超低能重离子注入作物育种的原初物理机制

从原子核物理学观点出发,采用理论分析与实验测量并举的方法对超级能（〈２００ｋｅｖ）重离子（Ｚ≥６）注入作物（小麦）种子进行诱变育种的原初物理机制进行了研究,结果表明,无论是注入离子本身的射程,还是次级电子,自由基扩散,高温热穗,级联原子和冲击波等次级作用范围都无法触及表皮下面的胚细胞,但注入离子在麦胚内主要元素（Ｃ,Ｎ,Ｏ,Ｓ,Ｐ,Ｋ,Ｃａ）上激发出的特征Ｘ－射线,在其强度减弱为原来的１０＾－３时     

^16O^8＋离子辐照普通小麦引起幼苗可溶性蛋白质的不同变化

利用不同能量、不同剂量的^16O^8 离子辐照春麦。处理方式为离子贯穿种子（75MeV/u）以及离子注入胚和胚乳等种子的不同部位。然后分析其幼苗的可溶性蛋白质（soluble protein）,根据其分子量大小不同,将其划分为五个区段并计算各组分的相对含量,结果表明：1.同对照相比,随着辐照剂量的增加,所有辐照材料（包括贯穿和注入）第二区段（分子量较高区段）蛋白质组分的相对含量下降;而第五区段（分子量最小区段）蛋白质组分的相对含量升高。2.种子的贯穿处理,同时也引起第一区段（分子量最高区段）和第三区段蛋白质组分相对含量的下降以及第四区段的升高;其中第三、四区段的变化明显区别于注入效应。3.注入胚和4胚乳的区别在于后者第一区段蛋白质组分相对含量的较大下降和第五区段的较大提高。4.小剂量辐照的材料,可溶性蛋白质组分的变化异常,可能与低剂量辐射兴奋效应有关。在讨论中提出了注入胚的即时效应与注入胚乳的后期效应。     

种子萌发内在条件的探究

种子的萌发需要一定的内在条件和环境条件。根据北师大版生物学教材7年级上册内容,种子萌发的内在条件之一是具有完整的胚。对双子叶植物花生种子缺少部分子叶的不完整胚进行了萌发探究,结果表明花生种子缺少部分子叶的不完整胚仍可以萌发。     

氮离子束对小麦种子不同部位作用的突变效应

本文描述了荷能重离子束（^14氮^1 和^14氮^7 ）在作物改良上的应用。为了探讨离子束轰击小麦种子不同部位（例如：种皮,种胚和整粒种籽,包括胚乳、胚和种皮）后的不同反应,采用了不同能量的氮离子。轰击不同部位是通过改变离子能量来实现的。在这个研究中,我们选择了三种能量以达到轰击不同部位的目的,它们是超低能区的110keV,低能区的15．7MeV/u和中能区的72MeV/u.根据TRIM 91程序计算,它们在种子内的射程依次为0．44μm,0.61mm和9.6mm。所以,110keV的离子不能贯穿种皮,因为它的厚度72μm,只能极浅层注入种皮而不能触及胚细胞（称这种情况为轰击部位1）,15．7MeV/u的离子能够贯穿种皮并注入胚内（厚度约1mm),但不能进入胚乳（称这为轰击部位2）,72MeV/u的离子能从种子的胚部到顶部贯穿整个麦粒（麦粒长约7mm)（称这为轰击部位3）。上述三种能量的氮离子辐照了三个品种（定西24、88－12、82－579）的春小麦种子。而后进行了室内实验和大田培育,得到了50％出苗率时的剂量D50,统计了上述三个轰击部位下根尖细胞中的微核率及染色体畸变率,大田中产生了一些新的变异,例如增产（达百分之几十）,早熟（五天左右）,矮杆（低约20cm),抗（条锈）病,并且显示了轰击不同部位的突变频率与突变谱,还简略地讨论了三种情况的突变机理。     

花生种子老化相关蛋白质的初步研究

本文以粤油 116花生(Arachis hypogaea L.)为材料,对不同处理种子的除子叶“种胚”(以下简称“种胚”)的蛋白质进行了研究.实验结果表明,当花生种子活力下降到一定程度时,其“种胚”内出现一种新蛋白质( pI6.2、MW 10 KD),随种子老化程度加深,含量逐渐增多.我们认为该蛋白质与花生种子老化存在着一定的相关关系,可作为该种子老化的标志.     

花生种子老化相关蛋白质的初步研究

本文以粤油 116花生(Arachis hypogaea L.)为材料,对不同处理种子的除子叶“种胚”(以下简称“种胚”)的蛋白质进行了研究.实验结果表明,当花生种子活力下降到一定程度时,其“种胚”内出现一种新蛋白质( pI6.2、MW 10 KD),随种子老化程度加深,含量逐渐增多.我们认为该蛋白质与花生种子老化存在着一定的相关关系,可作为该种子老化的标志.     

超低能离子注入作物育种的一种重要机制

本文通过超低能（１１０ｋｅＶ）离子注入和同步辐射碳光辐照两种手段处理了小麦种子,经萌发在其根尖细胞中均观察到了多种类型的染色体时变,而且同对照相比,均有明显的微核率与染色体总畸变率。根据理论分析和一些有关的实验证据,超低能离子注入小麦种子,因离子本身射程非常短（＜１μｍ）,不可能直接损伤麦皮下面的胚细胞,而由注入离子在作物种子内产生的各种特征Ｘ－射线,只要剂量足够,却能达到较深的部位,通过它们的间接作用就会损伤胚细胞造成生物学效应。因此,赵低能离子注入作物种子激发产生的特征Ｘ－射线是其诱变育种的一种重要机制．     

沿重离子贯穿深度的番茄干种子辐射生物学效应研究

本文采用80MeV/u的^12C^6 辐照番茄干种子,研究处于不同离子贯穿深度番茄干种子的辐照生物学效应,检测其生理生化指标。结果表明：辐照后不同贯穿深度上番茄种子的发芽势与物理剂量对应,第8层样品（对应于碳离子在水中的贯穿深度为15mm）出现峰值76.7％,发芽率随离子入射深度的变化不明显;不同贯穿深度辐照样品的根尖细胞微核率也与物理剂量相对应,在第6、7层样品中出现峰值0.257％;另外,辐照样品幼苗茎叶的一氧化氮合酶（NOS）活性、谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量及总抗氧化力在第9层出现峰值,谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-PX）活性在第7-8层出现峰值,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性的变化与重离子贯穿深度没有明显的相关性。总而言之,本工作发现辐照品的多个生理生化指标均与入射离子的微剂量分布相对应,即存在生物效应峰。     

注入碳离子对甜菊的生物学效应

对甜菊（Ｓｔｅｖｉａ ｒｅｂａｕｄｉａｎｕｍ Ｂｅｒｔｏｎｉ）种子注入能量为７５ｋｅＶ、剂量为１０＾１４／ｃｍ＾２的碳离子,研究其种子萌发期产生的一系列生物学效应。注入碳离子的种子萌发率略高于对照组,但种苗的成活率比对照组低（Ｐ〈０．０２）。运用假设检验法分析,结果表明注入离子的种子出苗株高显著高于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０１）。萌发４ｄ的处理组,叶片细胞壁增厚,胞间连丝扩大,内有高电子工的物质沉积,细胞     

顽拗性黄皮种子税水过程中活性氧清除酶活性的变化

以正常性种子花生为对照,研究了顽拗性黄皮种子脱水过程中活性氧清除酶、膜脂过氧化作用以及电解质渗漏率的变化。随着含水量的下降,黄皮胚的电解质渗漏率和膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛（MDA）含量均显著增加;当黄皮胚含水量下降致40％后,SOD活性开始急剧下降,而POD和CAT活性在胚含水量下降过程中呈现出缓慢下降的趋势。花生胚在含水量从45％降至145的过程中,电解质渗漏率没有明显增加,MDA含量只有少量增加;当含水量降至14％后,电解质渗漏率出现少量增加,花生胚脱水初期,活性氧清除酶活怀明显增加,并在整个脱水过程中维持较高的水平。以上结果表明：顽拗性处子黄皮的脱水敏感性与活性氧清除酶相对活性变化有关。脱水引起黄皮胚活性氧清除酶活性降低,活性氧清除能力下降,膜脂过氧化作用加强,膜透性增大。黄皮胚的膜系统可能是脱水伤害的靶位之一。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.