地形因子对粤北山地森林不同生长型地表植物分布格局的影响

利用典范对应分析(CCA)方法研究了小地形变化对广东省车八岭国家级自然保护区山地常绿阔叶林不同生长型地表植物分布格局的影响.结果表明:坡向、坡度和坡位3个地形因子的综合作用对4种生长型地表植物(蕨类、木质藤本、草本和灌木)的分布格局均有显著影响.其中,坡向对4种生长型地表植物分布格局的影响均显著,坡度对灌木分布格局的影响显著,坡位对4种生长型地表植物分布格局的影响均不显著.从阴坡到半阴坡再到半阳坡,4种生长型地表植物的总个体数均逐渐减小,表明阴性植物在亚热带山地常绿阔叶林地表植物中占优势.大部分灌木属于阴性植物,其丰富度和多样性随坡向的变化趋势与总个体数一致.灌木对坡度的变化较敏感,在缓坡上数量较多.丘陵低山的坡位变化范围不大,对地表植物分布的影响不显著.在林分尺度上,地形因子在水平方向(坡向)上对地表植物分布格局的影响比垂直方向(坡度和坡位)大,反映出坡向是亚热带山地森林中影响水热条件的主要因子.     

地形对七姊妹山自然保护区植物丰富度及分布格局的影响

该研究以七姊妹山自然保护区40个(20×20m2)植物群落调查样方为基础,并采用回归分析和典型对应分析(CCA)的方法研究该区地形对植物物种丰富度及植物分布格局的影响,以明确海拔、坡度、坡向、坡位等地形因子的相对重要性,为该区植物多样性的保护和管理提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)七姊妹山自然保护区40个调查样地共有植物633种,隶属133科,316属,其中乔木118种,灌木150种,草本365种。(2)曲线回归方程拟合结果显示,七姊妹山自然保护区植物物种丰富度分别与海拔、坡度具有显著相关性,物种丰富度沿海拔梯度升高而增大,沿坡度梯度先减少后增大之后又减小。(3)从植物的生活型来看,在所有海拔段,乔木物种丰富度始终低于灌木和草本植物;在低、中低海拔地带,灌木物种丰富度均高于乔木和草本植物;而在中、高海拔地带草本植物物种丰富度较大且高于乔木和灌木。(4)CCA排序结果表明,地形因子对植物物种的分布具有显著影响按其影响强度排序为海拔坡度坡位坡向,说明海拔是影响该区植物物种分布最重要的地形因子。     

环境因子对北京低山区低效林林下植被物种组成和丰富度的影响

本文探讨了北京低山区油松、刺槐、侧柏3种典型低效林林下植物组成和物种丰富度与环境因子之间的关系,以揭示不同层次物种组成对环境因子的响应,确定影响灌草2层物种丰富度的主要环境因子。在北京低山区设置34个样地进行群落学调查的基础上,运用CCA排序法分析灌木和草本2层的物种组成与海拔、坡向、坡位、坡度、郁闭度共5个环境因子之间的关系,偏CCA测算各环境因子的重要程度,灰色关联度评估各环境因子对物种丰富度的作用大小。结果表明:海拔和坡度对灌木层物种组成的净效应达到显著水平(P0.05),郁闭度对草本层物种组成的净效应达到显著水平(P0.05)。坡度与灌木层物种丰富度的灰色关联度值为0.734,海拔与草本层物种丰富度的灰色关联度值为0.700。灌草2层的物种组成和物种丰富度对环境因子的响应存在差异,海拔和坡度是影响灌木层物种组成最主要的环境因子,郁闭度是影响草本层物种组成最主要的环境因子;坡度和海拔分别是影响灌木层和草本层物种丰富度最主要的环境因子。     

宁夏贺兰山拟步甲科昆虫分布与地形的关系

利用典范对应分析(CCA)及曲线回归拟合,研究了宁夏贺兰山拟步甲科昆虫多样性及分布与地形的关系。结果表明:共调查到14属42种,其中,小圆鳖甲和阿小鳖甲为优势种,其个体数量分别占总捕获个体数的36.09%和19.14%。CCA分析显示,海拔、坡度和平面曲率对拟步甲昆虫的分布格局有显著影响。拟步甲昆虫丰富度和多样性分别与海拔呈显著的线性关系,个体数量与平面曲率呈显著的二次曲线关系。拟步甲昆虫的分布与坡度和坡向没有明显的回归关系,但拟步甲倾向于0°-15°坡度和西北坡向聚集。优势种小圆鳖甲与5个地形因子均不显著相关,因此在贺兰山的分布比较广泛。而优势种阿小鳖甲分布受海拔、坡度和平面曲率影响显著。     

地形因子对FAST周边喀斯特植物多样性及空间分布的影响

为探究地形因子对500米口径球面射电望远镜(Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope, FAST)周边植物物种多样性及空间分布的影响，该文选取FAST周边喀斯特峰丛洼地3种典型植物群落(乔木层、灌木层、藤本层)作为研究对象，采用方差分析及典范对应分析(CCA)研究不同地形因子(海拔、坡度、坡向、坡位)梯度下植物群落物种多样性及空间分布特征。结果表明：(1)FAST周边植物群落α多样性指数呈现灌木层>乔木层>藤本层的趋势，乔木层、藤本层植物α多样性指数随海拔升高而增加(P<0.05),地形因子对灌木层植物α多样性无显著性影响。(2)FAST周边植物群落物种的空间分布受海拔的影响最大，其次为坡度(P<0.05)。(3)FAST周边3种植物群落的Jaccard相似性指数随海拔的升高呈现增加的趋势，沿坡度的增加呈现先升高后降低的趋势。综上所述，物种对生境的选择具有差异性，海拔和坡度是影响FAST周边喀斯特峰丛洼地植物群落空间分布的关键因子。     

地形对澜沧江源区高寒草甸植物丰富度及其分布格局的影响

在澜沧江源区进行了大范围的植物群落调查,应用回归拟合和典范对应分析(CCA),研究地形因子(海拔、坡度、坡向和坡位)对高强度人为干扰和全球气候变化条件下源区高寒草甸植物物种丰富度及植物分布的影响.结果表明:(1)在55个样地275个1 m×1 m的小样方中,共出现150种植物,在1 m2样方内物种数最多为27种,最少的仅为3种;(2)利用曲线方程进行拟合,物种丰富度分别与海拔和坡度有极显著的相关性,但与坡向和坡位没有显著的关系;(3)CCA第一轴基本上反映了植物群落所处环境的坡度的梯度变化,第二轴基本上反映了坡位的梯度变化,第三轴反映了地形因子的综合作用;(4)按影响程度大小,在高强度人为干扰和全球变化条件下,影响该区域高寒草甸植物种类组成和结构的地形因子从大至小依次为坡度、坡位、海拔和坡向,反映出坡度是影响源区高寒草甸水土条件的主要因子.     

油松人工林林下植物群落变化及其环境解释

通过对山西太岳山宋家沟油松(Pinus tabuliformis)人工林林下植物群落进行调查,采用典范对应分析(CCA),探讨油松人工林林下物种分布与环境因子之间的关系。结果表明:1)在调查的42个样地中,油松林下共出现植物物种83种,隶属26个科72属,其中草本层物种种类较灌木层物种种类丰富,多达64种。2)CCA排序较好地揭示了该区油松人工林林下植物的分布格局与环境梯度的关系:林龄、坡度、坡向、林冠郁闭度、全氮、全钾对油松人工林林下草本层物种分布格局有重要影响;林龄、坡向、坡度、全氮对油松人工林林下灌木层物种分布格局有重要的影响。3)影响林下草本层和灌木层物种分布格局的变量中,生境因子与生物因子共同分别解释了40.3%和42.7%,其中,纯粹的生境变量(即未与生物变量共有的空间变量)对林下植物群落的变异解释能力较生物变量高,表明生境因子在决定油松人工林林下植物分布格局变异中起着举足轻重的作用。     

湖北星斗山地形变化对不同生活型植物叶功能性状的影响

探究地形变化对不同生活型植物叶功能性状的影响有助于深入理解森林群落物种组成的维持特征。该研究以湖北星斗山常绿落叶阔叶混交林为研究对象, 测量了50个样地中224种木本植物的叶面积、叶厚度、叶干质量、叶干物质含量和比叶面积, 运用单因素方差分析揭示了乔木、灌木和木质藤本的叶功能性状变异特征, 并采用偏曼特尔检验分别从群落水平和物种水平分析了地形变化对不同生活型木本植物叶功能性状的影响。研究发现: 不同生活型植物叶性状变异系数分布范围为23.42%-110.45%; 不同生活型之间的植物叶功能性状差异明显。群落水平上, 海拔与乔木叶干质量、灌木叶面积和木质藤本叶厚度显著正相关, 坡度仅对灌木和木质藤本比叶面积具有显著影响, 坡向与灌木叶厚度、叶干质量和比叶面积显著正相关。物种水平上, 海拔比坡度和坡向对植物叶功能性状影响更为显著, 且不同物种对地形变化的敏感度不一致; 在控制空间结构影响后, 地形因子对植物叶功能性状的影响降低。该研究结果表明, 不同生活型植物的叶功能性状对地形变化的响应格局不同, 这可能是星斗山常绿落叶阔叶混交林植物多样性的主要维持机制。     

湖北星斗山地形变化对不同生活型植物叶功能性状的影响

探究地形变化对不同生活型植物叶功能性状的影响有助于深入理解森林群落物种组成的维持特征。该研究以湖北星斗山常绿落叶阔叶混交林为研究对象,测量了50个样地中224种木本植物的叶面积、叶厚度、叶干质量、叶干物质含量和比叶面积,运用单因素方差分析揭示了乔木、灌木和木质藤本的叶功能性状变异特征,并采用偏曼特尔检验分别从群落水平和物种水平分析了地形变化对不同生活型木本植物叶功能性状的影响。研究发现:不同生活型植物叶性状变异系数分布范围为23.42%–110.45%;不同生活型之间的植物叶功能性状差异明显。群落水平上,海拔与乔木叶干质量、灌木叶面积和木质藤本叶厚度显著正相关,坡度仅对灌木和木质藤本比叶面积具有显著影响,坡向与灌木叶厚度、叶干质量和比叶面积显著正相关。物种水平上,海拔比坡度和坡向对植物叶功能性状影响更为显著,且不同物种对地形变化的敏感度不一致;在控制空间结构影响后,地形因子对植物叶功能性状的影响降低。该研究结果表明,不同生活型植物的叶功能性状对地形变化的响应格局不同,这可能是星斗山常绿落叶阔叶混交林植物多样性的主要维持机制。     

地形对贺兰山步甲群落物种多样性分布格局的影响

【目的】步甲是主要栖息于地表的种类最丰富的昆虫类群之一,它们对生境的变化更为敏感。分析地形因子对贺兰山步甲昆虫群落物种多样性分布格局的影响,以期揭示步甲昆虫物种多样性分布格局形成和稳定的机制。【方法】2015年7-8月选取贺兰山山地针叶林、山地疏林、山地灌丛、山地草原和浅山荒漠5种生境98个样地,用杯诱法对步甲群落物种组成和多样性进行调查,并采用典范对应分析(CCA)分析物种多样性指数和物种分布与地形因子之间的关系,运用广义可加模型(GAM)拟合不同生境步甲群落多样性指数对海拔梯度的响应曲线,探讨贺兰山步甲群落物种多样性的垂直分布格局。【结果】共采集步甲昆虫21属65种10 989头,其中,直角通缘步甲Pterostichus gebleri和径婪步甲Harpalus salinus为优势种,其个体数量分别占总捕获个体数的44.93%和11.33%。山地疏林生境步甲物种丰富度最高,山地针叶林的步甲Shannon-Wiener多样性指数最高,浅山荒漠的步甲均匀度最高。海拔、坡向、坡度、剖面曲率和地形湿度指数的综合作用对步甲物种多样性分布格局有显著影响。其中,海拔对5种生境的步甲分布影响均显著,且解释力度最高;坡向对山地针叶林和浅山荒漠步甲分布影响显著。步甲总体丰富度和个体数量与海拔呈不对称的单峰曲线关系,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数随海拔呈先递增后保持稳定的变化,均匀度指数与海拔呈"V"型变化趋势。【结论】贺兰山山地步甲物种多样性的分布格局受海拔为主的多种地形因子综合作用的影响。     

Distribution of Vascular Plant Species Richness Along an Elevational Gradient in the Dongling Mountains, Beijing, China

Quantifying spatial patterns of species richness and determining the processes that give rise to these patterns are core problems In blodlveralty theory. The aim of the present paper was to more accurately detect patterns of vascular species richness at different scales along altitudinal gradients in order to further our understanding of biodlverslty patterns and to facilitate studies on relationships between biodiversity and environmental factors. Species richness patterns of total vascular plants species, including trees, shrubs, and herbs, were measured along an altitudinal gradient on one transect on a shady slope in the Dongling Mountains, near Beijing,China. Direct gradient analysis, regression analysis, and geostatistics were applied to describe the spatial patterns of species richness. We found that total vascular species richness did not exhibit a linear pattern of change with altitude, although species groups with different ecological features showed strong elevational patterns different from total species richness. In addition to total vascular plants, analysis of trees, shrubs, and herbs demonstrated remarkable hierarchical structures of species richness with altitude (i.e. patchy structures at small scales and gradients at large scales). Species richness for trees and shrubs had similar spatial characteristics at different scales, but differed from herbs. These results indicated that species groups with similar ecological features exhibit similar biodlveraity patterns with altitude, and studies of biodiversity based on species groups with similar ecological properties or life forms would advance our understanding of variations in species diversity. Furthermore, the gradients or trends appeared to be due mainly to local variations in species richness means with altitude. We also found that the range of spatial scale dependencies of species richness for total vascular plants, trees, shrubs, and herbs was relatively large. Thus, to detect the relationships betweenspecies richness with environmental factors along altitudinal gradients, it was necessary to quantify the scale dependencies of environmental factors in the sampling design or when establishing non-linear models.     

Vascular plant species richness along environmental gradients in a cool temperate to sub-alpine mountainous zone in central Japan

In order to clarify how vegetation types change along the environmental gradients in a cool temperate to sub-alpine mountainous zone and the determinant factors that define plant species richness, we established 360 plots (each 4 × 10 m) within which the vegetation type, species richness, elevation, topographic position index (TPI), slope inclination, and ground light index (GLI) of the natural vegetation were surveyed. Mean elevation, TPI, slope inclination, and GLI differed across vegetation types. Tree species richness was negatively correlated with elevation, whereas fern and herb species richness were positively correlated. Tree species richness was greater in the upper slope area than the lower slope area, whereas fern and herb species richness were greater in the lower slope area. Ferns and trees species richness were smaller in the open canopy, whereas herb species richness was greater in the open canopy. Vegetation types were determined firstly by elevation and secondary by topographic configurations, such as topographic position, and slope inclination. Elevation and topography were the most important factors affecting plant richness, but the most influential variables differed among plant life-form groups. Moreover, the species richness responses to these environmental gradients greatly differed among ferns, herbs, and trees.     

Environmental effects on Neotropical liana species richness

Aim Lianas differ physiologically from trees, and therefore their species‐richness patterns and potential climate‐change responses might also differ. However, multivariate assessments of spatial patterns in liana species richness and their controls are lacking. Our aim in this paper is to identify the environmental factors that best explain the variation in liana species richness within tropical forests. Location Lowland and montane Neotropical forests. Methods We quantified the contributions of environmental variables and liana and tree‐and‐shrub abundance to the species richness of lianas, trees and shrubs ≥ 2.5 cm in diameter using a subset of 65 standardized (0.1 ha) plots from 57 Neotropical sites from a global dataset collected by the late Alwyn Gentry. We used both regression and structural equation modelling to account for the effects of environmental variables (climate, soil and disturbance) and liana density on liana species richness, and we compared the species‐richness patterns of lianas with those of trees and shrubs. Results We found that, after accounting for liana density, dry‐season length was the dominant predictor of liana species richness. In addition, liana species richness was also related to stand‐level wood density (a proxy for disturbance) in lowland forests, a pattern that has not hitherto been shown across such a large study region. Liana species richness had a weak association with soil properties, but the effect of soil may be obscured by the strong correlation between soil properties and climate. The diversity patterns of lianas and of trees and shrubs were congruent: wetter forests had a greater species richness of all woody plants. Main conclusions The primary association of both liana and tree‐and‐shrub species richness with water availability suggests that, if parts of the Neotropics become drier as a result of climate change, substantial declines in the species richness of woody plants at the stand level may be anticipated.     

广西九万山国家级自然保护区外来入侵和本地草本植物多样性垂直分布格局

外来入侵植物快速扩散、蔓延, 有些种类已进入到国家级自然保护区, 威胁保护区的生物多样性。本文基于九万山国家级自然保护区134个草本样方的调查数据, 对比分析了外来入侵草本和本地草本物种多样性的空间分布格局, 并阐明了气候因素对物种丰富度分布格局的影响。本研究共记录本地草本143种, 隶属于54科115属; 外来入侵草本16种, 隶属于7科13属。本地草本的物种丰富度和Shannon-Wiener指数随海拔上升显著增加(P < 0.05), 而外来入侵草本的物种丰富度和Shannon-Wiener指数随海拔升高呈下降趋势(P > 0.05)。本地草本和入侵草本的均匀度随海拔升高变化均不显著(P > 0.05)。在不同海拔梯度, 本地草本的Shannon-Wiener指数均显著高于外来入侵草本, 均匀度则相反。回归分析表明, 温度和降水量共解释了本地草本物种丰富度差异的41.6%, 其中温度解释率为21.4%, 降水量解释率为10.7%, 且温度的影响达到显著水平(P < 0.05)。温度和降水量对外来入侵草本的物种丰富度均无显著影响(P > 0.05), 单一因子解释率均较低, 分别为0.9%和0.4%。这些结果表明, 九万山国家级自然保护区外来入侵草本与本地草本物种多样性随海拔变化呈截然相反的空间分布格局, 且气候因素对两者分布格局的影响不同。外来入侵草本植物在海拔800-1,000 m地区具有相对多样的群落组成和较稳定的群落结构, 可能会威胁本地植物多样性, 建议加强此海拔区间外来入侵草本植物的管理。     

What causes geographical variation in the species–area relationships? A test from forests in China

The increase of species richness with sampling area and the decrease with latitude and altitude are two of the most frequently studied patterns in biogeography. However, few studies have simultaneously examined these two patterns to investigate how species–area relationships (SAR) vary with latitude and altitude. In this study, we explore the spatial patterns of SAR in forests in China by investigating numbers of species by life form group (trees, shrubs and herbs) in 32 nested plots from 12 mountains ranging from 18.7°N to 51.9°N in latitude and from 300 to 3150 m in altitude. The slopes of the power law SAR (z‐values) decreased with increasing latitude for all life forms except herbaceous plants, and also decreased with increasing altitude for all life forms but not for shrubs. Latitude and altitude, as well as their interactions, together explained 65.4, 61.8, 48.9 and 45.3% of the variation in z‐values for overall species, trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants, respectively. In addition, actual evapotranspiration affected SAR significantly, but this effect varied significantly among life forms. We concluded that there are significant geographical patterns of SAR for China's forests, which is primarily controlled by energy availability.     

Plants, insects and birds in semi-natural pastures in relation to local habitat and landscape factors

The preservation of remaining semi-natural grasslands in Europe has a high conservation priority. Previously, the effects of artificial fertilisation and grazing intensity on grassland animal and plant taxa have been extensively investigated. In contrast, little is known of the effects of tree and shrub cover within semi-natural grasslands and composition of habitats in the surrounding landscape on grassland taxa. We evaluated the effect that each of these factors has on species richness and community structure of vascular plants, butterflies, bumble bees, ground beetles, dung beetles and birds surveyed simultaneously in 31 semi-natural pastures in a farmland landscape in south-central Sweden. Partial correlation analyses showed that increasing proportion of the pasture area covered by shrubs and trees had a positive effect on species richness on most taxa. Furthermore, species richness of nectar seeking butterflies and bumble bees were negatively associated with grazing intensity as reflected by grass height. At the landscape level, species richness of all taxa decreased (butterflies and birds significantly so) with increasing proportion of urban elements in a 1-km² landscape area centred on each pasture, while the number of plant and bird species were lower in landscapes with large proportion of arable fields. Our results differed markedly depending on whether the focus was on species richness or community structure. Canonical correspondence analyses (CCA) showed that the abundance of most taxa was ordered along a gradient describing tree cover within pastures and proportion of arable fields in the landscape. However, subsets of grassland birds and vascular plants, respectively, showed markedly different distribution patterns along axis one of the CCA. In contrast to current conservation policy of semi-natural pastures in Sweden, our results strongly advise against using a single-taxon approach (i.e., grassland vascular plants) to design management and conservation actions in semi-natural pastures. Careful consideration of conservation values linked to the tree and shrub layers in grasslands should always precede decisions to remove trees and shrubs on the grounds of promoting richness of vascular plants confined to semi-natural grasslands. Finally, the importance of landscape composition for mobile organisms such as birds entails that management activities should focus on the wider countryside and not exclusively on single pastures.     

新疆天山南坡中段种子植物区系垂直分布格局分析

对植物多样性垂直分布格局及其维持机制的研究可以有效揭示植物物种多样性分布特征及其环境影响因子。本文通过野外调查、查阅标本并结合相关文献资料,对天山南坡中段种子植物区系沿海拔梯度的分布格局进行了系统研究。结果显示,在大区域尺度上,科属种的物种丰富度随海拔升高均呈先增加后减少的趋势,且最高值出现在中低海拔1900~2000 m处;不同生活型植物沿海拔梯度的变化格局有所不同,其中,乔木、一年生草本、藤本及寄生植物表现出随海拔升高物种丰富度逐渐降低的趋势,灌木、多年生草本及二年生草本植物物种丰富度则呈先增加后减少的变化趋势;从植物区系地理成分来看,世界分布所占的比重沿海拔梯度升高呈先增加后减少的趋势;温带地理成分所占的比重沿海拔梯度升高呈缓慢上升趋势;古地中海地理成分所占的比重沿海拔梯度升高呈先增加后减少然后再增加的变化趋势;热带地理成分所占的比重沿海拔升高呈逐渐下降的趋势;东亚地理成分所占的比重沿海拔梯度升高呈先增加后减少然后再增加的变化趋势。对该分布格局与当地干旱的气候条件及海拔梯度上热量和水分条件的变化相适应。     

氮添加对红松人工林草本层植物多样性的影响

氮沉降是驱动生物多样性变化的重要因素之一。为了探索氮添加对红松（Pinus koraiensis）人工林草本层植物多样性的影响及其驱动机制,以黑龙江凉水国家级自然保护区红松人工林为研究对象,设置N0（对照处理,0 kg hm^-2 a^-1）、N20（低氮处理,20 kg hm^-2 a^-1）、N40（中氮处理,40 kg hm^-2 a^-1）和N80（高氮处理,80 kg hm^-2 a^-1）4个施氮水平,进行6年的氮添加实验。结果表明：（1）氮添加显著降低草本层3个功能群的密度和盖度,而对高度无显著影响;（2）6年氮添加使对照与施氮处理间群落相似度随施氮水平的增加而减小;（3）氮添加显著降低草本植物的丰富度和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数,而未对蕨类和木本植物的丰富度和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数产生显著影响,对草本层3个功能群的Pielou均匀度指数均无显著影响;（4）氮添加对草本植物的C、N、P含量、N：P、C：P产生显著影响,对木本植物的P含量、N：P、C：P产生显著影响,对蕨类植物的C：N：P生态化学计量均无显著影响;（5）草本植物多样性与土壤化学性质无显著的相关关系,草本植物丰富度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数与植物盖度、密度呈显著的正相关关系,丰富度与植物N含量呈显著的负相关关系,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数与植物N：P呈显著的负相关关系。研究表明6年氮添加改变植物草本层中物种组成和群落结构,3个功能群密度和盖度显著降低,高度未产生显著变化,仅降低草本植物的丰富度和多样性。造成该现象的原因可能是,不同物种对于氮的利用特性和耐受程度存在差异,氮添加引起草本植物养分失衡,改变物种组成和群落结构,从而影响草本植物多样性。研究结果可为我国温带森林生态系统持续性管理提供数据和理论基础。