熟种群,互花米草的高度、盖度、地上生物量、地下生物量和平均每花序种子数都显著大于海三棱蔗草;海三棱蔗草的密度和单位面积结实枝条数显著大于互花米草。两种植物成熟种群的单位面积种子产量和种子的萌发率没有显著差异。种内竞争和种间竞争显著降低了两种植物的平均每株产生的无性小株数、结实株数、地上生物量和地下球茎数(海三棱蔗草产生球茎),互花米草的种间竞争能力(相对邻里效应指数)显著大于海三棱蔗草。互花米草在生长上的优势可能导致其在种间竞争上的优势,从而使互花米草能够在海三棱蔗草群落中成功入侵。     

模拟氮沉降对外来入侵植物互花米草生长及化感作用的影响

通过设置室内模拟实验, 从生长特性和化感作用的角度, 探讨了氮沉降对外来入侵植物互花米草入侵潜力的影响。结果表明, 低氮沉降和高氮沉降处理都明显促进了互花米草地上和地下部的生物量累积, 其中低高氮沉降分别使地上部生物量增加161.15%和120.20%, 使地下部生物量增加128.43%和71.06%。而氮沉降使叶面积和叶重也显著增加, 这将增强其对资源的捕获和利用能力。而不同氮沉降处理下互花米草的叶、根水浸液对莴苣种子萌发和幼根生长具有化感抑制作用, 当浸提液浓度相同时, 低氮沉降比其他氮处理有更强的综合化感效应。互花米草叶和根的综合化感效应分别在低氮沉降处理下浸提液浓度为0.02 g⋅mL–1 和0.04 g⋅mL–1 时最大。高氮沉降处理下互花米草各项指标并不完全优于低氮沉降处理, 这可能由于高氮沉降处理下其生长已不处于氮限制状态。全球氮沉降是一个漫长的过程,在目前的氮沉降条件下, 加强对互花米草的防治和管理迫在眉睫。     

养分条件对互花米草表型可塑性的影响

通过栽培实验研究了高、中、低不同养分水平对外来入侵种互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)表型可塑性的影响。结果表明:随着养分含量的增加,互花米草分枝强度不断增加,低养分处理与中、高养分处理间差异显著;间隔子长度随着养分含量的增加而增加,但分枝角度不受养分含量的影响;互花米草生物量分配格局显著受养分水平的影响,随着养分的降低,互花米草对地上部分(茎和叶)的生物量投资减小,而对地下部分(根和根茎)的生物量投资增加。这些结果说明,养分水平对互花米草的克隆生长有显著影响,互花米草对不同的养分条件表现出较强的可塑性。     

除草剂对黄河三角洲入侵植物互花米草的影响

互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)作为我国危害最严重的外来入侵植物之一,严重威胁滨海湿地生态系统安全。筛选可高效灭除互花米草的除草剂,为互花米草防治提供技术支持。2017年7月在黄河三角洲潮间带对互花米草茎叶喷施不同除草剂,在施药当年和次年对互花米草生长状况和大型底栖动物密度进行跟踪调查。研究结果表明:1)高效氟吡甲禾灵对互花米草的灭除效果最好,既能杀死互花米草地上部分从而完全抑制有性繁殖,又可完全抑制次年的无性繁殖;2)氰氟草酯对互花米草的灭除效果也比较好,可以完全抑制互花米草的生长和结穗,但抑制根状茎无性繁殖能力的效果稍差,草甘膦可以完全抑制互花米草的有性繁殖,但无法抑制次年互花米草的无性繁殖;3)施用除草剂在短期内会毒害某些底栖动物,但在1年后底栖动物种群数量与对照处理无显著差异。除草剂对环境的影响程度与除草剂用量和施用时间息息相关,未来研究中,应在保证灭草效果的前提下,探索最佳用药时间和最低用量以最大限度地降低环境影响。     

基质及水位对入侵种互花米草生长的影响

为了揭示基质和水位对互花米草种群扩张过程的影响,通过室内模拟试验分析了不同基质和地下水位对互花米草幼苗存活率、高生长和生物量及分配等表型参数的影响。结果表明:基质、水位及其交互作用对互花米草幼苗生长影响显著;基质类型和地下水位的交互作用显著影响幼苗的存活率;同种基质中地下水位的降低显著促进了幼苗根长的增加;由于不同基质持水力和营养的差异,沙中生长的幼苗随地下水位的降低地上部分表现出显著的生长抑制,而沙土和壤土中的幼苗在中等水位生长最好;沙中幼苗根状茎的长度显著低于沙土和壤土,而随水位的降低,沙土和壤土根茎长度显著下降。由此可以推论,互花米草种群扩张强度因生境而异,在沙土和壤土基质中互花米草可能表现出更强的入侵性和扩散能力。     

Salt tolerance and osmotic adjustment of Spartina alterniflora (Poaceae) and the invasive M haplotype of Phragmites australis (Poaceae) along a salinity gradient

An invasive variety of Phragmites australis (Poaceae, common reed), the M haplotype, has been implicated in the spread of this species into North American salt marshes that are normally dominated by the salt marsh grass Spartina alterniflora (Poaceae, smooth cordgrass). In some European marshes, on the other hand, Spartina spp. derived from S. alterniflora have spread into brackish P. australis marshes. In both cases, the non-native grass is thought to degrade the habitat value of the marsh for wildlife, and it is important to understand the physiological processes that lead to these species replacements. We compared the growth, salt tolerance, and osmotic adjustment of M haplotype P. australis and S. alterniflora along a salinity gradient in greenhouse experiments. Spartina alterniflora produced new biomass up to 0.6 M NaCl, whereas P. australis did not grow well above 0.2 M NaCl. The greater salt tolerance of S. alterniflora compared with P. australis was due to its ability to use Na(+) for osmotic adjustment in the shoots. On the other hand, at low salinities P. australis produced more shoots per gram of rhizome tissue than did S. alterniflora. This study illustrates how ecophysiological differences can shift the competitive advantage from one species to another along a stress gradient. Phragmites australis is spreading into North American coastal marshes that are experiencing reduced salinities, while Spartina spp. are spreading into northern European brackish marshes that are experiencing increased salinities as land use patterns change on the two continents.     

淡咸水轮换浇灌抑制互花米草的克隆生长和繁殖

作为典型的盐沼植物,入侵种互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)具有较强的耐盐性,能否以淡水或淡咸水的轮换浇灌扰乱其耐盐机制,降低其生态入侵性,进而寻求其控制对策是一个重要命题。为此,对互花米草进行了6种浇灌处理:单一的淡水(D)或咸水(X)浇灌;1次浇灌转换,即先淡水后咸水(DX)或先咸水后淡水(XD);2次浇灌转换,即由淡水开始转而咸水,再转而淡水(DXD),或由咸水开始转而淡水,再转而咸水(XDX)。结果显示,D处理的总生物量最高,与其它各处理均差异显著(p<0.05),且是X处理的1.67倍;DXD和XDX处理的总生物量最低,与D和X处理的差异显著(p<0.05),两者均约为D处理的50%。浇灌处理对根冠比、茎重比、叶重比和根茎重比的影响不明显,对根重比有较大影响,X处理的根重比最高,与D处理的差异显著(p<0.05),但与DX、XD、DXD和XDX处理之间的差异不显著。D处理的克隆生长新生总株数(Propagule)最多,与其它处理均差异显著(p<0.05),且是X处理的1.34倍;DXD和XDX处理的新生总株数最少,与D和X处理的差异显著(p<0.05),仅为D处理的55%。浇灌处理对分蘖的影响明显,DX和DXD处理的分蘖数分别是D处理的62%和50%;XD和XDX处理的分蘖数分别是X处理的50%和47%。就开花株数而言,X处理显著高于其它处理(p<0.05);DXD和XDX处理的开花株数为0。因此,持续的淡水浇灌可能会促进互花米草的生物量积累,并且采取快速的克隆生长为主的繁殖策略;而在淡水和咸水交替的生境下,互花米草的生物量积累、无性和有性繁殖能力都会受到抑制。     

Trade-offs among growth, clonal, and sexual reproduction in an invasive plant Spartina alterniflora responding to inundation and clonal integration

The purpose of this article was to study the trade-offs among vegetative growth, clonal, and sexual reproduction in an aquatic invasive weed Spartina alterniflora that experienced different inundation depths and clonal integration. Here, the rhizome connections between mother and daughter ramets were either severed or left intact. Subsequently, these clones were flooded with water levels of 0, 9, and 18 cm above the soil surface. Severing rhizomes decreased growth and clonal reproduction of daughter ramets, and increased those of mother ramets grown in shallow and deep water. The daughter ramets disconnected from mother ramets did not flower, while sexual reproduction of mother ramets was not affected by severing. Clonal integration only benefited the total rhizome length, rhizome biomass, and number of rhizomes of the whole clones in non-inundation conditions. Furthermore, growth and clonal reproduction of mother, daughter ramets, and the whole clone decreased with inundation depth, whereas sexual reproduction of mother ramets and the whole clones increased. We concluded that the trade-offs among growth, clonal, and sexual reproduction of S. alterniflora would be affected by inundation depth, but not by clonal integration.     

初始克隆分株数对大米草表型可塑性及生物量分配的影响

克隆植物大米草 (Spartina anglica) 目前在我国出现了严重的自然衰退 (Dieback),为了阐明大米草衰退的机理,分析影响大米草形态可塑性的因素与自然衰退之间的相关性,以期为近缘植物互花米草 (S. alterniflora) 这一爆发种群的生物控制提供借鉴,对3种不同初始克隆分株数 (单克隆、三克隆和五克隆) 大米草的克隆生长、生物量累积与分配和异速生长特征进行了野外栽培试验。研究结果表明,初始克隆分株数对间隔子长度影响较弱;初始多克隆的分支强度高于初始单克隆;初始三克隆和五克隆在总生物量 (7.921 5~10.431 7 g 和 8.903 9~10.431 7 g)、地上生物量 (3.396 1~4.255 8 g 和3.618 4~4.338 9 g)、地下生物量 (4.286 9~5.206 6 g 和 5.298 8~6.079 3 g)和根状茎生物量 (1.318 6~1.767 7 g 和 1.499 1~2.038 7 g) 积累上均显著高于初始单克隆,不同初始克隆分株数条件下根生物量差异不显著;初始多克隆倾向于将资源更多地分配给根状茎,而初始单克隆倾向于将更多的资源分配给根系。由此推断,在不同初始克隆分株数条件下,大米草的形态可塑性和生物量分配格局的差异显示出在同样资源格局下,初始多克隆的克隆生殖能力较初始单克隆强。初始多克隆生长的大米草较初始单克隆生长的大米草更能占据优势生境,选择生境“觅养”的能力与克隆繁殖能力更强。     

外来种互花米草对盐沼土壤微生物多样性的影响——以江苏滨海为例

研究了江苏滨海外来种互花米草的生长对潮间带土壤微生物特征的影响,结果显示:与原有光滩相比,互花米草的大面积生长,使当地潮间带土壤微生物量增加,并随植被的生长状况发生变化,潮间带土壤微生物对碳和营养物质的利用相对较少;同时微生物生理功能群中占优势的活动组分发生了变化,组成可能更复杂。土壤微生物群落生理功能多样性(CLPP)分析结果显示,潮间带土壤微生物群落对碳源底物的利用能力不高,所利用碳源以糖类、氨基酸类、羧酸类占优势;其中互花米草盐沼微生物利用的碳源种类多于光滩,并且不同季节土壤微生物群落碳源利用类型存在差异;潮间带土壤微生物在不同的季节中其生理功能群组成发生着变化,互花米草盐沼的土壤微生物在植被生长减弱时具有与光滩相近的代谢类群,在生理功能上具有一定的相似性;当植被生长旺盛时,其代谢类群增多,代谢强度升高,微生物群落功能多样性增加。外来种互花米草在滨海潮间带的大面积生长,改善了土壤理化性质,为该处土壤微生物提供了不同的碳源,增强了土壤微生物的活动,改变了土壤微生物群落生理功能结构。     

ABIOTIC REGULATION OF INVESTMENT IN SEXUAL VERSUS VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION IN THE CLONAL KELP LAMINARIA SINCLAIRII (LAMINARIALES,PHAEOPHYCEAE)1

Clonal kelp taxa may reproduce both sexually and vegetatively resulting in a potential trade‐off in the allocation of acquired carbon and nitrogen resources. Such trade‐offs may dictate a different response of clonal kelps to varying environmental conditions relative to aclonal kelp taxa. Laboratory temperature and nutrient manipulation experiments demonstrated that investment in sexual and vegetative reproduction in Laminaria sinclairii (Harv. ex Hook. f. et Harv.) Farl., C. L. Anderson et D. C. Eaton was regulated by different abiotic factors. Sorus production (investment in sexual reproduction) and blade growth were significantly higher at 12°C compared to 17°C, regardless of nutrient concentration. Net carbon storage and depletion in rhizomes were observed in the low‐ and high‐temperature treatments, respectively, suggesting that carbon stores were not responsible for increased growth. Rhizome elongation (investment in vegetative reproduction), on the other hand, was significantly higher in 12 μM NO₃^? than in 2 μM NO₃^?, irrespective of temperature. This increase in rhizome growth was concurrent with elevated rhizome percent tissue nitrogen levels also observed in treatments with higher nutrients, again indicating a growth response to treatment independent of previous nutrient stores. These results suggest that regulation of growth and investment in sexual reproduction in L. sinclairii is similar to that in aclonal kelps (i.e., warmer temperatures result in decreased reproductive output). Additionally, depletion of carbon and nitrogen from rhizomes in suboptimal conditions confirms the role of clonal kelp rhizomes in carbon and nutrient storage.     

Hybridization between introduced smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora; Poaceae) and native California cordgrass (S. foliosa) in San Francisco Bay, California, USA

Introduced Spartina alterniflora (smooth cordgrass) is rapidly invading intertidal mudflats in San Francisco Bay, California. At several sites, S. alterniflora co-occurs with native S. foliosa (California cordgrass), a species endemic to California salt marshes. In this study, random amplified polymorphic DNA markers (RAPDs) specific to each Spartina species were identified and used to test for hybridization between the native and introduced Spartina species in the greenhouse and in the field. Greenhouse crosses were made using S. alterniflora as the pollen donor and S. foliosa as the maternal plant, and these crosses produced viable seeds. The hybrid status of the crossed offspring was confirmed with the RAPD markers. Hybrids had low self-fertility but high fertility when back-crossed with S. foliosa pollen. Hybrids were also found established at two field sites in San Francisco Bay; these hybrids appeared vigorous and morphologically intermediate between the parental species. Field observations suggested that hybrids were recruiting more rapidly than the native S. foliosa. Previous work identified competition from introduced S. alterniflora as a threat to native S. foliosa. In this study, we identify introgression and the spread of hybrids as an additional, perhaps even more serious threat to conservation of S. foliosa in San Francisco Bay.     

Development and N2-Fixing Activity of the Benthic Microbial Community in Transplanted Spartina alterniflora Marshes in North Carolina

Growth and maturation of transplanted salt marshes is often limited by the availability of nitrogen (N). We examined the role of N₂-fixing benthic microbial assemblages (microalgae and associated bacteria) in two restored marshes (1-year-old and 6-year-old marsh) and a natural salt marsh in the Newport River Estuary, North Carolina. Benthic N₂ fixation (nitrogenase activity, NA), chlorophyll a (Chl a ) concentration, Spartina alterniflora (smooth cordgrass) stem counts, and sediment organic matter content were determined in the three marshes. Significant differences were observed between sites for both Chl a and NA. The 1-year-old marsh always exhibited the highest levels of NA and Chl a . Sediment organic matter content was lowest in the 1-year-old marsh (∼2%), intermediate in the 6-year-old marsh (∼5%), and highest in the natural marsh (∼10%). Carbon and nitrogen analyses were also performed on the 1-year-old marsh sediments, which were depleted in N. A positive correlation was observed between surface sediment N and Chl a . Remineralized, microbially derived N may provide growth-limiting inorganic N to Spartina transplants. N₂-fixing microbial assemblages in the 1-year-old marsh may also be an important food source for marsh infauna. Benthic N₂-fixing microbial assemblages play a key role in the N economy of restored salt marshes.     

Recovery and phylogenetic analysis of nifH sequences from diazotrophic bacteria associated with dead aboveground biomass of Spartina alterniflora.

DNA was extracted from dry standing dead Spartina alterniflora stalks as well as dry Spartina wrack from the North Inlet (South Carolina) and Sapelo Island (Georgia) salt marshes. Partial nifH sequences were PCR amplified, the products were separated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), and the prominent DGGE bands were sequenced. Most sequences (109 of 121) clustered with those from alpha-Proteobacteria, and 4 were very similar (>99%) to that of Azospirillum brasilense. Seven sequences clustered with those from known gamma-Proteobacteria and five with those from known anaerobic diazotrophs. The diazotroph assemblages associated with dead Spartina biomass in these two salt marshes were very similar, and relatively few major lineages were represented.