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1.
在评价向植物中转移基因的环境风险的过程中,通过田间试验来确定导入基因经正常有性杂交转移至相同或相关种类的非转基因植株的程度。通常是这样假设的,性别-不相容或不同种类之间导入基因不能转移。然而,柏林Free University的T.Hoffman、C.Golz和O.Schieder所做的一项研究表明,植物的转基因的确可以通过土壤向土壤微生物转移。  相似文献   

2.
转基因棉花根际土壤DNA的提取方法研究   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
采用直接裂解方式,通过玻璃珠、溶菌酶和SDS共同作用直接从转基因棉花SGK321和中棉所41的根际土壤中提取微生物DNA。结果表明,该方法能从两种转基因棉花根际土壤中提取到20kb大小的完整的DNA片段。所得DNA完全适用于PCR扩增和酶切的要求。  相似文献   

3.
牛红榜  刘万学  万方浩 《生态学报》2007,27(7):3051-3060
外来入侵植物与入侵地土壤微生物群落的互作关系是影响外来植物入侵力和生态系统可入侵性的一个重要领域。因此,研究外来植物入侵对入侵地土壤微生物群落及其理化性质的影响不仅可以全面地评估入侵植物对生态系统的影响,而且对于探索外来植物入侵的土壤微生物学机制尤为重要。采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFAs)和传统培养相结合的方法研究了外来入侵植物紫茎泽兰对入侵地土壤微生物群落结构的影响;同时研究了紫茎泽兰入侵对11种土壤理化因子的影响。结果表明紫茎泽兰入侵改变了土壤微生物群落结构,提高了土壤自生固氮菌、氨氧化细菌和真菌的数量;同时,显著地提高了土壤的有效磷、速效钾、硝态氮、氨态氮和土壤有机碳含量,降低了土壤总钾含量和pH值。土壤微生物不同生理类群的变化与土壤中植物可直接吸收利用养分的变化显著相关。紫茎泽兰在入侵地成功定殖后,可能通过改变土壤微生物群落结构,特别是增加了与土壤养分循环相关的微生物功能类群数量,进而提高了土壤可利用的养分水平,创造对自身生长有利的土壤环境。紫茎泽兰改变土壤微生物群落是其入侵的一部分,这种改变进而加速了土壤养分循环,可能增强了紫茎泽兰的养分吸收,进而促进其生长、竞争和扩张。  相似文献   

4.
所谓转基因植物,是指运用DNA重组技术将外源基因整合到受体植物基因组中,从而改变其基因组成,这种基因组结构发生改变的植物及其后代就是转基因植物。1983年,世界上第一株转基因植物,是由美国科学家研发出来的转基因烟草。1986年首批转基因作物被批准进行小规模田间试  相似文献   

5.
环境DNA技术在地下生态学中的应用   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
于水强  王文娟  B. Larry Li 《生态学报》2015,35(15):4968-4976
地下生态过程是生态系统结构、功能和过程研究中最不确定的因素。由于技术和方法的限制,作为"黑箱"的地下生态系统已经成为限制生态学发展的瓶颈,也是未来生态学发展的主要方向。环境DNA技术,是指从土壤等环境样品中直接提取DNA片段,然后通过DNA测序技术来定性或定量化目标生物,以确定目标生物在生态系统中的分布及功能特征。环境DNA技术已成功用于地下生态过程的研究。目前,环境DNA技术在土壤微生物多样性及其功能方面的研究相对成熟,克服了土壤微生物研究中不能培养的问题,可以有效地分析土壤微生物的群落组成、多样性及空间分布,尤其是宏基因组学技术的发展,使得微生物生态功能方面的研究成为可能;而且,环境DNA技术已经在土壤动物生态学的研究中得到了初步应用,可快速分析土壤动物的多样性及其分布特征,更有效地鉴定出未知的或稀少的物种,鉴定土壤动物类群的幅度较宽;部分研究者通过提取分析土壤中DNA片段信息对生态系统植物多样性及植物分类进行了研究,其结果比传统的植物分类及物种多样性测定更精确,改变了以往对植物群落物种多样性模式的理解。同时,环境DNA技术克服传统根系研究方法中需要洗根、分根、只能测定单物种根系的局限,降低根系研究中细根区分的误差,并探索性地用于细根生物量的研究。主要综述了基于环境DNA技术的分子生物学方法在土壤微生物多样性及功能、土壤动物多样性、地下植物多样性及根系生态等地下生态过程研究中的应用进展。环境DNA技术对于以土壤微生物、土壤动物及地下植物根系为主体的地下生态学过程的研究具有革命性意义,并展现出良好的应用前景。可以预期,分子生物学技术与传统的生态学研究相结合将成为未来地下生态学研究的一个发展趋势。  相似文献   

6.
生防菌对土壤微生态影响的风险评估   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
土壤微生物在地理生物化学循环过程中起着极其重要的作用。在农业生态系统中,土壤微生物通过降解植物残体为植物提供营养,同时维持植物生产所需的土壤性质。生防菌的引入可能会破坏土壤原有微生物的群落结构和功能,从而对整个生态系统造成有害的影响,因此不论生防菌有无经过基因修饰,在商业化应用前必须对其在农业生态环境中的行为和对土壤生态系统的潜在影响进行风险评估。  相似文献   

7.
植物-土壤反馈是植物通过生长改变根际土壤环境,从而影响后续植物生长发育的生态学过程。入侵植物从原产地扩散到入侵地后,可能会经历植物本身的适应性进化而对土壤环境产生不同影响,从而使负向植物-土壤反馈降低,甚至转为正反馈。以往对入侵植物的植物-土壤反馈研究多集中于比较其与本地种、其他入侵种之间的差异,而较少关注入侵植物的入侵地种群和原产地种群在入侵地的差异。本研究采用同质园实验比较了喜旱莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)入侵地(中国)和原产地(阿根廷)种群是否存在对入侵地土壤的植物-土壤反馈差异以及如何通过土壤微生物群落来影响反馈结果。结果表明:(1)喜旱莲子草入侵地种群的反馈表现为正,原产地种群表现为中性。(2)入侵地种群显著增加了土壤的细菌和真菌群落多样性,原产地种群与对照土壤无显著差异。这些结果表明,喜旱莲子草入侵地种群在扩散过程中,对土壤微生物群落的调节作用发生了改变,从而产生正向的植物-土壤反馈效应。  相似文献   

8.
转基因在植物基因组中的整合分两步:在整合前阶段,转化的完整质粒及转基因片段经重组连接形成转基因串联子(transgenearray),其中不含任何植物基因组序列,连接反应由植物细胞本身的酶催化,仅依赖于游离的DNA末端,CaMV35S启动子和TDNA边界序列中的特定序列可能充当重组热点;在整合阶段,转基因DNA通过微同源介导的异常重组整合到植物基因组中,最初的整合位点作为整合热点,引导随后的转基因分子在该位点附近整合,不同转基因位点可被1~10kb植物DNA隔开,形成转基因簇(transgenecluster)。  相似文献   

9.
氮素是植物最需要的重要养分元素之一.近年来,土壤-植物-大气这一连续体系(SPAC)中的氮循环成为研究的热点之一.大气中的氮素可以通过生物固定和N沉降等作用进入土壤和植物内,同时土壤和植物内的氮素又会以氨挥发和氮氧化物等方式排放到大气中.氮素通过生物固持和植物吸收等方式进入植物体内,植物器官脱落使植物损失一部分的氮素,另外雨水的淋洗和植物溢出液也会造成植物的N损失.植物氮素在植物体内的积累和分布随着生长时期和各营养器官而有所不同.另外,植物吸收氮素的过程又受到大气状况和土壤状况的制约.土壤中氮素经过矿化作用、硝化作用和反硝化作用进行转化,一部分把氮素转化成植物能吸收的营养形态,另一部分则从土壤中损失.凋落物的分解和N沉降能补充土壤中的氮素,而植物吸收、微生物固持、水文流失和N溢出等方式使氮素从土壤中损失出去.另外,凋落物的分解和根际土壤、CO2浓度和臭氧对氮素循环有着重要的作用.N污染、N沉降、碳氮循环的耦合作用是今后研究的热点问题.  相似文献   

10.
植物与土壤微生物在调控生态系统养分循环中的作用   总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14       下载免费PDF全文
陆地生态系统的地上、地下是相互联系的。植物与土壤微生物作为陆地生态系统中的重要组成部分,它们之间的相互作用是生态系统地上、地下结合的重要纽带。该文首先介绍了植物在养分循环中对营养元素的吸收、积累和归还等作用,阐述了土壤微生物对养分有效性及土壤质量具有重要的作用。其次,重点综述了植物与土壤微生物之间相互依存、相互竞争的关系。植物通过其凋落物与分泌物为土壤微生物提供营养,土壤微生物作为分解者提供植物可吸收的营养元素,比如共生体菌根真菌即可使植物根与土壤真菌达到互惠。然而,植物的养分吸收与微生物的养分固持同时存在,因而两者之间存在对养分的竞争。通过植物多样性对土壤微生物多样性的影响分析,以及土壤微生物直接或间接作用于植物多样性和生产力的分析,探讨了植物物种多样性与土壤微生物多样性之间的内在联系。针对当前植物与土壤微生物对养分循环的调控机制的争论,提出植物凋落物是调节植物与土壤微生物养分循环的良好媒介,植物与土壤微生物的共同作用对维持整个生态系统的稳定性具有重要意义。也指出了目前在陆地生态系统地上、地下研究中存在的不足和亟待解决的问题。  相似文献   

11.
Khan  N.A. 《Photosynthetica》2002,40(4):633-634
The effect of 30 % defoliation of shaded leaves in lower layers of plant was studied on activities of carbonic anhydrase (CA) and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPC), leaf dry mass per unit leaf area, and plant dry mass of mustard (Brassica juncea). Removal of 30 % of leaves resulted in increased CA and RuBPC activities of leaves, and leaf and plant dry masses.  相似文献   

12.
13.
Sixty-five plant species have been found in Lake Provala (the Vojvodina Province, Serbia) and its riparian zone. Among them, three hydrophytes were dominant: Nymphoides peltata, Myriophyllum spicatum and Ceratophyllum demersum. As interactions between different ecological factors, especially light, temperature and nutrient level, are of prime importance for productivity of macrophytes, we analyzed the main physical and chemical indicators of water quality in the studied location. In the vegetation period of the year 2000, the dominant hydrophytes were analyzed for biomass production dynamics in the studied aquatic ecosystem, including fresh weight (FW), dry weight (DW) and ash free dry weight (AFDW). The studied plant species achieved maximum biomass production in June, with statistical differences among the species at the significance level of α = 0.05.  相似文献   

14.
Tropical dry forests occupy more area and are more endangered than rainforests, yet their regeneration ecology has received less study and is consequently poorly understood. We recorded the flowering and fruiting phenology of a tropical dry forest in Jamaica over a period of 26 mo within ten 15 × 15‐m plots. Community‐wide recruitment reached a maximum in the wet season, whereas no recruitment occurred during the dry season. We observed a unimodal peak in rainfall and fruit production, and the periodicity and intensity of seed production were significantly correlated with rainfall seasonality (the optimal time for germination). Flowering at the community and system levels lagged behind a significant increase and subsequent decrease in rainfall by 7 and 3 mo, respectively, indicating that the dominant factor controlling flowering periodicity is the passage of the major (4‐mo long) rainy season and changes in soil moisture conditions. Fruiting lagged behind flowering by 2 mo and a significant increase in fruiting occurred 2 mo prior to a significant increase in rainfall. At the population level, a correspondence analysis identified a major dichotomy in the patterns of flowering and fruiting between species and indicated two broad species groups based on their time of peak fruiting and the number of times they were in fruit. These were either individuals which were usually in peak fruit 1–2 mo prior to the start of the major rainy season or those that were in fruit more or less continuously throughout the year with no peak fruiting time. This study supports the view that seasonal variation in rainfall and hence soil water availability constitutes both the proximate and the ultimate cause of flowering periodicity in tropical dry forests.  相似文献   

15.
Regression equations relating length to dry weight have been derived for the four larval instars of Chaoborus flavicans (Meigen). A general equation, in which all instars are lumped, was also developed, but produces biased results outside a rather narrow central interval.The rate of increase, in terms of weight, is minimal in first instar larvae and maximal in fourth instar larvae, while the second and third instars are both intermediate and very closely related to one another.Three critical points have been defined, corresponding to body lengths at which a particular instar has to molt in order to be able to continue growing optimally.
Résumé Des équations de régression longueur-poids sec ont été établies pur les différents stades aquatiques de développement de Chaoborus flavicans (MEIGEN).La croissance pondérale, minimale pour les larves de premier stade, est maximale au cours du quatrième stade; les larves de deuxième et de troisième stade présentent des croissances comparables.L'emploi des équations propres à chaque stade est préférable à celui de l'équation moyenne établie pour l'ensemble des quatre stades larvaires.
  相似文献   

16.
冬麦田臭氧干沉降过程的观测   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0       下载免费PDF全文
地表臭氧作为近地层最主要的大气污染物之一,其不断上升的浓度及其对粮食作物的影响受到越来越多的关注.本研究利用微气象学观测方法,探明自然条件下冬麦田的臭氧沉降过程,分析了影响臭氧沉降过程的环境因子.结果表明: 观测期内(小麦生长旺期)臭氧通量均值为-0.35 μg·m-2·s-1(负号表示沉降方向指向地面),臭氧沉降平均速率为0.55 cm·s-1,空气动力学阻力均值为30 s·m-1,粘性副层阻力均值为257 s·m-1,冠层阻力均值为163 s·m-1,且均存在明显的日变化趋势.臭氧沉降阻力大小受摩擦速度、太阳辐射强度、温度和相对湿度等因素的影响.  相似文献   

17.
18.
Seasonal fluctuations of zooplankton biomass (dry weight) were determined during a year in two localities of Lake Xolotlán (Managua). Biomass estimations of the most common species of rotifers, cladocerans and copepods were made. The maximal zooplankton biomass was observed in February–April (dry season) in coincidence with the period of highest phytoplankton abundance. Copepods contributed with 78% and 84% to the mean zooplankton biomass at points 1 and 7, respectively. Cladocera biomass was lowest during most of the year, and it was probably controlled by fish predation. Development of rotifer biomass was more intense during the rainy season, when detritus particles were more abundant. Daily fluctuations of zooplankton biomass were not pronounced.  相似文献   

19.
Specific leaf area in barley: individual leaves versus whole plants   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
We have explored the relationships between specific leaf area calculated for a whole plant and its individual leaves. Barley was grown in hydroponics in controlled environment cabinets. Plants were harvested on the basis of physiological age (defined as the number of days after full expansion of leaves on the main stem) and the area and weight of whole, fully expanded, leaves measured and specific leaf area (SLA) of individual leaves or whole plants calculated. Specific leaf area calculated for individual leaves (SLAL) varied with leaf position and with leaf age after full expansion whereas SLA calculated for whole plants (SLAP) varied with plant age. The same conclusions were reached whether the results were based on total dry weight or dry weight minus soluble carbohydrates ('structural weight'). Transferring plants to shade on the day of full expansion of the third leaf on the main stem increased the SLAP, and also SLAL of leaves 3 and 4 on the main stem (leaf 4 being the younger leaf of the two), because of a decrease in the 'structural weight' of these leaves. However SLAL of leaf 2 (which was older than leaf 3) was not affected by shading; the effect was confined to leaves developing in the new conditions.  相似文献   

20.
Sjögren's Syndrome (SS) is a common autoimmune disorder characterised by generalised desiccation, exocrine hypofunction and serologic abnormalities, More than 90% of the patients are women. Objective : to determine if whole saliva could be used to diagnose this disease. Setting: The study was conducted at the School of Dental Medicine, SUNY, at Stony Brook. Patients : There were 49 subjects (48F; 1M), the mean age was 54 ± 13 years. In order to be admitted into the study, they had to complain of dry mouth and dry eyes. Tests : Whole saliva was collected by the spitting method. “Screening Tests'” were employed to measure the salivary flow rate, pH, buffer capacity; lactobacillus and yeast concentrations. Chemical tests were performed to determine protein, albumin, sodium and amylase activity. Lacrimal dryness was assessed by the Schirmer and Rose-Bengal methods. Results: Based on the sialometric findings, the patients were divided into 3 groups: Group 1: those with abnormally low resting (RFR) and stimulated (SFR) flow rates; Group 2: those with a low RFR but normal SFR; and Group 3: those with normal salivary flow rates. The group 1 patients were unique: their saliva demonstrated a low pH and buffer capacity, high lactobacillus and yeast concentrations, decreased protein output and amylase activity, and elevated albumin and sodium. Moreover, virtually all of them had abnormally low lacrimal flow rates. Conclusions : The findings suggested that whole saliva could be used to provisionally diagnose SS. Critical to this diagnosis was an abnormally low stimulated whole saliva flow rate. Other requisites included a low resting flow rate, the presence of dry mouth and dry eyes and evidence of lacrimal hypofunction. All of these attributes can easily be obtained by dentists in their clinics.  相似文献   

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