贵州普定喀斯特石生藓类生态分布与环境因子的相关分析

苔藓植物与环境的相关性一直是苔藓生态学的研究热点,研究喀斯特石生苔藓分布与环境的关系,为深入石生苔藓植物生态学研究提供理论依据。选择贵州普定石漠化区域石生环境中的5个大样方25个小样方125个采集点进行调查,采集苔藓植物并测定收集了相关的环境因子数据。结果发现:(1)样方共采集到标本267份,经鉴定有石生藓类54种。其中,丛藓科、灰藓科为优势科(属数≥3),曲柄藓属、扭口藓属、真藓属等为优势属(种数≥3),丛藓、细牛毛藓、美灰藓、绿羽藓为优势种(次数≥3)。(2)运用典范对应分析(CCA)分析了影响该地区石生藓类分布的主要环境因素,发现石生藓类分布与坡度呈显著的负相关;与其它环境因子相关的重要性依次为岩面倾角、海拔、土壤中全钾含量、土壤厚度和pH。因此,研究环境因子对石生藓类分布的关系可以为石漠化综合治理以及石面绿化植物的筛选提供参考。     

黎平太平山自然保护区树附生藓类植物多样性

为探讨贵州亚热带常绿阔叶林树附生藓类植物多样性,以黎平太平山自然保护区为例,对该区树附生藓类植物进行调查研究,共获得432份标本。鉴定及分析结果显示:该区有树附生藓类植物31科89属197种,较之前人对该区苔藓植物的调查工作,新增3个科32个属128个种;优势科包含蔓藓科(Meteoriaceae)、平藓科(Neckeraceae)、青藓科(Brachytheciaceae)、毛锦藓科(Pylaisiadelphaceae)、灰藓科(Hypnaceae)等5个科,优势属有凤尾藓属(Fissidens)、匐灯藓属(Plagiomnium)、青藓属(Brachythecium)、绢藓属(Entodon)、灰藓属(Hypnum)等5个属;树附生藓类植物区系地理成分组成复杂,划分为12种分布类型,东亚分布成分最为丰富,有76种,占总种数的39.79%,热带亚洲分布成分有26种,与其他大洲热带成分相联系的种类达33种,占比17.28%,中国特有成分有16种,占比8.38%;生活型可划分为6种,交织型占主体地位,有88种,占总种数的44.67%。     

滦河上游地区藓类植物区系的初步研究

于2001~2005年在滦河上游地区共采集藓类植物标本1 810份,并对标本进行了整理鉴定.分析结果表明,滦河上游地区共有藓类植物27科75属175种1亚种12变种2变型,分别占全国藓类植物科、属、种(含种下分类单位)总数的41.54%、18.16%和7.74%.其中,河北省藓类植物新纪录6种1变种.该地区的优势科为丛藓科、柳叶藓科等6科,优势属为真藓属、青藓属等11属.该地区藓类植物可划分为10种区系成分,北温带成分居各种区系成分的首位,占该区系总种数的64.42%,东亚成分次之,占13.50%.该区系中温带性质的的种共计158种,占整个区系总种数的83.16%,而热带性质的种仅5种,显示了该地区藓类区系显著的温带性质.     

安徽藓类植物区系

作者在对安徽省进行实地考察和采集的2000余号苔藓植物标本的基础上,经过研究鉴定,并收集整理了有关安徽藓类的资料,对照现有文献,发现安徽已知藓类植物有46科、164属、545种(包括8亚种和32变种),其中新记录95种(包括3变种1亚种);青藓科为安徽省藓类第一大科,含9属52种,占总种数的9.6,青藓属是第一大属,包括有29种,占总种数5.3;科内种数(≥19种)优势科有10个,属内种数(≥6种)的优势属有22个。在安徽省藓类区系中,以东亚成分为主并占了28.6、北温带成分占23.0、热带亚洲成分占17.8,温带亚洲成分为10.6,中国特有成分占到10.4,这5种区系成分都超过10,它们是本省最主要的区系地理成分。     

中国新疆柳叶藓科、青藓科和灰藓科植物区系研究

通过对新疆柳叶藓科(Amblystegiaceae)、青藓科(Brachytheciaceae)和灰藓科(Hypnaceae)植物标本的野外采集和室内鉴定,报道了中国新疆地区柳叶藓科15属33种,青藓科12属51种,灰藓科11属30种,共计38属114种。其中,中国青藓科新记录种2种,新疆新记录4属37种。优势属10个,且以青藓属(Brachythecium BrushSchimp.)为代表的北温带成分为主;单种属19个,体现了新疆藓类植物区系的古老性和多样性。新疆3科藓类植物区系成分可划分为9种类型,其中北温带成分居主导地位,占中国新疆3科藓类植物总种数的52.08%,东亚成分次之,占25.01%,热带成分甚微。对中国新疆与中国内蒙古、中国西藏以及俄罗斯、蒙古、哈萨克斯坦、巴基斯坦和印度7个邻近地区的区系比较发现,印度物种丰富度最高,俄罗斯和中国新疆次之;中国新疆与中国内蒙古、俄罗斯在物种组成上相似度最高。地理成分区系谱及聚类分析结果表明,中国新疆与中国内蒙古地区的植物区系关系最为接近,而且与俄罗斯密切相关。     

安徽藓类植物区系

作者在对安徽省进行实地考察和采集的2000 余号苔藓植物标本的基础上, 经过研究鉴定, 并收集整理了有关安徽藓类的资料, 对照现有文献, 发现安徽已知藓类植物有46 科、164 属、545 种( 包括8 亚种和32 变种) , 其中新记录95 种( 包括3 变种1 亚种) ; 青藓科为安徽省藓类第一大科, 含9 属52 种, 占总种数的9.6% , 青藓属是第一大属, 包括有29 种, 占总种数5. 3% ; 科内种数( ≥19 种) 优势科有10个, 属内种数( ≥6 种) 的优势属有22 个。在安徽省藓类区系中, 以东亚成分为主并占了28 . 6%、北温带成分占23 . 0%、热带亚洲成分占17 . 8% , 温带亚洲成分为10. 6% , 中国特有成分占到10 .4% , 这5 种区系成分都超过10% , 它们是本省最主要的区系地理成分。     

新疆喀纳斯自然保护区藓类植物物种多样性与区系调查

从1995～2009年,作者对新疆喀纳斯自然保护区藓类植物进行了全面的调查、采集、鉴定,分析研究。结果表明,该自然保护区藓类植物共有37科113属253种（含1变种）,优势科主要体现寒、温带地区分布类型,该区藓类植物生境的多样性可以从物种多样性,如曲尾藓科、木灵藓科、泥炭藓科、紫萼藓科、丛藓科等的广泛分布反映出来。通过与该区相邻的6个地区的物种丰富度系数比较,该自然保护区综合系数S i排第三位,说明此区藓类植物物种多样性丰富,这与本区的水分条件有很大关系。藓类植物区系成分以北温带成分为绝对优势,占总种数的83.33%;东亚成分占总种数的5.10%;东亚-北美成分占总种数的4.17%,各区系成分交汇。主成分分析和聚类分析表明,喀纳斯自然保护区藓类植物区系与新疆东部天山、内蒙古大青山、吉林长白山、河北木兰围场藓类植物区系关系较接近,与贵州梵净山、云南鸡足山藓类植物区系关系疏远,体现了我国北方藓类植物分布特征。     

重庆大巴山国家级自然保护区苔藓植物多样性

大巴山国家级自然保护区是我国35个生物多样性优先保护区域之一, 但苔藓植物的相关研究仍是空白。本文在详细的野外调查基础上, 记录该保护区苔藓植物57科141属390种, 其中苔类21科31属82种, 藓类36科110属308种, 新增重庆市苔藓植物新记录80种。物种多样性最丰富的科(种数≥ 10种)分别是青藓科、丛藓科、灰藓科、真藓科、提灯藓科和曲尾藓科, 共占总种数的41.03%。物种多样性最丰富的属(种数≥ 10种)分别是青藓属(Brachythecium)、真藓属(Bryum)、绢藓属(Entodon)、光萼苔属(Porella)和耳叶苔属(Frullania), 共占总种数的15.64%。在海拔1,000-2,480 m之间, 苔藓植物的物种多样性呈现随海拔升高先增加后减少的趋势, 其中, 在海拔1,200-1,600 m段物种最为丰富, 建议将这一地带进行优先保护。     

广东石门台自然保护区的藓类植物区系研究

石门台自然保护区位于广东省中北部,面积82260hm2,是全省面积最大的自然保护区。根据过去三年的调查研究,石门台保护区共有藓类植物33科92属176种1亚种5变种。在石门台藓类中,种数较多的科主要有曲尾藓科、灰藓科和凤尾藓科等;种数较多的属主要有凤尾藓属、曲柄藓属和白发藓属等。石门台藓类植物的区系地理成分可划分为12类,其中以东亚成分(25.47%)和热带亚洲成分(17.39%)为主。另外,将石门台与8个邻近地区的藓类植物区系进行比较,与石门台藓类区系最相近的是鼎湖山,最疏远的是神农架。石门台的藓类植物区系被定性为南亚热带性质,但同时东亚和热带亚洲因素也有较大的影响。     

重庆市主城区苔藓植物区系研究

对采集的1500份标本进行鉴定并查阅相关文献,共统计出重庆市主城区苔藓植物34科65属206种(含苔类13科14属25种,藓类21科51属181种,重庆市新记录80种),并整理了重庆市主城区苔藓植物名录。其中优势科有丛藓科、青藓科、真藓科、灰藓科、绢藓科和羽藓科,占总种数的62.14%;优势属有青藓属Brachythecium、真藓属Bryum、绢藓属Entodon、美喙藓属Eurhynchium、毛口藓属Trichostomum、凤尾藓属Fissidens、湿地藓属Hyophila和灰藓属Hypnum,占总种数的41.26%。区系成分以北温带和东亚成分为主,分别占32.75%和30.41%;其次是热带成分和中国特有成分。通过与临近4个地区的苔藓植物区系比较发现,重庆市主城区与同纬度的杭州市区苔藓植物区系属、种相似性系数最高;而与其地理距离较近的3个区县的属、种相似性系数较低,这主要是由于重庆市主城区与杭州市区处于同纬度,且均以城市人工生境为主。本研究丰富了重庆市苔藓植物资料,为重庆市苔藓植物区系研究奠定了基础。     

Is feeding on mosses by groundhoppers in the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tetrix</Emphasis> (Insecta: Orthoptera) opportunistic or selective?

Groundhoppers are considered to be detrito-bryophagous, and moss phyllodes represent a main food consumed by all studied species. We studied the food biology of two groundhoppers: the stenotopic habitat specialist Tetrix ceperoi (Bolivar, 1887) and the eurytopic T. tenuicornis (Sahlberg, 1893). These species occurred syntopically in an abandoned sand pit in the Czech Republic. The dietary preferences of the two species were very similar, with detritus being the dominant component, followed by mosses and other kinds of organic matter. The eurytopic T. tenuicornis consumed a greater diversity of mosses than the stenotopic T. ceperoi. The most frequently consumed mosses were the dominant species at the locality (Barbula spp., Bryum caespiticium, and Ceratodon purpureus), but some species-specific preferences were evident in the consumption of other moss species. To determine whether these groundhoppers mainly consumed mosses to obtain the water in their tissues, we compared the food composition at two sites that differed considerably in water availability. A selective consumption of mosses according to the water availability at the sites was evident. At the dry site, groundhoppers frequently consumed mosses that are simultaneously more tolerant to desiccation and nutritionally richer (species in the genera Barbula and Ceratodon) than the other mosses. Our results indicate that although groundhoppers generally consume those mosses that are most available, they do show some preference for mosses according to their nutritional quality and according to their ability to retain water under dry conditions.     

Spatial structure, rock type, and local environmental conditions drive moss and lichen distribution on calcareous boulders

Although mosses and lichens are a relevant component of the biota of rock habitats targeted for biodiversity conservation in Europe, the ecological factors driving their distribution are still poorly known. In this work, we examined the epilithic moss and lichen assemblages colonizing boulders of different types of calcareous rocks co-occurring in the same area in the Italian Alps. The goals were: (1) to evaluate if and to what extent different calcareous rocks host different assemblages; (2) to identify species associated to each rock type; (3) to quantify the relative importance of rock type, local environmental factors, and habitat spatial structure in explaining species distribution. Our results demonstrated that different calcareous rocks host different moss and lichen assemblages with some typical species, indicating that each rock type contributes to the total diversity of both mosses and lichens. Local environmental conditions influenced mosses and not lichens whose distribution is mainly associated to rock type. The patterns of both organism groups were also significantly related to habitat spatial structure, species assemblages tending to have a patchy distribution, which may reflect dispersal dynamics. Our results have implications for conservation: (1) each rock type may play a relevant role in maintaining the overall diversity contributing with unique assemblages and typical species; (2) the patchy distribution of both moss and lichen assemblages should warn from considering rock patches as a monotonous repetition of the same habitat across space.     

Analysis of the decrease in photosynthesis on desiccation of mosses from xeric and hydric environments

Three moss species [ Tortula ruraliformis (Besch.) Grout. Bryum pseudotriquetrum (Hedw.) Schaegr and Dicranella palustris (Dicks.) Crund. ex. E. F. Warb. ( D. squarrosa (Starke) Schp.] collected from a range of habitats differing in water availability were desiccated in controlled conditions. All species became photosynthetically inactive when dried below a water content of 100–200% dry weight. Only Tortula ruraliformis , a moss from arid sand dunes. was able to recover fully to pre-desiccated rates of photosynthetic electron transport during subsequent rehydration. The rate of recovery was influenced by irradiance during desiccation. Mosses from hydric habitats showed some resumption of photosynthetic electron transport (following rehydration) if dried in the dark. but did not do so if dried even in low light. In these circumstances the mosses showed evidence of lasting photoinhibition of photosynthesis after rehydration. The desiccation-tolerant T. ruraliformis became significantly photoinhibited only when continually exposed to high irradiance (1200 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) in the hydrated state. If allowed to desiccate whilst exposed to high irradiance this species showed less evidence of photoinhibition after rehydration, and was not at all affected by desiccation in low irradiance. Photon flux absorption in dry moss was 50–60% less than that in hydrated moss as a result of leaf curling. However, the reduction in absorption of photosynthetically active radiation cannot account for the total loss of photosynthetic oxygen evolution and variable chlorophyll fluorescence observed in the desiccated mosses.     

固定沙丘结皮层藓类植物多样性及固沙作用研究

 根据对沙坡头固定沙丘生物结皮的物种调查、鉴定及盖度和生物量的研究,藓类植物共2科,7属,16种,以真藓（Bryum argenteum）为优势种。随着固沙时间的延长,生物结皮中藓类和藻类总盖度呈上升趋势;沿不同年代固定沙丘坡面向上等距离梯度,藓类盖度显著下降,而藻类盖度则平稳上升。对不同年代固定沙丘生物结皮优势种真藓的生物量和固沙量的测定表明,随沙丘固定年代的增加,真藓的生物量和固沙量增加,50年代固沙区结皮层真藓生物量是944.03 kg·hm-2,固沙量是3.925×104 kg·hm-2,但固沙率随时间的增加而减少。真藓的饱和吸水量与生物量呈正相关,50年代固定沙丘藓类结皮层可吸水7.06×103 kg·hm-2,说明藓类结皮层具有很强的吸水和保水能力,对于干燥少雨的沙漠地区具有十分重要的生态学意义。     

景宁畲族自治县苔藓植物物种多样性及区系特征

通过对采自于景宁畲族自治县的2331份苔藓植物的鉴定研究,发现该县有苔藓植物80科194属451种(包括种以下分类单位),其中包括浙江省新记录属2个,分别是疣毛藓属(Leratia Broth.)和拟小锦藓属(Hageniella Broth.),浙江省新记录种30个。该区系优势科主要包括青藓科(Brachytheciaceae,34种)、灰藓科(Hypnaceae,23种)、丛藓科(Pottiaceae,22种)和提灯藓科(Mniaceae,22种)等16个,优势属主要包括羽苔属[Plagiochila(Dumort.) Dumort.,14种]、青藓属(Brachythecium Bruch & Schimp.,14种)、凤尾藓属(Fissidens Hedw.,13种)、灰藓属(Hypnum Hedw.,11种)和耳叶苔属(Frullania Raddi,10种)等25个;单种属和寡种属较多,但特有现象不明显;土石生、土生和树生群落为主,水生群落较为稀少;区系主体由东亚分布成分、热带分布成分和温带分布成组成主体,呈现出明显的东亚色彩和热带向温带过度的特点。研究旨在摸清景宁畲族自治县苔藓植物本底资源,为该地区苔藓植物的保护和合理利用提供科学依据,同时以期能够为浙江省乃至中国苔藓植物研究提供基础资料。     

COMPARATIVE PATTERNS OF NET PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN AN ASSEMBLAGE OF MOSSES WITH CONTRASTING MICRODISTRIBUTIONS

Effects of plant water content, previous desiccation, photon flux density, and temperature on rate of net photosynthesis were measured in the common species in the assemblage of desiccationtolerant mosses that dominates the flora on granitic boulders at a semiarid site in the inland chaparral of San Diego County, California. Species differed significantly in their responses to water content, desiccation, and light. Species previously found to occur in microsites of lower water availability attained maximum net photosynthesis at lower water contents and showed greater ability to recover from prolonged desiccation. Species found in microsites of lower light availability had higher rates of net photosynthesis at low photon flux density. Results suggest that differences in potential rates of net photosynthesis partly determine relative ability of these species to colonize xeric or dark microsites, but that other factors also determine microdistribution.     

Macrophytes from lakes in the eastern Pyrenees: community composition and ordination in relation to environmental factors

1. Thirty-six species of macrophytes (fourteen flowering plants, two quillworts, sixteen mosses and liverworts, and two algae) were collected in an extensive survey of 116 high mountain lakes in the eastern Pyrenees. Seventy per cent of the lakes showed macrophyte development. 2. The isoetids (Isoetes lacusiris, Isoetes setacea and Subularia aquatica) were the dominant growth form, although the natopotamid Sparganium angusifolium was the most widespread species. Potamids (Potamogeton spp., Ranunculus spp.), the alga Nitella gr. opaca and some mosses (Warnstorfia exannulata, Sphagnum denticulatum) were often present. 3. A multivariate ordination analysis (RDA-redundancy analysis) revealed that water chemistry, altitude and vegetation cover of the catchment, and nutrient availability are major environmental factors associated with macrophyte distribution along the eastern Pyrenean lakes. Isoetids prevailed in softwater oligotrophic lakes, potamids in relatively hardwater oligotrophic lakes, and Potamogeton natans and Callitriche palustris in small and eutrophic water bodies affected by the presence of cattle.     

Floristic diversity along the roadsides of an urban biodiversity hotspot in Indian Himalayas

In the urban landscapes, scientific understanding of the roadside vegetation is a prerequisite for better planning and designing of sustainable cities. The Srinagar city, located in the Indian Himalayas, represents an urban biodiversity hotspot but the information about the floristic diversity especially along its roadsides is lacking. In order to fill this knowledge gap, the present study using field-based plant collection surveys was undertaken to investigate the floristic diversity growing along the roadsides of Srinagar. A total of 206 vascular plant species were recorded with the proportion of alien species relatively higher (52%) than the native species (48%). Of the 108 alien species, 24 were invasive, 44 naturalized, 12 casual and 23 were cultivated. Most of the species were herbs (165 spp.) and the majority of these were wild growing (155 spp.). Based on Raunkiaer’s lifeform characterization, therophytes (94 spp.) were the most dominant. Interestingly, the therophytes harboured the highest number of alien species (50 spp.), followed by phanerophytes (29 spp.). There was significant difference between the floristic spectrum obtained during the present study and the normal Raunkiaer’s spectrum. The present study provides policy-relevant baseline data which can guide the urban planners to develop sustainable planning in this Himalayan city.     

Factors influencing the distribution of aquatic plant communities in Irish canals

Terrestrial tardigrades are often found in the lichens and mosses growing on trees and rocks. The assertion that tardigrades in these habitats are very patchy in their distribution has rarely been backed by quantitative sampling. This study assesses spatial variability in tardigrade populations inhabiting small patches (0.1 cm² to over 5 cm²) of moss and lichen on trees and rocks at three sites in the United States of America. Tardigrades were collected from four replicate rocks in the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas, with 30 lichen patches collected on two adjacent boulders and 20 moss patches on a second pair of boulders. In Fort Myers and in Citrus Springs, Florida, 30 lichen patches per tree were collected from two pairs of trees. The tardigrades in each sample were extracted, mounted, identified, and counted. The variation in tardigrade abundance among lichen or moss patches within rocks or trees was very high; the only consistent pattern was that very small patches usually lacked tardigrades. Tardigrade diversity and abundance also varied greatly within sites when lichens and mosses of the same species from different rocks and trees were compared (in the most extreme case one tree had numerous individuals of two tardigrade species present while the other had almost no tardigrades). The results of this quantitative sampling support the assertion that tardigrades are very patchy in distribution. Given the considerable time investment required for the quantitative processing of tardigrade samples, this high spatial variability in tardigrade diversity and abundance requires that researches testing ecological hypotheses about tardigrade abundance check variability before deciding how many samples to take.     

A standard set of polymorphic microsatellites for threatened mountain ungulates (Caprini,Artiodactyla)

Nearly 70% of the world's mountain ungulate taxa are endangered. The availability of a standard set of DNA markers for forensic and molecular ecology studies would help to establish conservation programs and detect poaching activities of these endangered taxa. We tested 60 published microsatellite primer pairs from bovids (cattle, sheep and goat) on 49 individuals from 11 taxa including six wild goat‐like species (Capra spp.), three divergent wild sheep (Ovis spp.), and two chamois (Rupicapra spp.) species. Approximately 30 microsatellites amplified a microsatellite‐like PCR product in all three genera, and with the exception of ILST097, nearly all the loci were polymorphic within most of the 11 species.