一株产赭曲霉毒素A黑曲霉及其产毒条件

以甘肃河西走廊葡萄酒产区分离的曲霉属黑色组H1菌株为试验材料,依据形态特征和基于rDNA ITS、β-tubulin及calmodulin基因序列的系统发育分析,将其鉴定为黑曲霉Aspergillus niger。利用HPLC-FLD和UPLC-MS/MS检测分析确认H1菌株具有产生赭曲霉毒素A(OTA)的能力。进一步研究了培养条件对H1菌株产毒的影响。试验结果表明,YES培养基比CYA培养基更利于H1菌株的营养生长和产OTA;18–25℃,该菌生长较慢,但OTA产量高;18℃H1菌株在YES培养基上培养9d时OTA的产量达到最大值,为26.01μg/g YES;30–37℃该菌的生长速率显著提高,但OTA产量很低,甚至不产OTA。试验结果表明,温度和营养条件是影响H1菌株产生OTA能力的重要因素。     

产赭曲霉毒素A黑曲霉的PCR法检测

【目的】快速检测产赭曲霉毒素A(OTA)的黑曲霉。【方法】根据黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)CBS513.88中An15g07920基因编码聚酮合酶的酰基转移酶(AT)域设计引物,建立针对产OTA黑曲霉的聚合酶链式反应(PCR)检测方法。【结果】对72株曲霉属菌株(黑曲霉、炭黑曲霉、赭曲霉、佩特曲霉、寄生曲霉和塔宾曲霉)进行检测,发现产OTA的黑曲霉能够扩增出特异性条带,而产OTA的其它菌株不能扩增出条带;检测出3株假阳性的产OTA黑曲霉,实时定量PCR分析此3株菌中An15g07920的同源基因表达情况,发现在产毒条件下可正常表达,排除了因基因无法表达导致假阳性的可能。本方法的检测灵敏度为25 pg的DNA含量,在污染所试农产品孢子浓度大于4.0×10~4–4.0×10~5个/g时可有效检测出产毒菌株。【结论】本方法虽会产生4%的假阳性结果,但是仍可作为产毒黑曲霉有效的快速检测方法,并在农产品污染产毒黑曲霉时进行有效预警。     

一株产赭曲霉毒素A黑曲霉的筛选与鉴定

【目的】筛选出可产生赭曲霉毒素A (OTA)的霉菌菌株。【方法】利用CYA和YES培养基从实验室32个霉菌样品中筛选目的菌株。利用高效液相色谱-荧光检测法对OTA产生菌进行初筛,利用高效液相色谱-质谱联用对OTA初筛菌株进行复筛。通过菌落形态、菌丝及分生孢子形态、ITS DNA序列、β-Tubulin基因序列及Calmodulin基因序列分析等鉴定目的菌株。【结果】得到一株OTA产生菌株1062,该菌株能在25 °C条件下,在CYA、YES和CA培养基中很好生长。结合形态学、对培养基的要求以及上述3个基因序列的进化树分析,该菌株属于黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)。【结论】菌株1062具有OTA产生能力,是一株黑曲霉。     

赭曲霉毒素A的产生、毒性机制与生物合成研究进展

赭曲霉毒素A(ochratoxin A, OTA)是曲霉属和青霉属等真菌的次生代谢物,广泛污染谷物、葡萄、坚果等农产品和饲料,造成严重的经济损失。此外,OTA的肝肾毒性和三致作用(致畸、致癌、致突变)已经得到越来越多的数据支撑,证实其对人类健康存在巨大威胁。OTA及其衍生物的理化性质已经有较为全面的研究,但是其合成过程及调控机理尚不明确。本文整理了赭曲霉毒素A的理化性质及产毒菌株,总结了OTA污染及致病情况的最新研究进展和各国的限量标准,最后分析了OTA的合成机制,讨论了未来OTA理论及应用层面的研究方向,为赭曲霉毒素A的风险评估提供数据支持,同时为OTA生物合成和调控机制提供理论参考。     

黄曲霉群菌种产生黄曲霉毒素B_1的调查研究

本文对来自我国20个省、市、自治区的不同基物上分离的和中国科学院微生物研究所菌种保藏室以及其他单位提供的黄曲霉群菌种,经随机选取82株进行了黄曲霉毒素B_1的测定,证明在测试的9个已知分类群中产生黄曲霉毒素B_1的菌种只限于寄生曲霉和黄曲霉,另外4株种名未定者也能产生此种毒素。在黄曲霉中产毒菌株约占30％(28.3％),其在GAN(葡萄糖硝酸铵)和大米培养基中的黄曲霉毒素B_1的最高产量分别为133,333.3和160,000.0ppb。总的来说,大体上可以反映在我国一般基物上黄曲霉产毒菌株存在的现状。在实验过程中,还对黄曲霉群菌种在GAN和大米培养基中黄曲霉毒素B_1的产量和产毒菌株数作了比较。发现在大米培养基中黄曲霉毒素B_1的产量高于GAN,而且测试的黄曲霉产毒菌株在这两种培养基中均各有不能产毒的菌株,因此,在测定产毒菌株时,若仅采用其中一种产毒培养基,往往会有漏掉产毒菌株的可能性。     

黄曲霉群菌种产生黄曲霉毒素B1的调查研究

本文对来自我国20个省、市、自治区的不同基物上分离的和中国科学院微生物研究所菌种保藏室以及其他单位提供的黄曲霉群菌种,经随机选取82株进行了黄曲霉毒素B_1的测定,证明在测试的9个已知分类群中产生黄曲霉毒素B_1的菌种只限于寄生曲霉和黄曲霉,另外4株种名未定者也能产生此种毒素。在黄曲霉中产毒菌株约占30％(28.3％),其在GAN(葡萄糖硝酸铵)和大米培养基中的黄曲霉毒素B_1的最高产量分别为133,333.3和160,000.0ppb。总的来说,大体上可以反映在我国一般基物上黄曲霉产毒菌株存在的现状。在实验过程中,还对黄曲霉群菌种在GAN和大米培养基中黄曲霉毒素B_1的产量和产毒菌株数作了比较。发现在大米培养基中黄曲霉毒素B_1的产量高于GAN,而且测试的黄曲霉产毒菌株在这两种培养基中均各有不能产毒的菌株,因此,在测定产毒菌株时,若仅采用其中一种产毒培养基,往往会有漏掉产毒菌株的可能性。     

可污染食品及饲料的产黄曲霉毒素真菌的多重PCR检测

根据黄曲霉毒素生化途径中的关键调控基因aflR、omt-1和ver-1的序列以及真菌共有的5.8S rDNA的ITS序列分别设计ApaF/ApaR、OmtF/OmtR、VerF/VerR及ITS1/ITS4四对引物,研究建立产黄曲霉毒素真菌及其潜在饲料或食品污染的多重PCR快速灵敏检测体系。PCR扩增的4个DNA片段中,1032bp、797bp和600bp与基因库中对应基因或DNA序列的同源性达99%以上,仅452bp片段与对应基因ver-1的同源性为98%。通过优化主要影响因子,建立了快速检测产黄曲霉毒素真菌的单管多重PCR反应体系,并用于6种曲霉和1种青霉DNA样品的检测。结果显示,上述4个片段均平行地清晰出现在2株黄曲霉Aspergillus flavus和1株寄生曲霉A.parasiticus的DNA样品中,而其余菌种只检测到ITS片段,说明检测特异性很好。灵敏性分析表明,多重PCR检测的保守灵敏度为1ng/μL样品DNA,所有目标片段的条带均很清晰;即使DNA浓度降至0.1ng/μL,除aflR之外的所有条带也可分辨。     

赭曲霉毒素A降解菌株的筛选及脱毒酰胺水解酶的基因克隆和表达

【背景】赭曲霉毒素A (ochratoxin A, OTA)是一种可以致癌的真菌毒素,其污染严重影响食品安全,危害人类健康。生物降解法去除OTA污染是近些年的研究热点,发掘高效的OTA降解脱毒酶资源具有重要的意义。【目的】筛选高效的OTA降解菌株并从中克隆降解基因,为生物脱毒方法的开发提供基因和酶资源。【方法】利用OTA为唯一碳源的筛选培养基从土壤中筛选纯化OTA降解菌株,通过16S rRNA基因序列分析确定其分类地位,利用高效液相色谱(high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC)分析其降解产物。通过同源序列比对的方法克隆降解基因并与载体pET-29a(+)相连,然后在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中表达。利用Ni²⁺亲和层析对表达产物进行纯化,研究其对OTA的降解活性和酶学特征。【结果】筛选到一株高效的OTA降解菌株,在12 h内能够完全降解1 μg/mL的OTA;初步鉴定该菌株属于Niastella,编号为JX-6;菌株JX-6通过酰胺键断裂途径降解OTA生成无毒的OTα;从菌株JX-6中鉴定了一个OTA酰胺水解酶,命名为NcOTase;NcOTase与已报道的OTA酰胺水解酶序列相似性较低,仅为31%–53%;纯化的NcOTase具有OTA水解活性,比酶活为60.3 U/mg,活性显著高于大部分已报道的OTA降解酶。【结论】NcOTase是一个高效的OTA降解脱毒酶,在去除食品和饲料中OTA污染方面具有很好的应用前景。     

赭曲毒素A的危害及其检测方法研究进展

从赭曲毒素的产生、毒性、危害,及其检测方法和防治等几个方面综述了赭曲毒素的研究进展,对防止赭曲毒素中毒及其检测方法提出了自己的观点。对赭曲毒素中毒的预防最重要,而预防前最重要的工作是做好对赭曲毒素的监督检测工作。ELISA方法是目前最有前景的检测方法,值得进一步研究。     

氧脂素对赭曲霉在大豆培养基质中合成赭曲霉毒素A的影响

【背景】赭曲霉毒素A (ochratoxin A,OTA)是曲霉属和青霉属等真菌的次级代谢产物,严重威胁农产品及食品安全,氧脂素羟基十八碳二烯酸(hydroxyoctadecaenoic acids,HODEs)被认为可能是曲霉属的群体感应信号分子,调节曲霉的生长发育和次级代谢物生成。【目的】主要研究HODEs对赭曲霉(Aspergillusochraceus)菌株AS3.4412产生OTA的影响,检测孢子密度、培养基类别以及内、外源HODEs作用下OTA产量的不同变化。【方法】分别在PDB、黄豆和黑豆培养基中进行赭曲霉的培养,采用高效液相色谱-荧光检测法测定OTA含量,采用高效液相色谱-质谱法测定氧脂素含量,根据变化规律寻找赭曲霉群体密度、氧脂素、OTA三者间的关系。【结果】低密度赭曲霉培养物(103 spores/mL)中9(S)-HODE/13(S)-HODE及OTA产量高于高密度赭曲霉(106 spores/mL);外源添加9(S)-HODE能促进OTA合成,13(S)-HODE可以抑制OTA合成;赭曲霉侵染抗氧化能力更高的黑豆产生更多的OTA。【结论】OTA的合成受到赭曲霉群体密度和氧脂素的影响,推测9(S)-HODE和13(S)-HODE是赭曲霉群体感应信号分子,并且二者在调节OTA合成中具有相反的作用。     

Sensitivity of the Alternaria infectoria species-group 1 to cycloheximide

Aims:  A possibility of using cycloheximide tolerance and/or sensitivity as an additional diagnostic tool for distinguishing morphologically related species within common small-spored Alternaria has been tested during this study.
Methods and Results:  A total of 33 strains from four Alternaria species-groups, namely Alternaria alternata , Alternaria arborescens , Alternaria infectoria and Alternaria tenuissima were tested for their growth response to 100 μg m⁻¹ cycloheximide in potato carrot agar. All A. infectoria strains were completely inhibited, showing no growth at all even after prolonged incubation. In contrast, all other strains representing the remnant three species exhibited a high resistance to this antibiotic.
Conclusions:  Cycloheximide sensitivity represents a further important physiological character for distinguishing A. infectoria from the three similar species.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  The relevance of these findings corresponds with the potential ability of the Alternaria species produce mycotoxins. Cycloheximide may be in future used in the design of selective media for the isolation of some potentially toxigenic food-borne Alternaria species such as A. alternata , A. tenuissima and/or A. arborescens , for example in screening cereals for toxigenic Alternaria spp. and for their direct separation from nontoxigenic representatives of A. infectoria species-group.     

Incidence of seed-borne fungi and aflatoxins in Sudanese lentil seeds

Thirteen seed samples of lentil (Lens esculenta) were incubated on agar plate and moist filter papers (Moist Chambers) at 28 ± 2 °C for determination of the incidence of seed-borne fungi. Aflatoxins content of the seeds was measured using the bright greenish-yellow fluorescence test (BGYF) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Sixty-nine species and seven varieties, which belong to 24 genera of fungi, were isolated from this crop. Of these fungi, 51 species and two varieties are considered new for this crop, whereas seven genera and 13 species are new to the mycoflora of the Sudan. The genus Aspergillus (13 species and 6 varieties) which comprising 44% of the total colony count was the most prevalent genus followed by Rhizopus (2 species, 19%), Penicillium (6 species) and Fusarium (8 species) (12%), Chaetomium (3 species) and Cladosporium (5 species) (6%), where the 18 genera (1–4 species) showed very low level of incidence (19%). Of the possible pathogens of lentil plants, F. oxysporum the main cause of vascular wilt was recovered from seeds of this crop. Thin layer chromatographic analysis of chloroform extracts of 13 seed samples showed that only one samples was naturally contaminated with aflatoxins B₁, B₂, G₁ and G₂ (14.3 μg/kg). This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Mycoflora and mycotoxins of Brazilian cashew kernels

Kernel samples of common and dwarf Brazilian cashew nuts were highly contaminated with field and storage fungi in comparison to healthy ones. In general, dwarf cashews were more contaminated than common. A total of 37 fungal species were identified. Aspergillus niger was the dominant species with more colonies being isolated from dwarf kernels. A. flavus was the next most frequently isolated species. Penicillium brevicompactum, and P. glabrum were the most frequently isolated penicillia, with higher contamination recorded from dwarf kernels. Chaetomium globosum was recorded at a high level. Nine species were recorded from cashew kernels for the first time. Multimycotoxin analysis by tlc and hplc were positive for mycotoxins and other secondary metabolites particularly from the infected samples. Hplc was only carried out on dwarf cashews. Aflatoxins were not detected by quantitative high performance thin layer chromatography. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.