山西五鹿山褐马鸡不同季节的空间分布与栖息地选择研究

1997～1998年在山西省五鹿山自然保护区内对世界珍禽褐马鸡(Crossoptilon mantchuricum)越冬期与繁殖期的空间分布模式及其变化规律进行了研究,同时探讨了种群空间分布模式与栖息地结构特征之间的关系。经Pois—son函数和χ^2检验,发现褐马鸡在越冬期和繁殖期均为聚集分布,但越冬期的聚集程度更为明显。通过对栖息地可利用率与实际利用率的比较,发现褐马鸡在越冬期与繁殖期对栖息地的利用存在显著性差异：越冬期褐马鸡对阔叶林具有明显的负选择性;进入繁殖期后,褐马鸡对落叶阔叶林和灌丛的利用率显著增加,而对针叶林和针阔混交林的利用率有所减少。对两个时期的栖息地样方进行判别分析,发现草本植物数量、草本植物平均高度、乔木胸径、乔木高度是影响褐马鸡越冬期与繁殖期栖息地选择的主要因子。研究结果表明,褐马鸡种群的空间分布模式及其变化,与栖息地结构以及空间资源分布的季节性变化有关。在越冬期,由于温度、降雪等气候因素的影响,草本植物都已枯萎,落叶阔叶林的郁闭度较低,隐蔽条件较差,褐马鸡活动的区域范围受到一定的限制,此时褐马鸡常常在郁闭度较高的针叶林或针阔混交林中,并聚集形成较大的群体,共同取食,聚集分布的程度较高;进入繁殖期后,随着落叶阔叶林郁闭度增大以及林下、灌草丛中草本植物种类和数量的增多,褐马鸡群体逐渐变小,多以配偶对的形式活动,空间聚集程度降低。但由于褐马鸡对栖息地具有严格的选择性,许多配偶对主要集中在质量较好的区域内占区和营巢,因此在大尺度上褐马鸡种群的空间分布仍为聚集型分布。     

瘿外不同时期的气象因子对肚倍蚜致瘿数量的影响

肚倍蚜是一种致瘿蚜虫,其虫瘿为肚倍,是重要的工业原料。2013-2015年,在湖北竹山对肚倍蚜致瘿数量和瘿外不同时期的气象因子的相关性进行了观察分析。结果表明,肚倍蚜瘿外时期(除性蚜期外)的气象因子与肚倍蚜致瘿数量密切相关,而且不同时期的主要影响因子各不相同。迁飞前期,总降水量和平均气温低于2.3℃的天数与肚倍蚜致瘿数量呈极显著负相关。迁飞期,平均气温、平均相对湿度和总降水量是主要影响因子,其中平均气温是正相关,而平均相对湿度和总降水量是负相关。致瘿期,平均相对湿度、总降水量和降水天数与当年肚倍蚜致瘿数量呈极显著负相关。而在性蚜期,气象因子与当年肚倍蚜致瘿数量无显著相关性。     

大突肩瓢虫生物学及田间种群消长研究

大突肩瓢虫5ynonycha grandis(Thunberg)在云南开远1年发生4代,以成虫在蔗茎老叶鞘内越冬.日均温26.6～27.8℃下,卵期3～4天,幼虫期9～12天,预蛹期1天,蛹期4～5天,成虫产卵前期20～25天,1个世代历期37～46天;日均温24.5～25.5℃下,卵期5～9天,幼虫期14～21天,预蛹期1～2天,蛹期5～8天,成虫产卵前期25～30天,1个世代历期45～55天.(第4代)(越冬代)各虫态历期延长,全代历期长达250余天.成虫、幼虫均捕食甘蔗绵蚜.大突肩瓢虫田间种群动态:6月初开始在蔗田出现,8～10月种群数量明显增长,11月间形成高峰,12月开始越冬.     

稀浓度化学药剂对马尾松毛虫越冬幼虫的毒效试验

1959—1960年作者等在江西、湖南等地区配合大面积防治森林害虫之际,开展了DDT等化学药剂对于不同越冬时期的马尾松毛虫幼虫的毒效试验。据野外观察结果,将马尾松毛虫越冬幼虫划分为5个时期。即越冬前活动期、越冬前期、越冬期、越冬后期、越冬后活动期。试验证明:不同化学药剂对越冬松毛虫幼虫的毒效随着不同时期和温度条件而变化。就一般论:DDT的效果,在比较低温(日均温10—20℃)时特别显著;666及敌百虫的效果,在比较高温时(20℃以上)为显著。其中尤以敌百虫为更甚。DDT对不同时期幼虫的毒效大小为:越冬后期>越冬前期>越冬期>越冬前活动期>越冬后活动期≥夏季(4-5龄)幼虫;其中以越冬后期幼虫抵抗力最弱。从原则上论这是施药的最适宜时期,从25% DDT乳剂4,000倍稀释液在越冬后期(2,3月间)施用,毒效可达92%以上,用6,000倍稀释液亦达82%以上。如用γ6%可湿性666,800倍稀释液在越冬前、后期使用,毒效可达70-80%以上。50%敌百虫乳剂在温度20℃以上时(越冬前、后活动期)毒效显著增高。此时如用5,000-6,000倍稀释液喷洒,毒效可达70-80%左右。由此,作者认为:在长江以北,每年发生2代以下的松毛虫地区,可用DDT和666稀释液在越冬前、后期进行防治。长江以南,每年发生2代以上的马尾松毛虫地区,不但可用DDT、666来防治越冬前、后期幼虫;而且在幼树林地内越冬期的幼虫亦可防治。在上述地区内,敌百虫乳剂仅适于在越冬前、后活动期或夏季幼虫期温度较高时使用。就一般论,在越冬前期施用药剂时,如能选定在寒流侵袭之前喷射,效果更为显著。     

神农宫扁角菌蚊幼虫种群分布及其与环境因子的相关性

神农宫扁角菌蚊是首次发现并命名的洞穴昆虫新种,在洞穴内1a发生1代,幼虫期长达8-10个月。以神农宫扁角菌蚊为对象,系统研究了其幼虫种群在洞穴中的空间分布、季节分布及其与环境因子的相关性。分别采用了扩散系数（C值）法、K值法、平均拥挤度法、Iwao M*=α+βX回归模型分析法四种方法研究幼虫种群的空间分布,结果表明神农宫扁角菌蚊幼虫种群在洞穴中呈现典型的空间聚集分布。幼虫数量季节变化动态表现为春季幼虫数量明显高于其它季节,夏季5-6月份幼虫数量降到最低,蛹期、成虫期短,秋季幼虫开始孵化,幼虫数量持续上升。根据Pearson简单相关分析理论得出,神农宫扁角菌蚊幼虫数量与洞穴相对湿度、水流pH呈高度相关,而与洞穴温度、渗水pH呈低度相关,表明洞穴相对湿度、水流pH是影响幼虫种群分布的关键环境因子。     

马尾松毛虫幼虫的捕食天敌及其捕食作用的研究

根据林间调查和室内观察资料,分析了江西省万年县不同松林中马尾松毛虫不同发生代别低龄幼虫期的主要捕食天敌种类及数量。结果表明低龄幼虫期捕食无敌有13科31种,其中以蜘蛛类最多,其次为蚂蚁类。不同林型中捕食天敌的种类和数量在年份间代别间均存在一定差异,数量差异尤其显著。在室内研究了几种主要捕食无敌对马尾松毛虫低龄幼虫的捕食作用及其功能反应,结果表明功能反应为S型,由此建立了它们的功能反应模型。     

甘肃武威地区酿酒葡萄园叶蝉种群动态及其与气象因子的关系研究

为明确甘肃武威地区酿酒葡萄园叶蝉种群发生动态及其与气象因子之间的关系.连续2年应用黄板诱集法对酿酒葡萄园叶蝉种群动态进行定时定点监测;采用相关分析、回归分析、通径分析、主成分分析、灰色关联度等方法分析其与气象因子的关系.结果表明,酿酒葡萄园叶蝉一年有4个发生高峰,分别为5月底6月初、7月中旬、8月上中旬和9月中旬,5月底6月初种群数量达最高,为集中为害关键期.相关性分析结果表明,叶蝉种群动态与平均最低温度、平均最高相对湿度呈显著负相关(P=0.0129;P=0.0465),与平均相对湿度、平均最低相对湿度呈极显著负相关(P=0.0031;P=0.0041).回归分析表明,平均最低温度、平均相对湿度、平均最高相对湿度和平均最高相对湿度综合影响叶蝉种群变化,其中平均相对湿度和平均最低相对湿度是主要因素,对叶蝉种群动态的反向直接作用最大,平均最低温度和平均最高相对湿度对叶蝉种群动态的影响主要通过平均相对湿度和平均最低相对湿度间接发生.主成分分析表明,平均相对湿度和平均最低相对湿度是主要成分,累积方差贡献率达85％.灰色关联度分析结果表明,平均相对湿度和平均最低相对湿度与叶蝉种群数量变化的关联度最大,是影响种群动态的关键影响因子.平均相对湿度和平均最低相对湿度是影响酿酒葡萄园叶蝉种群数量变化的主要气象因子.     

戴云鳃金龟发生与防治研究

戴云鳃金龟是甘蔗上的重要地下害虫之一,以二、三龄幼虫越冬。5月上旬至7月下旬是甘蔗苗期和伸长期,也是三龄幼虫严重为害时期。发生地区的植被组成,产卵及孵化期内的降雨量和土壤水分是影响种群分布和种群数量分布以及种群变动的主要因素。越冬二龄幼虫春季要上移为害,夏季三龄幼虫在伸长期为害,因此,必须抓好下种期和低龄幼虫两次防治。采用50％辛硫磷,亩用0.6～0.75kg;3％甲基异柳磷、3％地虫磷颗粒剂,亩用4～5kg,有明显的治虫增产效果,已在生产中应用。     

斜纹夜蛾天敌作用的评价

通过组建斜纹夜蛾第4代和第8代自然种群生命表,运用排除作用控制指数分析了生物因子对斜纹夜蛾种群的自然控制作用。结果表明,低龄(1～3龄)幼虫的捕食性天敌是影响斜纹夜蛾种群数量动态的重要因子。对第4代和第8代种群的排除作用控制指数分别为13.904和12.946.如果没有捕食性天敌的作用,下代种群数量将分别增长到当代的15.1206和74.678倍。病原微生物是影响第4代斜纹夜蛾种群数量的另一重要因子,其排除作用控制指数为2.4726.     

棉田非靶标害虫发生丰度与气象因子的关联性分析

【背景】近年来,全球气候条件不断变化,其对农田生态系统和病虫草害发生的影响较大。【方法】于2009~2013年在河南安阳田间小区系统调查了转基因棉田和非转基因棉田主要害虫种群丰度,结合5年间本地气象因素,分段分析了影响棉田主要害虫发生的关键气象因子及其关键影响时期。【结果】不同害虫发生危害的关键气象因子及其关键影响时期不同,且不同害虫种群丰度与气象因子及其影响时期有不同的相关性。影响棉蚜的关键性气象因子是1~8月的平均气温,与相对湿度和降雨量相关性较低;影响棉叶蝉的关键气象因子是1~4月的降雨量,其次是1~8月的相对湿度,而平均气温与其相关性很低;5~8月降雨量对烟粉虱有一定的抑制作用,平均气温和相对湿度对其无显著影响;影响棉蓟马的关键气象因子是平均气温,其次是5~8月相对湿度,降雨量与棉蓟马丰度相关性较低;平均气温、相对湿度和降雨量与盲蝽种群丰度的相关性很低,其发生危害可能是多种气象因子协同作用的结果。【结论与意义】本研究结果可为气候变化条件下棉田主要害虫的预测预报和防御提供理论依据。     

Combining GIS application and climatic factors for mosquito control in Eastern Province,Saudi Arabia

This study aims to determine the effect of climatic factors (temperature, relative humidity and rainfall) on mosquito abundance and to map mosquito larva breeding sites using GIS application in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. The data pertaining to larval and adult mosquito abundance/distribution and climatic factors were collected for the study period of 2014. Bi-variate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine the relationship between mosquito abundance and climatic factors (temperature, relative humidity and rainfall). The utilization of GIS with GPS facilitates to identify and map larva breeding sites in the study area. The result showed strong negative correlation between mosquito abundance and temperature while there appeared a strong positive correlation with relative humidity and moderate positive correlation with rainfall. Low mosquito abundance was observed at high temperatures whereas high and moderate mosquito abundance was observed at high humidity and during rainy months, respectively. In the adult mosquito, the regression model for three climatic factors (temperature, RH and rainfall) and other factors showed a variation of 84.5% of the variance accounted for the climatic factors while the remaining 15.5% were attributed to other factors. In larva, 64.3% of the variance accounted for climatic factors, and the remaining 35.7% attributed to other factors such as the presence of vegetation, waste materials and water reservoirs such as ditches. In comparison, the larva seems influenced by the presence of vegetation, waste material, water reservoirs and ditches and less influenced by climatic factors than the adult mosquito. Development of a risk map by considering the flying distance of the adult mosquito from the studied sites showed three major clusters where a recommendation for management control program was suggested.     

Identification of the Key Weather Factors Affecting Overwintering Success of Apolygus lucorum Eggs in Dead Host Tree Branches

Understanding the effects of weather on insect population dynamics is crucial to simulate and forecast pest outbreaks, which is becoming increasingly important with the effects of climate change. The mirid bug Apolygus lucorum is an important pest on cotton, fruit trees and other crops in China, and primarily lays its eggs on dead parts of tree branches in the fall for subsequent overwintering. As such, the eggs that hatch the following spring are most strongly affected by ambient weather factors, rather than by host plant biology. In this study, we investigated the effects of three major weather factors: temperature, relative humidity and rainfall, on the hatching rate of A. lucorum eggs overwintering on dead branches of Chinese date tree (Ziziphus jujuba). Under laboratory conditions, rainfall (simulated via soaking) was necessary for the hatching of overwintering A. lucorum eggs. In the absence of rainfall (unsoaked branches), very few nymphs successfully emerged under any of the tested combinations of temperature and relative humidity. In contrast, following simulated rainfall, the hatching rate of the overwintering eggs increased dramatically. Hatching rate and developmental rate were positively correlated with relative humidity and temperature, respectively. Under field conditions, the abundance of nymphs derived from overwintering eggs was positively correlated with rainfall amount during the spring seasons of 2009–2013, while the same was not true for temperature and relative humidity. Overall, our findings indicate that rainfall is the most important factor affecting the hatching rate of overwintering A. lucorum eggs on dead plant parts and nymph population levels during the spring season. It provides the basic information for precisely forecasting the emergence of A. lucorum and subsequently timely managing its population in spring, which will make it possible to regional control of this insect pest widely occurring in multiple crops in summer.     

Assessing the interplay between dengue incidence and weather in Jakarta via a clustering integrated multiple regression model

Dengue incidence has been increasing dramatically in last few years with nearly four hundred million annual cases worldwide. It has been postulated that the wide-spread of dengue be due to climate change and increased exposure following the increasing human population in the affected regions. Climate change impacts on ecosystem have also set a critical role in the unpredictability of vector breeding behavior. A compelling strategy in the modeling of dengue outbreak must therefore integrate climate factors inasmuch as they determinedly govern incidence patterns. The aim of this paper is to construct a clustering integrated multiple regression model for predicting dengue incidence rate based on incidence, rainfall, and humidity data, which renders early warning information. The data used were dengue incidence data in Jakarta obtained from Jakarta Health Office and meteorological data from Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics (BMKG) in the period 2008–2016, defined on weekly basis. Cross-correlation was used to determine the interrelationship between dengue, rainfall, and relative humidity in Jakarta. Further improvement of the model was done by instrumenting the accumulated preceding one-month dengue incidence as an additional correction term in the model. The best fittings in terms of outbreak catchment and minimal mean squared error were obtained from the model variants involving the accumulated original and logarithm of the incidence rates respectively. Both the historical incidence rate locale and centroids of the meteorological data related to the clustering as well as the accumulated incidence rate serve as the key determinant for the upcoming incidence rate. An optimal clustering was determined in a way that the mean squared error achieves its foremost minimum, which almost coincides with the division into tertiles. These clustering strategies can be utilized to provide a more accurate forecast of the ominous dengue incidence for a few weeks’ lead-time.     

Influence of Meteorological Factors on Oil Content and Major Fatty Acids of Rapeseeds (Brassica napus L. )

1IntroductionOilseedrape(BrassicanapusL.)isthemostimportantsourceofedibleoil,andtheYangtzeRiverlowerbasinisthemaincultivationregioninChina.Duringlastdecade,winterrapeproduc-tionisincreasinginthecereal-growingregionsafterthericeharvest(Zhou,1994).Weathervari-ablessuchassolarradiation,temperature,precipitation,windandhumidityhavepronouncedef-fectsonrapegrowth,developmentandseedyield(Almondetal.1986).itisprobablethatahigh-ertemperatureduringvegetativegrowththanatmainfloweringandseedfillingprod…     

The influence of temperature,relative humidity and rainfall on the occurrence of pollen allergens (Betula,Poaceae, Ambrosia artemisiifolia) in the atmosphere of Bratislava (Slovakia)

The occurrence of pollen grains in the atmosphere markedly relates to meteorological factors. In the study we have evaluated a correlation between the concentration of pollen grains in the atmosphere of Bratislava and temperature, relative humidity and rainfall during the vegetation period of 1995 and 1997. For our analysis we have selected one representative of each phytoallergen group (trees, grasses, weeds). We have chosen the Betula genus of trees, the whole Poaceae family of grasses and ragweed Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. to represent weeds. The taxons mentioned represent the most significant allergens in Slovakia. The concentration of pollen grains has been monitored by a Lanzoni volumetric pollen trap. The data obtained, the average daily concentration in 1 m(3), have been included in the statistical analysis together with values for the average daily temperature, relative humidity and total rainfall in 24 h. The correlation between the concentration of pollen grains in the atmosphere and selected meteorological variables from daily monitoring has been studied with the help of linear regression and correlation coefficients. We have found the average daily temperature and relative humidity (less than temperature) to be significant factors influencing the occurrence of pollen grains in the atmosphere of Bratislava. The total daily rainfall does not seem to be significant from the statistical point of view.     

An aerobiological study of Urticaceae pollen in the city of Granada (S. Spain): Correlation with meteorological parameters

An aerobiological study was made of Urticaceae pollen in the city of Granada, relating the mean values of the daily counts to meteorological parameters. Sampling was carried out with a Burkard seven‐day‐recording spore trap from October 1992 to September 1997. This pollen type has an extremely long main pollen season (MPS), with maximum counts in (January) February, March and April, causing numerous cases of human pollinosis throughout the entire Mediterranean region, including Granada. A highly constant intradiurnal variation pattern was obtained showing that the maximum peaks usually occur between 12.00 and 20.00. According to Spearman's correlation coefficient, during the pre‐peak period the parameters which have the greatest effect on the levels of this type of pollen are daily and accumulated temperature and sunshine, accumulated rainfall, and wind direction from the third quadrant; during the post‐peak period these same variables presented significantly negative coefficients. Daily rainfall and relative humidity presented negative coefficients during the entire MPS. The maximum daily temperature was the variable which provided the closest match with the theoretical predictive pattern presented here.     

不同年龄兴安落叶松树干呼吸及其与环境因子关系的研究

采用动态红外气体分析法研究了两个不同年龄兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii Rupr.)人工林内落叶松树干呼吸速率的季节变化,并分析了树干呼吸速率与环境因子的关系.两个年龄落叶松树干呼吸速率均是从春季到夏季逐渐升高,高峰值出现在7月(成熟林)和8月份(幼林),之后明显下降.幼林落叶松的树干呼吸速率(变化范围是1.99～6.15 μmol*m-2*s-1)显著高于成熟林(变化范围是1.52～3.38 μmol*m-2*s-1)(P<0.05).树干温度对树干呼吸影响较大,树干呼吸速率与树干温度呈指数相关关系;成熟林和幼林树干呼吸的Q10值分别为1.96和3.44.当空气相对湿度较低时,树干呼吸速率与其关系无明显规律,但当空气相对湿度很高时,能大大促进树干的呼吸作用.     

Forecasting model of bacterial leaf spot disease of mulberry caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. mori

In order to develop weather-based forecasting model of bacterial leaf spot (BLS) disease of mulberry caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. mori, weekly disease severity data were recorded for three years on the ruling cultivar S-1. Daily meteorological data viz. maximum temperature, minimum temperature, maximum relative humidity, minimum relative humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days were also recorded. It was observed that BLS appeared in April/May and continued up to November with maximum severity in July. The correlation coefficient between disease severity and meteorological parameters revealed that the BLS disease severity has significant positive correlation with minimum temperatures, maximum and minimum relative humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days and negative correlation with maximum temperature. Multiple regressions analysis revealed that average of maximum temperature, minimum temperature and rainfall of preceding seven days and maximum relative humidity, minimum relative humidity of previous 9–15 days was found to maximally influence BLS disease severity. The contribution of the meteorological factors was found to be highest of minimum temperature (40.65%) followed by maximum temperature (24.20%), maximum relative humidity (16.41%), minimum relative humidity (8.07%), rainfall (5.29%) and number of rainy days (5.38%).     

温、湿度对美洲斑潜蝇发育、存活及食量的影响

以花斑芸豆Phaseolus vulgaris为食料植物,在不同温、湿度组合下,观测了美洲斑潜蝇Liriomyza sativae的发育、存活及取食特征。结果表明,卵、幼虫和蛹期的发育速率与温度的关系均呈S型曲线。发育起点温度为：卵,8.9℃;幼虫, 10.1℃;蛹,9.6℃;整个未成熟期,9.5℃。有效积温为：卵,57.7日·度;幼虫,53.9日·度;蛹,151.9日·度;整个未成熟期,264.2日·度。湿度对发育速率的影响不明显。温度对存活的影响较大,当温度>34℃或<19℃时,各虫态的存活率都显著降低。湿度对存活率的影响主要发生在蛹期,当湿度低于50%时,蛹的羽化率显著降低。在高温、低湿的条件下,蛹不能羽化。在相对低温下的累计取食面积大于高温时的相应值,在25℃时达到1.6 cm²,而在28℃及以上温度时取食面积只有0.9 cm²左右。