胰腺浆液性微囊性囊腺瘤2例报道并文献复习

目的探讨胰腺浆液性微囊性囊腺瘤(SMC)的临床病理学特征。方法分析2013~2014年本科室诊断的2例SMC的临床表现、影像学特点、组织病理学及免疫组化特点。结果 2例SMC既往有上腹部隐痛不适或腰痛等病史,均行CT检查示胰腺占位。肿瘤为单发、境界清楚的圆形肿物,大体呈微囊、海绵状,壁薄,囊内含清亮、稀薄液体;镜下见囊壁由含糖原的单层立方或扁平上皮构成,核小,居中,细胞无明显异型性。免疫表型:瘤细胞CK7、CK19、vimentin、MUC1、inhibin-α、EMA阳性,特殊染色PAS阳性,NSE、Cg A、CD10、CD34等阴性。术后随访4~19个月均未见肿瘤复发及转移。结论 SMC是发生于胰腺外分泌部的一种罕见肿瘤,多数位于胰体、尾部,常见于老年女性患者,大部分患者实验室检查及血清肿瘤标志物均正常。经病理常规和免疫组化检测可以确诊。     

肺恶性孤立性纤维瘤一例报告

目的探讨肺恶性孤立性纤维瘤的临床病理特征、诊断及鉴别诊断。方法应用HE染色及免疫组织化学分析一例肺恶性孤立性纤维瘤的临床病理特点。结果患者男性,54岁,因咳嗽1月余,发现肺占位一周入院。病理学检测示:瘤细胞形态单一,梭形或卵圆形,片状弥漫排列;富于细胞区和细胞稀疏区交替排列,有血管外皮瘤样区域及致密的胶原样瘢痕沉积;灶性间质粘液变,局部区域富于血管并伴脉管扩张,细胞无明显异型。免疫组织化学观察发现肿瘤细胞vimetin、CD34、CD99和BCL2阳性,p53、SMA、Des、HMB45、MC、calretinin和D2-40阴性。结论肺恶性孤立性纤维瘤的发生率较低,应该加深对其临床病理特点的理解,结合临床与病理免疫组织化学确诊,避免误诊。     

7例乳头状肾癌的动态增强CT表现并文献复习

目的:总结乳头状肾细胞癌(papillary renal cell carcinoma,PRCC)的动态增强CT表现,并对乳头状肾细胞癌的临床特点和鉴别诊断进行文献复习.方法:回顾性分析7例经病理证实的乳头状肾细胞癌的临床、手术及CT资料.结果:7例均为单发肿块,位于右肾5例,位于左肾2例,CT平扫表现为境界清楚或欠清楚的圆形或椭圆形结节或肿块,病变直径0.8 cm～3.5 cm,平均1.8cm,瘤体小时(≤ 3 cm)密度较均匀,无囊变和坏死;瘤体较大时(≥3 cm)常出现坏死、囊变.肿瘤强化程度较低,皮髓质期至实质期渐进性轻度增强,排泄期密度略降低.结论:乳头状肾细胞癌的CT表现有一定特征,多呈渐进性轻度强化,与其它类型肾癌不同,可为临床决定手术方式提供依据.     

肩关节原始神经外胚层肿瘤1例

原始神经外胚层肿瘤分为中枢性和外周性两类,是起源于原始神经管胚基细胞的未分化的高度恶性的肿瘤。外周性原始神经外胚层肿瘤源于神经嵴,可发生在骨、软组织,生长在盆腔、腹腔、腹膜后、肺及胸壁的肿瘤也有报道。发生于骨关节的PNET以青壮年多见,女性多于男性,病程1年以内,以局部疼痛伴软组织肿块为特点,软组织肿块内囊变或钙化少见;可发生于长骨及扁骨,其中肱骨好发。骨骼以溶骨性为主要表现,少见肿瘤骨。病理以镜下可见H-W菊形团结构,免疫组化染色Vim、CD99强阳性为特点。本例为女性患者,影像学特点以右肩关节周围软组织肿块及肩胛骨溶骨性破坏为主。肿块内未见肿瘤骨及明显骨膜反应。CT扫描肿瘤的分界欠清,对邻近组织侵袭性不强。MRI扫描可见肿瘤等信号为主,T2WI肿瘤内部可见片状高信号影。由于PNET恶性程度高,当肿瘤发生于骨内,需要与尤文氏肉瘤(EW)鉴别。     

异位错构瘤性胸腺瘤2例报道及文献复习

目的探讨异位错构瘤性胸腺瘤(ectopic hamartomatous thymoma,EHT)的临床病理学特征。方法收集2例EHT,结合临床病史及相关文献复习,对其进行分析。结果两例分别发生于30岁和49岁的男性,各因发现左颈部肿块1年和5年余就诊。组织学上,肿瘤由梭形细胞、上皮细胞和脂肪细胞3种成分组成,可见多量薄壁中、小血管,梭形细胞在两例中所占比例最大(50%),成熟的脂肪细胞多呈灶状分布。免疫表型上皮细胞与梭形细胞均弥漫表达CK、CK5/6、p63,此外梭形细胞还可部分表达CD10、CD34、calponin、vimentin、SMA,上皮细胞部分表达EMA,TTF-1、S-100两者均未见表达,Ki-67增殖指数均3%。结论 EHT为一种罕见的良性肿瘤,好发于成年男性,认识其独特的发病部位及临床病理学特征为其诊断与鉴别诊断的关键。     

腹壁肿瘤及瘤样病变的CT 诊断（附44 例报道）

目的:分析腹壁肿瘤及瘤样病变的CT表现,旨在提高医师对腹壁肿瘤及瘤样病变的认识,并评价CT在腹壁肿瘤诊断及鉴别诊断中的价值。方法:回顾性分析44例经病理证实的腹壁肿瘤及肿瘤样病变的CT表现,并与病理结果对照。结果:(1)CT扫描对腹壁肿瘤及瘤样病变的定位诊断率达到100%(44/44),定性诊断率约84.1%(37/44)。(2)良恶性病变在边界清晰与否、大小等方面并没有差异,边界不清的29例病例中,14例为良性,15例为恶性。(3)腹壁病变呈较高密度影者均为良性(7/7),血管源性多见。(4)血管瘤、纤维肉瘤、韧带样纤维瘤亦为渐进性强化,腹壁脓肿、结核为环状强化,转移瘤为不均匀强化。结论:CT是目前诊断腹壁肿瘤及肿瘤样病变的主要手段,能较准确定位病变,但对病变定性仍有一定的困难,最终需要病理证实。     

1例结肠血管周上皮样细胞分化肿瘤的报道

目的:探讨血管周上皮样细胞分化肿瘤的临床病理特点及免疫表型.方法:对1例结肠血管周上皮样细胞分化肿瘤的临床病理和免疫组织化学进行分析、并结合相关文献复习.结果:肿块界限清楚,无包膜,镜下观察:瘤细胞包括上皮样细胞及梭形细胞,胞质丰富透明或呈颗粒状嗜酸性胞质,核分裂象少见,间质富于薄壁毛细血管,偶见管壁透明变的大血管.免疫表型肿瘤细胞HMB45和α-SMA阳性,而CD34、CD31、S-100、CK均阴性.结论:血管周上皮样细胞分化肿瘤是一组非常少见的间叶源性肿瘤.因其特殊形态、免疫组化表达应归入血管周上皮样细胞相关肿瘤,极少数可以是恶性.     

嫌色性肾细胞癌17例临床病理学分析

目的探讨嫌色性肾细胞癌的临床病理特征、诊断与鉴别诊断要点。方法对17例嫌色性肾细胞癌进行组织形态学、免疫组化染色及Hale’s胶样铁染色观察,结合文献对其临床表现、病理形态特点及鉴别诊断进行探讨。结果嫌色性肾细胞癌17例,大体肿瘤直径3-10.5cm。镜下肿瘤由嫌色细胞和嗜酸细胞构成,呈片状、梁状和腺泡状分布。嫌色细胞体积较大,多角形,胞膜清晰,胞质半透明细网状,胞核皱缩,可见核沟及核异型,核仁不明显;而嗜酸细胞胞质嗜酸,可见明显的核周空晕。免疫组化:EMA 100%阳性,CD10 52.9%阳性,Vimentin阴性,CK7 88.2%阳性,P504S29.4%阳性,CD11794.1%阳性。Hale’s胶样铁染色100%阳性。17例中12例随访6个月到3年,仅1例在术后15个月发现肝脏转移,其余均未发现复发及转移。结论嫌色性肾细胞癌是一种少见的肾肿瘤,恶性程度相对较低,预后良好。掌握该肿瘤独特的病理学特征,对鉴别其他肾上皮性肿瘤有重要帮助。     

临床影像学联合组织病理大切片在胃肠间质瘤术后化疗的意义和价值

目的进行组织病理学大切片,参照术前CT和MIR影像学资料,比较鉴别诊断胃肠间质瘤,为术后化疗和预后提供理论依据。方法收集10例常规HE染色和免疫组化CD117、CD34、SMA和S-100染色确诊为胃肠间质瘤患者的离体手术大体标本制作组织病理学大切片,常规HE染色,对比CT和MIR影像结果,观察分析胃肠道间质瘤的情况。所有离体组织的断端距离肿物至少2cm,沿肿物最大直径切开,留取1cm厚组织,保持肿物的完整。结果胃肠间质瘤组织病理学大切片制片效果良好,可以清楚观察肿瘤的全貌和大小、每10HPF核分裂象个数、肿瘤的浸润程度、肿瘤的坏死以及肿瘤的包裹情况,参考术前的CT和MIR影像学资料,进一步全面了解胃肠道间质瘤,为临床治疗服务。结论胃肠间质瘤组织病理学大切片比常规病理切片更全面、更具体地反映肿瘤的情况,能明确肿瘤大小,最大程度反映肿瘤的的全貌、浸润程度、坏死情况和每10HPF核分裂象个数,对胃肠间质瘤患者的预后评估及后续化疗制定有效的方案,为患者服务。     

甲状腺上皮样血管内皮瘤临床病理及分子生物学特点分析

为探讨甲状腺上皮样血管内皮瘤的病理形态特征、免疫表型和鉴别诊断,对2例甲状腺上皮样血管内皮瘤进行临床资料分析、随访,并观察其病理形态及免疫组织化学染色分析。2例甲状腺上皮样血管内皮瘤均位于甲状腺下极,实性,切面暗红色,镜下由增生的血管内皮细胞构成,具有上皮样细胞形态,胞浆较丰富,嗜酸性,多呈空泡状,细胞间可见血管腔,免疫组化:CD34(+)、Vim(+)、细胞角蛋白(cytokeratin,CK)(-)、甲状腺球蛋白(thyroid globulin,TG)(-)。上皮样血管内皮瘤是一种罕见的甲状腺肿瘤,其生物学行为属于低度恶性。     

Solitary fibrous tumor of the thigh with epithelioid features: a case report

Background

Extrapleural Solitary Fibrous tumors (SFTs) have been increasingly reported. The retroperitoneum, deep soft tissues of proximal extremities, abdominal cavity, trunk, head and neck are the most common extraserosal locations reported. Microscopically they show a wide range of morphological features, and so the differential diagnosis is extensive. Immunohistochemically, they commonly express CD34, vimentin, bcl-2 and CD99. Epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) and smooth muscle actin (SMA) may occasionally be expressed. Epithelioid morphology in extrapleural SFT has only very occasionally been described (five cases reported), some of them with biphasic pattern and others with malignant characteristics.

Case presentation

A SFT of the thigh with epithelioid areas in a 63 year old woman is reported. Microscopically the tumor showed areas hypo and hipercellular. At the periphery of the hipercellular areas there were nodules composed of epithelioid cells. Immunohistochemically both the spindle and epithelioid cells were positive for CD34, vimentin, bcl-2 and CD99. Epithelial, neural and muscular markers were negative. Molecular study was done and ruled out a synovial sarcoma.

Conclusion

Ten cases of SFT of the thigh have been reported but to our knowledge this is the first case with epithelioid morphology affecting the extremities. Identification of this pattern of SFT is of importance, to avoid misdiagnosis with other more aggressive conditions in soft tissue.

     

Inflammatory malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the retroperitoneum

The authors present a case of inflammatory malignant fibrous histiocytoma located in the left retroperitoneum. The tumor was resected enblock with kidney and suprarenal gland. During the resection the system of retractors called the pillars of Kocman was used which allowed wide exposure of the abdominal cavity. The tumor measured 23 x 17 x 10 cm with the left kidney and suprarenal incorporated. The tumor was centrally pseudocystic made of xanthomatous cells, foamy cells and rare giant cells with storiform formations and infiltrated with neutrophils. Imunohistochemically, the tumor cells were vimentin and CD 68 positive and CD 20, CD3, EMA, S-100, HMB 45, CD 34 and CD 1a negative. Neutrophils were CD 15 positive.     

Fine needle aspiration cytology of solitary fibrous tumours of the pleura

OBJECTIVE: To analyse fine needle aspirates from solitary fibrous tumour (SFT) of the pleura and to elucidate the cytological features unique to these tumours and differential diagnostic findings of benign and malignant SFTs. METHODS: Fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology slides from eight cases of SFT of the pleura, including six benign and two malignant SFTs, were reviewed. The subsequent histological slides were also examined. RESULTS: Cytological diagnoses from six histologically proven cases of benign SFTs were low-grade sarcoma (one), non-small cell carcinoma (one), malignant tumour (1) and benign (three). Two cases of malignant SFTs were cytologically diagnosed as malignancy. The aspirates showed a varying degree of cellularity. Most smears were composed of single, scattered fusiform cells, and irregular loose aggregates of oval to spindle cells intimately admixed with dense collagenous stroma. Two malignant SFTs had a greater number of cells in clusters, and displayed mitotic activity, without significant cytological atypia. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnosis of SFT may be suggested by a combination of cytological and radiological findings. The precise determination of malignancy for SFT, however, is not usually straightforward on the basis of cytological features alone. The findings of highly cellular clusters and mitotic activity in the FNA cytological smear can help differentiate malignant from benign SFTs.     

Primary hepatic malignant fibrous histiocytoma: a case report and review of the literature

Primary malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) of the liver remains extremely rare with only several cases having been reported in literature. We report a case of hepatic MFH in a 53-year-old man who presented with upper abdominal pain, and weight loss for one month. Ultrasound and computed tomography (CT) scan showed a large mass with fine tumor vessels over the left lobe of the liver. Histopathological findings indicated a mesenchymal tumor consisting of spindle cells in storiform pattern intermingled with histiocyte-like cells and giant cells. Immunohistochemically, most tumor cells expressed vimentin, alpha-1 anti-chymotrypsin, alpha-1 antitrypsin and CD68. Morphological and immunohistochemical findings support that the tumor should be classified as a primary malignant fibrous histiocytoma. The literatures is briefly reviewed.     

肺硬化性血管瘤的CT表现及病理学分析

目的：回顾性分析肺硬化性血管瘤（PSH）的CT及病理学特点,提高对PSH的影像诊断水平。方法：收集2008年4月至2012年7月由病理证实的PSH共22例,女21例,男1例,年龄15-72岁,平均48岁。所有病例均行CT平扫,其中17例行CT增强扫描。影像学征象由两名资深胸部影像诊断医师共同讨论完成。结果：CT显示病变直径平均（3.0±1.3）cm,形状呈类球形15例（68%）,不规则形7例（32%）,所有病例均显示边缘光滑（100%）;平扫2例（9%）病灶内有斑点状钙化,1例呈混合磨玻璃影,其余19（86%）密度均匀,CT值为（35±7）HU;17例增强扫描中,10例显示均匀强化,7例呈明显不均匀或延迟强化,平均强化值约为（80±5）HU。结论：总结分析以下指标有助于对PSH的诊断：（1）女性患者,边缘光滑的类球形或卵圆形肺结节,周围无毛刺及卫星灶;（2）CT平扫密度较均匀,有时病灶呈磨玻璃影和内可见点状钙化,（3）增强扫描根据病灶大小可呈均匀强化或明显不均匀强化。     

Can cytological features differentiate reactive renal tubular cells from low‐grade urothelial carcinoma cells?

H. Ohsaki, E. Hirakawa, Y. Kushida, S. Yokoshita, M. Nakamura, H. Kiyomoto and R. Haba Can cytological features differentiate reactive renal tubular cells from low‐grade urothelial carcinoma cells? Objective: To compare the cytomorphological and immunocytochemical features of reactive renal tubular cells and low‐grade urothelial carcinoma cells (LG‐UCs). Methods: We examined 15 cytological parameters in 38 cases with reactive renal tubular cells in renal disease and 20 cases of LG‐UCs from bladder cancer that had been diagnosed by histological examination. Voided urine cytological parameters evaluated were as follows: (i) maximum cell numbers of clusters, (ii) cannibalism, (iii) rosette‐like arrangement, (iv) hobnail‐shaped cells, (v) vacuolated cytoplasm, (vi) intracytoplasmic haemosiderin, (vii) irregular nuclear contours, (viii) chromatin pattern, (ix) prominent nucleoli, (x) cast encasement, (xi) casts, (xii) dysmorphic erythrocytes, (xiii) isomorphic erythrocytes, (xiv) necrosis, and (xv) vimentin reactivity. The above parameters were determined using Mann–Whitney U‐test and chi‐square test, with differences considered significant at P < 0.05. Results: In reactive renal tubular cells, low to moderate cell numbers of clusters (fewer than 50 cells), rosette‐like arrangement, hobnail‐shaped cells, vacuolated cytoplasm, intracytoplasmic haemosiderin, euchromatin pattern, prominent nucleoli, dysmorphic erythrocytes and vimentin reactivity were present in significantly higher proportions compared with those in LG‐UCs. In LG‐UCs, high cell numbers of clusters (50 cells or more), cannibalism, heterochromatin pattern, isomorphic erythrocytes and necrosis were seen in significantly higher proportions. No significant differences were observed in irregular nuclear contours, cast encasement or casts. Conclusions: Based on results of the present study, maximum cell numbers of clusters, cannibalism, rosette‐like arrangement, hobnail‐shaped cells, vacuolated cytoplasm, intracytoplasmic haemosiderin, chromatin pattern, prominent nucleoli, dysmorphic erythrocytes, isomorphic erythrocytes, necrosis, and vimentin reactivity were capable of distinguishing reactive renal tubular cells from LG‐UCs.     

Abundant dendritic cells express HLA-DR in pleomorphic adenomas

Most pleomorphic adenomas were found to contain abundant dendritic cells (DC) with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II (HLA-DR) expression. Their immunohistochemical staining features were suggestive of dendritic histiocytic cells. Extensive phenotypic characterization by two-colour immunofluorescence staining for various cell markers was performed. The DC expressed both HLA class I and II determinants, vimentin, S-100 protein, and various monocyte-related markers (10G11, 3D10, 7G5 or CD11a, 8C2) but were negative for leucocyte common antigen (CD45), Leu-6 (CD1), and the myelomonocytic L1 antigen. Characterization of HLA-DR positive DC isolated by an immunomagnetic bead method confirmed the immunohistochemical staining pattern that corresponds to the phenotype of interdigitating cells. Morphological and immunological implications of the abundant presence of these cells in pleomorphic adenomas are discussed.     

肝内胆管细胞癌的CT诊断

目的:研究肝内胆管细胞癌的CT表现,提高对肝内胆管细胞癌的认识。方法:回顾性分析经手术及病理证实的26例肝内胆管细胞癌的CT表现,并与手术结果对比分析。结果:肝内胆管细胞癌的CT表现为低密度不规则肿块,边界欠清,增强扫描肿瘤边缘实质部分轻中度强化。增强扫描:动脉期无强化11例,轻度强化15例。延迟扫描26例均有不同程度延迟强化。结论:肝内胆管细胞癌的CT表现有一定的特征性,对于与肝内其他常见痛变的鉴别诊断有重要价值。     

Analysis of the cellular infiltration of benzyl-esterified hyaluronan sponges implanted in rats

Unseeded sponges of benzyl-esterified hyaluronan (HYAFF11) and HYAFF11 coated with unmodified hyaluronan were implanted subcutaneously and intramuscularly in adult rats for 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 26 weeks. Explanted samples were stained tincturally using Van Geison, von Kossa, and hematoxylin and eosin, enzyme histochemically by chloroacetate esterase, and by immunohistochemistry for the specific identification of cell types and subpopulations, targeting immature (ED1) and mature macrophages (ED2), MHC-I subset, MHC-II subset, CD54, T-cell alpha-beta receptor, T-cell gamma-delta receptor, CD2, CD4, CD8, natural killer cells, B-cells, vimentin, and TGFbeta. Little or no fibrous tissue formation was observed in any sample in either sponge type at any implantation site. Little degradation was observed in either location until 26 weeks. Little neovascularization occurred at early time periods but was in evidence at 26 weeks. Complete cellular infiltration was observed after 4 weeks, with some mature adipocytes observed within the center of the subcutaneous implants, but these cells were mainly observed around the periphery of the sponges. At 26 weeks, cells were mostly macrophages, with small numbers of T-lymphocytes present. No natural killer cells, B-cells, helper/inducer, or cytotoxic/suppressor T-cells were observed in any sample. Most infiltrating cells were MHC-II positive, and discrete pockets of TGFbeta protein were observed within the sponges. While a sustained inflammatory response was observed within both sponge types at 26 weeks, it was relatively benign and nonspecific immunologically, and inflammatory markers such as MHC-II were declining after 12 weeks. No fibrous capsule was observed, and sponge degradation was only observed at 26 weeks, an event essential for induction of neovasculargenesis. At 26 weeks, there was significant staining for vimentin and ED2 on macrophages. Taken with the pattern of other macrophage activation markers, angiogenic environment and absence of inhibitory matrix proteins, the conditions were consistent with the onset of neoadipogenesis, although this would need to be confirmed by longer term studies. For the generation of neoadipose tissue for clinical therapy, we hypothesize that macrophages require an inflammatory stimulus for infiltration, then a reduction in proinflammatory cytokine secretion simultaneous with angiogenic conditions allowing macrophage differentiation into adipocytes.     

Characterization of fibroblastic cell plasticity in the lamina propria of the rat uterine cervix at term

Different organs contain fibroblasts with specific features and functions, indicating the complexity of fibroblast biology. In the rat cervical stroma, fibroblasts are preferentially located in the fibrous ring that surrounds the mucous layer. The purpose of this study was to investigate the morphological features and immunophenotype of fibroblastic cells of the uterine cervix in cycling, pregnant, and postpartum rats. Expression of the cytoskeletal proteins desmin, vimentin, and alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) were studied by immunohistochemistry. The optical density of immunohistochemical staining was quantified by image analysis. The ultrastructural features of fibroblastic cells were observed under transmission electron microscopy. Cervical fibroblastic cells always expressed vimentin and desmin but never alpha-SMA. During the first half of pregnancy (Day 5 [D5] to D14), desmin intensity values were similar to those of cycling and postpartum fibroblasts. In contrast, a strong expression of desmin was found from D15 to D22, with maximal expression at term (D23). Immunohistochemical expression for vimentin was constant throughout pregnancy and showed no differences with cycling and postpartum uterine cervices. Stromal cells from cycling and early pregnant rats displayed ultrastructural features characteristic of typical fibroblasts. In contrast, at the end of pregnancy, fibroblasts differentiated and showed increased secretory characteristics, reaching the ultrastructural features of a myofibroblast. Based on the differential expression of desmin and the electron microscopic observations, the foregoing results showed a modulation of the fibroblastic phenotype in the uterine cervix during pregnancy. To our knowledge, this is the first report that addresses the presence of myofibroblasts derived from resident fibroblasts in the fibrous ring of the rat uterine cervix. Fibroblastic-myofibroblastic cell plasticity may have implications in the physiological changes displayed in the uterine cervix during pregnancy, parturition, and postpartum involution.