基于夜间灯光数据的太湖流域城镇扩张对净初级生产力的影响研究

理解人类活动变化对生态环境的影响,识别生态环境变化区域及其成因,对制定差异化的区域生态保护政策具有重要意义。基于MODIS17A3和DMSP/OLS稳定夜间灯光数据,结合RS与GIS技术,构建城镇开发程度指数,采用一元线性趋势分析法对城镇开发程度进行分区,利用Pearson相关系数计算城镇开发程度与NPP的作用关系,并运用热点分析模型探讨土地利用转型对NPP变化的影响。结果表明:(1)2000—2010年,太湖流域年均NPP变化范围是388.79—452.54 gC m~(-2)a~(-1),NPP变化呈波动下降趋势;(2)城镇开发程度缓慢增加区对NPP变化影响较小,增加区与快速增加区对NPP变化影响较大;(3)太湖流域土地转型主要发生在耕地转建设用地、林地转建设用地和水域转建设用地,建设用地面积的快速扩张及由此导致的城镇开发程度的增加,是流域NPP降低的主要原因。     

马鞍山市城市化与生态环境耦合协调发展研究

伴随城市化的快速推进, 生态环境面临日益严峻的挑战, 因此研究城市化与生态环境的耦合协调发展显得尤为重要。以安徽省马鞍山市的街道及乡镇为研究对象, 利用DMSP/OLS夜间灯光数据和Landsat遥感影像数据, 建立夜间灯光指数和遥感生态指数, 并引入耦合协调模型, 对1993—2013年马鞍山市城市化与生态环境耦合协调关系进行探索。结果表明: (1)1993—2013年马鞍山市城市化水平提高, 但城市化水平存在地区差异, 城市化水平高的地方主要集中在花山区和雨山区; (2)1993—2013年马鞍山市生态环境质量呈现先上升再下降的趋势, 生态环境较好的地区主要分布在西部丘陵地区如含山县的清溪镇、仙踪镇、昭关镇等地方; (3)1993—2013年马鞍山市城市化与生态环境耦合协调发展水平提升, 耦合度和耦合协调度不断提高, 耦合协调类型由低度协调阶段转向中度协调阶段; 在马鞍山市东西和南北方向耦合协调度空间演变趋势皆呈倒U型。该研究结果可为马鞍山市城市的发展和生态环境的保护提供科学参考。     

京津冀城市群生态空间固碳服务功能及其与景观格局的关系特征

在全球气候变暖、城市群快速发展导致景观格局破坏与生态系统服务功能受损的背景下，研究城市群生态系统服务功能与景观格局的关系具有重要的意义。基于以上背景与前人研究，选取在中国经济社会发展中最具代表性的城市群京津冀城市群，通过遥感解译、ArcGIS 10.6制图分析及SPSS软件相关性分析等，从土地利用的角度研究其生态空间固碳服务功能及其与景观格局的关系特征，并提出相关探讨。结果表明：1）京津冀生态空间中耕地、林地、草地均为碳汇用地，2000-2018年期间用地面积排序为：耕地 > 林地 > 草地，用地面积减少量排序为：林地 > 耕地 > 草地。耕地为研究区东南半部的主导类型，林地作为区域西北半部的主导类型，草地分布呈与林地相间状态。2018年北京市内西北部大面积的林地转化为耕地。2）2000-2018年期间生态空间三种用地的年固碳量排序为：耕地 > 林地 > 草地，用地年固碳量增长量排序为耕地 > 林地 > 草地。从平均单位固碳量来说，四个时间点均表现为：林地 > 耕地 > 草地。单位固碳量区域分布差异明显且随时间变化量大。3）不同生态空间用地的固碳量与不同景观指数的相关性结果不同。耕地年总固碳量与其各景观指数没有明显相关性；林地年总固碳量与最大斑块指数（LPI）、景观形状指数形状指数（LSI）、景观百分比（PLAND）有0.01级别的显著正相关性；草地年总固碳量与斑块密度（PD）、景观百分比（PLAND）有0.05级别的显著正相关性，与景观形状指数（LSI）有0.01级别的显著正相关性；生态空间总固碳量与LSI有0.01级别的显著正相关性。最后，根据研究结果提出了相关原因讨论，同时基于固碳服务功能与景观格局的关系特征，从土地利用角度提出了京津冀生态空间土地利用优化策略，最后，根据研究结果提出了相关原因讨论，同时基于固碳服务功能与景观格局的关系特征，从土地利用角度提出了京津冀生态空间土地利用优化策略，对全球变暖之下城市群生态环境可持续发展提供了方法指导和借鉴。     

黔中喀斯特山地城市土地利用/覆被变化及其生态效应评价——以贵阳市花溪区为例

快速城市化发展对脆弱喀斯特山地城市生态环境造成严重威胁,系统监测评价城市土地利用/覆被格局变化及其生态效应,协调生态保护与城市发展的关系是新时期喀斯特山地城市生态文明示范城市建设的重要命题。以贵阳市花溪区为对象,以2013年和2018年Landsat ETM/OLI遥感影像为主要数据源,运用遥感和GIS技术,采用遥感生态指数（Remote Sensing Ecological Index,RSEI）模型,在系统分析研究区土地利用/覆被类型和生态环境质量时空动态变化的基础上,剖析土地利用/覆被变化的生态效应。结果表明：（1）2013-2018年花溪区土地利用/覆被格局发生明显变化,形成以林地、建设用地和耕地3种类型占优的格局态势,以耕地的大量减少（减少约15353.37 hm²）且90%转为建设用地或林地、灌木地为主要特征,并伴有局部林地退化（约2683.80 hm²）的现象;（2）5年间,花溪区生态环境质量呈下降趋势,RSEI从2013年的0.622下降到2018年的0.499,下降约20%,反映植被覆盖度和不透水建设用地的绿度指标和干度指标对花溪区生态环境质量的贡献最大;（3）土地利用/覆被与生态环境质量的分布和变化在空间上基本吻合;林地面积或林地与灌木地面积的增减对生态环境质量的变化具有显著影响,林地或林地与灌木地面积增加10%,可使生态质量好转面积增加约15%-20%,或减少生态质量恶化面积约4%;而林地的退化面积增加10%,可导致生态质量恶化面积增加约14%。研究可为喀斯特山地城市国土空间格局优化、城市生态环境改善、生态文明城市建设提供科学依据。     

1980—2018年祁连山南坡土地利用变化及其驱动力

祁连山是我国第一阶梯和第二阶梯的分界线,生态环境脆弱,对过渡地带土地利用变化及其驱动力研究具有重要的生态意义。本研究以祁连山南坡为研究区,基于1980—2018年遥感影像数据,运用空间自相关分析法、ArcGIS空间分析方法和主成分分析法分析了土地利用的时空变化特征及其驱动力。结果表明: 1980—2018年,草地是研究区土地利用类型的主体,建设用地所占比重最小,水域、草地表现为下降趋势,未利用土地、建设用地和耕地均呈现出增长态势,林地变化较小。不同地类单一土地利用动态度从大到小依次为:建设用地＞水域＞耕地＞未利用土地＞林地＞草地,综合土地利用动态度为0.9%。不同土地利用类型空间分布表现出空间集聚性特征。耕地增加的区域和林地、草地减少的区域主要分布在门源县城所处大通河谷地西北侧,天峻县东北部大通河上游地区存在工矿建设用地占用草地的现象。土地利用变化驱动力主要为人口数量、科技、城市化、经济发展水平和政策。本研究结果可为政府合理规划和利用土地资源提供依据,对祁连山南坡生态环境保护和社会经济可持续发展具有重大意义。     

基于SNIC-CNN-SVM模型的京津风沙源二期工程区土地利用/土地覆盖遥感识别研究

稀疏植被覆盖（草地、沙地、戈壁）演变能够直接表征区域生态环境和人类活动的动态影响变化。但由于大尺度稀疏植被区一般都具有地理跨度大,景观结构复杂多样,破碎化程度高,现有地表覆盖分类产品针对性不足等问题,使得该区域内林草沙的遥感提取难度较大,精度普遍偏低,直接制约生态效应评价模型的应用效果。因此,以典型大尺度稀疏植被区--京津风沙源治理二期工程区为研究区,研建了SNIC-CNN-SVM （SCS）模型,实现了大尺度稀疏植被区林草沙典型要素的信息自动提取和主要土地利用/土地覆盖类型识别。研究结果表明：1）引入惩罚性机制优化后的SNIC分割算法,有效提升了稀疏植被区与沙地区的边界区分度,有助于分类精度的提升;2）基于改进SNIC-CNN-SVM模型方案的研究区总体分类精度达89.41%,较优化前提高了11.17%,特别是乔、灌、草、沙地和戈壁的分类识别精度显著提升,表明该优化方案在以研究区为代表的稀疏植被区域分类中具有较好的应用效果和推广价值;3）分类结果显示,2020年工程区草地面积最大,占到了一半以上（51.52%）,沙地占比11.96%,稀疏植被覆盖（草地、沙地、戈壁）区域占比68.68%,表明工程区处在林地-稀疏植被-沙地的过渡地带,生态环境保护压力与防沙治沙形势依然严峻;4）近20年来,乔灌草等植被增加面积约占工程区20.64%,主要由沙化土地转化,沙化土地减少面积约占工程区的4.58%,表明研究区植被状况不断改善,实施的各项生态工程作用显著,能够更有效地服务于多维度生态系统服务功能评价。该研究以期能够为京津风沙源二期工程区的生态系统演变规律研究及生态工程评价等工作提供重要科学支撑。     

长江三峡库区土地利用/覆盖的长期变化

了解土地利用/覆盖的时空变化有助于揭示气候变化和人类活动对生态系统的影响,是开展生态系统管理的重要前提.长江三峡库区是我国重要的生态脆弱区,环境变化影响的复杂性显著,但目前对此仍缺乏系统了解.本文通过解译Landsat时序遥感影像,获取三峡库区土地利用/覆盖数据,研究土地利用/覆盖构成结构及其分布的长期时空变化特征,以揭示三峡库区土地利用/覆盖的演变规律,为深入了解生态脆弱区生态系统变化复杂性和区域生态系统管理提供科学依据.结果表明: 1990—2015年间,三峡库区土地利用/覆盖结构的空间异质性和变化显著,农田面积比例由66.2%降至40.4%,林地面积比例由31.3%增至53.5%,库区由农业景观转变为以森林、灌木林等为主的林地景观,建设用地和水体逐渐增加;林地逐渐向库区中部扩张,建设用地点状扩张;海拔500～1000 m和坡度15°～25°区域林地面积比例增长最明显,针叶林、针阔混交林和灌木林等植被类型增长最快.研究期间,三峡水库建设和各类生态恢复工程的实施促使区域土地利用/覆盖结构呈阶段性变化,总体表现为生态恢复趋势.积极的生态恢复措施有助于消减工程建设对区域生态环境的负面影响.     

白洋淀流域土地覆被变化及其生态服务价值评价

白洋淀流域处于京津腹地, 经济、生态战略地位显要, 研究其土地覆被变化规律及它引起的生态系统服务价值变化具有重要意义。文章研究了白洋淀流域 2005—2015 年土地覆被的变化情况, 并对其引起的生态系统服务价值的变化进行分析。为此, 收集了该区域 2005 年、2015 年两个时间段 TM/OLI 遥感影像, 解译出相应的土地覆被数据, 从两个时期土地覆被变化的趋势、转换关系及土地利用程度等方面对土地覆被变化规律进行分析, 并进一步分析不同土地覆被类型变化对当地生态服务价值的影响。结果表明: 2005—2015 年间流域内土地覆被显著变化, 草地、未利用地的面积呈减少趋势, 林地、耕地、建设用地、湿地水体呈增加趋势, 土地利用程度增加; 生态服务价值随土地覆被变化有所改变, 林地、耕地、湿地水体的变化导致生态服务价值增加, 草地的变化导致生态服务价值减少。总体而言, 近 10 年来白洋淀流域生态服务总价值增加, 生态环境明显改善。     

京津冀城市群生态网络构建与优化

生态安全是人类生活的基本保障,快速城镇化致使大型生态源地破碎化、岛屿化,生态环境问题日益严重。构建生态网络不仅能加强生态源地间的连通性,完善生态功能,还能提高生态系统的综合能力,改善恶化的生态环境问题。以京津冀为研究区,基于地理空间分析技术确定京津冀生态源地,对研究区内的林地、湿地、草地,结合生态红线等进行区域叠加从而完成源地提取;基于最小成本路径方法,考虑土地利用及高程影响因子,提取京津冀城市群生态廊道,分析统计廊道分布情况;结合重力模型与重要生态源地连通性筛选出京津冀重要生态廊道,叠加现有国道、河流构建生态网络,对重要生态节点进行分析。研究结果表明,生态源地面积占研究区总面积比例为21.76%,林地、湿地、草地面积占总生态源地面积分别为82.78%,11.05%,6.17%;不同地貌区域生态源地类型不同,林地主要分布在山区,湿地主要分布在平原区域,草地主要分布在研究区西北部;景观成本值平原区域高于草原和山区,北京、天津、石家庄城区及周边景观成本值最高;采用最小成本路径模型提取廊道579条,其中张家口、承德区域生态网络较好,平原区域生态源地及生态节点缺失较为严重。最后,对北京、天津、白洋淀、衡水湖等重点生态区域提出修复和保护意见,为京津冀城市群发展提供参考。此外,本研究对其他地区生态网络的构建提供理论依据与技术支持。     

基于决策树的科尔沁沙地土地利用/覆盖变化监测

以科尔沁沙地西缘内蒙古翁牛特旗为对象,利用3个时相(1989、1999和2007年,分别表示三北防护林体系工程建设近10年、20年和30年)Landsat ETM/TM数据,采用决策树分类方法对该区土地利用/覆盖动态变化进行监测.结果表明:基于决策树分类方法进行遥感影像分类的总体精度能达到89.4%以上,Kappa系数达到0.84以上;近20年,草地和耕地是主要土地利用类型(两项合计占64%以上),林业用地比重为4.8%～5.3%,面积较少;各土地类型面积变化大小依次为耕地>未利用土地>林地>居民及建设用地>水域>草地.     

Known unknowns,Google Earth,plate tectonics and Mt?Bellenden Ker: some thoughts on locality data

Latitude/longitude data in locality records should be published with spatial uncertainties, datum(s) used and indications of how the data were obtained. Google Earth can be used to locate sampling sites, but the underlying georegistration of the satellite image should be checked. The little-known relabelling of a set of landmarks on Mt Bellenden Ker, a scientifically important collecting locality in tropical north Queensland, Australia, is documented as an example of the importance of checking records not accompanied by appropriately accurate latitude/longitude data.     

Influence of transportation and time-averaging in fossil assemblages from the Pennsylvanian of Oklahoma

The relative effects of shell destruction, transportation, and time-averaging have been assessed in seventeen soft-bottom, benthic fossil collections from the Pennsylvanian Wewoka Formation in Hughes County, Oklahoma. Invertebrates were identified to species level, and each was subject to a taphonomic evaluation to determine whether it was in place. Species that were not deemed parautochthonous (living at the location of collection shortly before final burial) were eliminated from the faunal lists to reduce the effects of time-averaging and transportation in the fossil assemblages. Both reciprocal averaging and non-metric multidimensional scaling ordinations revealed two biofacies. These were distinguished using both presence/absence data and numerical counts of species despite an overwhelming number of taxa occurring in both biofacies. Comparison between ordinations based on entire faunal lists with those based on parautochthonous faunal lists indicates that the two biofacies faithfully reproduce differences in the living distributions of member taxa but that the two biofacies underwent different degrees of time-averaging and transportation. Time-averaging leads to accumulation of taxa over time, thereby making presence/absence composition of collections more similar. Transportation, on the other hand, homogenizes originally patchy population distributions and makes relative abundances more uniform. Based on differences in abundances and presence/absence patterns, the stratigraphically lower biofacies underwent more transportation and more time-averaging than the upper biofacies.     

Conservation planning and viability: problems associated with identifying priority sites in Swaziland using species list data

Conservation planning assessments based on species atlas data are known to select planning units containing ecotones because these areas are relatively species‐rich. However, this richness is often dependent on the presence of adjoining core habitat, so populations within these ecotones might not be viable. This suggests that atlas data may also fail to distinguish between planning units that are highly transformed by agriculture or urbanization with those from neighbouring untransformed units. These highly transformed units could also be identified as priority sites, based solely on the presence of species that require adjoining habitat patches to persist. This potential problem was investigated using bird and mammal atlas data from Swaziland and a landcover map and found that: (i) there was no correlation between planning unit species richness and proportion of natural landcover for both taxa; (ii) the priority areas that were identified for both birds and mammals were no less transformed than if the units had been chosen at random and (iii) an approach that aimed to meet conservation targets and minimize transformation levels failed to identify more viable priority areas. This third result probably arose because 4.8% of the bird species and 22% of the mammal species were recorded in only one planning unit, reducing the opportunity to choose between units when aiming to represent each species. Therefore, it is suggested that using species lists to design protected area networks at a fine spatial scale may not conserve species effectively unless population viability data are explicitly included in the analysis.     

Sensitivity of different taxonomic levels of soil Gamasina to land use and anthropogenic disturbances

• 1 The effect of taxonomic level on the sensitivity of bioindicators has been widely investigated in aquatic ecosystems and, to a lesser extent, in terrestrial ecosystems. However, no studies have been conducted on the sensitivity of the different taxonomic levels of soil mites, especially Gamasina, to human activities.
• 2 The present study aimed to assess the sensitivity of different taxonomic levels of soil Gamasina mites to anthropogenic disturbances in Europe and Argentina. We arranged the data from previous projects in a hierarchical system and conducted a study to identify the critical taxonomical levels that had the highest discriminative potential between sites (Europe and Argentina) or management types (forests, grasslands, fallows, succession, recultivation and agricultural sites).
• 3 For the Gamasina community, geographical location was by far more important than the influence of any land use type. The analysis including only the European sites demonstrated that communities belonging to sites subjected to different land uses were also significantly different.
• 4 The species data set provided a clearer separation of sites according to both the geographical and the land‐use gradients than the genus and family data sets. The genus and, to a lesser extent, the family approach may be sufficient to elucidate the influence of great geographical differences and also of certain land uses (e.g. grasslands from the forests and arable sites).
• 5 Species presence/absence data provided valuable information in our analyses, although the use of quantitative data yielded a clearer separation of sites.

     

Analyzing species distributions among temporary ponds with a permutation test approach to the join-count statistic

The Bluff Springs Sand Ponds (BSSPs) are a set of closely-spaced temporary ponds of varying hydroperiod, depth and surface area. We sampled crustacean communities of 15 ponds throughout hydroperiods in 1996 to examine species distributions among ponds. Although ponds were closely spaced (within ca. 16 ha), most species were present in subsets of the 15 ponds. We then analyzed spatial patterns of 12 crustacean species for complete spatial randomness (CSR) using join-count statistics. However, the join-count was designed for large-samples (n>50), so we further analyzed (by simulation) the join-count and a variation of the join-count (Cliff & Ord, 1981) for small-scale reliability. Simulation results revealed that neither testing distribution was reliable for n<30. We then used a permutation test to analyze species distributions and concluded that some species were distributed non-randomly. Therefore, further investigations of mechanisms causing species distributions (e.g., hydroperiod, physical/chemical conditions, biotic interactions) are clearly prescribed. The permutation test should be useful for studies of species distribution patterns among other temporary waters, and can help focus studies on causal mechanisms of distributions among small numbers of temporary aquatic habitats.     

Development of a Prototype System for Archiving Integrative/Hybrid Structure Models of Biological Macromolecules

1. Download high-res image (323KB)
2. Download full-size image

     

On the evaluation of ordinal data with conventional multivariate procedures

In a recent Forum paper, it is argued that, in most studies, ordinal data such as the Braun‐Blanquet abundance/dominance scale are not properly treated by multivariate methods. This is because conventional multivariate methods are generally adequate for ratio‐scale variables only, while for ordinal variables differences between states and their ratios are not interpreted. Conversely, in this paper it is shown that using conventional multivariate procedures for evaluating ordinal data should imply a shift from a metric space to a topological data space; as such the use of ordinal data does not represent a serious methodological error, provided that results are interpreted accordingly.     

A Distributed Multi-Storage Resource Architecture and I/O Performance Prediction for Scientific Computing

I/O intensive applications have posed great challenges to computational scientists. A major problem of these applications is that users have to sacrifice performance requirements in order to satisfy storage capacity requirements in a conventional computing environment. Further performance improvement is impeded by the physical nature of these storage media even when state-of-the-art I/O optimizations are employed.In this paper, we present a distributed multi-storage resource architecture, which can satisfy both performance and capacity requirements by employing multiple storage resources. Compared to a traditional single storage resource architecture, our architecture provides a more flexible and reliable computing environment. This architecture can bring new opportunities for high performance computing as well as inherit state-of-the-art I/O optimization approaches that have already been developed. It provides application users with high-performance storage access even when they do not have the availability of a single large local storage archive at their disposal. We also develop an Application Programming Interface (API) that provides transparent management and access to various storage resources in our computing environment. Since I/O usually dominates the performance in I/O intensive applications, we establish an I/O performance prediction mechanism which consists of a performance database and a prediction algorithm to help users better evaluate and schedule their applications. A tool is also developed to help users automatically generate performance data stored in databases. The experiments show that our multi-storage resource architecture is a promising platform for high performance distributed computing.     

Structure–Function Analysis of the ADAM Family of Disintegrin-Like and Metalloproteinase-Containing Proteins (Review)

The ADAMs belong to a disintegrin-like and metalloproteinase-containing protein family that are zinc-dependent metalloproteinases. These proteins share all or some of the following domain structure: a signal peptide, a propeptide, a metalloproteinase, a disintegrin, a cysteine-rich, and an epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domains, a transmembrane region, and a cytoplasmic tail. ADAMs are widely distributed in many organs, tissues, and cells, such as brain, testis, epididymis, ovary, breast, placenta, liver, heart, lung, bone, and muscle. These proteins are capable of four potential functions: proteolysis, adhesion, fusion, and intracellular signaling. Because the number of ADAM genes has grown rapidly and the biological functions of most members are unclear, this review analyzes the protein structures and functions, their activation and processing, their known and potential activities, and their evolutionary relationships. A sequence alignment of human ADAMs is compiled and their homology and physical data are calculated. The conceivable functions of ADAMs in reproduction, development, and diseases are also discussed.     

应用NOAA/AVHRR资料监测松毛虫危害研究初探

探讨了利用气象卫星定量监测松毛虫危害程度的可能性.以针叶被害率代表松毛虫的危害程度,轻度、中度、重度危害分别定义为针叶被害率<30%、30%～60%和>60%.根据地面光谱观测资料,建立了归一化植被指数与针叶被害率的相关方程,无松毛虫危害时NDVI为0.8823;为了消除大气等因子影响,利用松毛虫危害与未被危害的植被指数相对值表示松毛虫轻、中、重危害程度的遥感监测指标,无危害为1,0.78～1为轻度危害,0.57～0.78为中度危害,<0.57为重度危害.监测危害面积时,利用线性可加垂直植被指数进行混合象元分解.并分别对严重、中度、轻度3种类型发生年进行了定量监测分析,结果表明,AVHRR资料对中等以上松毛虫危害可进行定量监测分析,监测受灾面积比用同期的陆地卫星TM资料监测的受灾面积小12.1%～14.3%;对于轻度危害区域,采用气象卫星不易分辨,主要是由于不同下垫面和大气影响的差异,以及气象卫星空间分辨率较低.