宁南山区不同恢复年限柠条林土壤养分及有机碳组分变化特征

植被恢复能有效改善土壤质量,促进土壤有机碳(SOC)的固存。本研究以宁南山区0～100 cm土层不同恢复年限(16、28、38年)柠条林为研究对象,以农田和天然草地作为对照,分析了土壤养分及有机碳组分沿剖面分布特征及其对恢复年限的响应。结果表明：1)SOC、土壤全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、颗粒态有机碳(POC)和矿物结合态有机碳(MAOC)含量以及颗粒态有机碳占总有机碳的比例(POC/SOC)均随土层深度增加而降低,而矿物结合态有机碳占总有机碳的比例(MAOC/SOC)呈相反趋势;2)随着柠条恢复年限的增加,SOC、TN、TP、C∶P、N∶P、POC和MAOC含量逐渐降低,C∶N无显著变化,POC/SOC先增后减,MAOC/SOC先减后增;3)在3种土地类型中,POC、MAOC与SOC之间均呈极显著正线性相关关系,且SOC的增加主要依赖于MAOC的增加。天然草地和柠条林地土壤SOC、TN、TP、POC和MAOC含量均显著高于农田。综上,柠条林地土壤养分及POC、MAOC含量随着恢复年限增加逐渐降低;与农田相比,天然草地和柠条林地维持和提高土壤养分及碳储存的能力较高。     

两种荒漠豆科植物化学计量特征与生境土壤因子的关系

豆科植物是荒漠等干旱生态系统的重要先锋物种,也是生态系统中有效氮的主要来源。为了明确荒漠豆科植物与生境土壤因子之间的关系,该研究以古尔班通古特沙漠广泛分布的荒漠豆科植物弯花黄芪(Astragalus flexus)、镰荚黄芪(Astragalus arpilobus)为对象,测定不同土壤深度(0~5、5~10、10~15 cm)的理化性质,比较分析2种荒漠豆科植物化学计量特征与土壤因子的关系。结果表明:(1)弯花黄芪碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量分别为373.35、25.66、1.03 mg·g^-1,高于镰荚黄芪的331.53、19.59、0.66 mg·g^-1,且二者的N、P含量均差异显著(P<0.05);弯花黄芪的C∶P、N∶P分别为374.38、25.75,均极显著高于镰荚黄芪的166.09、10.12(P<0.01),而弯花黄芪的C∶N(14.62)低于镰荚黄芪(16.99),两种植物的C和C∶N均无显著差异。(2)豆科植物生境土壤在0~5 cm土层的有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)含量最高,且随土层的加深逐渐减少;土壤化学计量比SOC∶TN、SOC∶TP均随土层加深逐渐增大,而TN∶TP值随土层加深逐渐减少;较低的N含量及TN∶TP 显示该区域土壤属于N素缺乏类型。(3)2种荒漠豆科植物与各层次土壤化学计量特征的相关性无一致规律。其中,弯花黄芪立地0~10 cm土层的TN与N∶P间呈负相关关系,TP与P间呈极显著负相关关系,而TP与C∶N间呈正相关关系,SOC∶TN与N∶P间呈极显著正相关关系;在10~15 cm土层中,SOC∶TN与N∶P间呈正相关关系。镰荚黄芪中仅P含量与其立地0~5 cm土层的SOC∶TP具有极显著正相关关系,而大部分化学计量特征间未显示出相关性。(4)弯花黄芪的植物化学计量指标P含量与5~10 cm土层的电导率(EC)间呈极显著正相关关系,N含量与10~15 cm土层的速效钾(AK)间呈正相关关系;而镰荚黄芪N、AP与N∶P与0~5 cm土层的速效磷(AP)间均呈极显著负相关关系,与其他土层未出现相关关系。研究认为,古尔班通古特沙漠土壤N含量以及TN∶TP较低,土壤N元素贫瘠,且该区豆科植物立地土壤养分含量总体偏低;该区弯花黄芪生长的主要限制元素为P,而镰荚黄芪生长的主要限制元素为N和P;植物化学计量特征并非全部由土壤养分特征直接决定,其明显的种间差异显示植物自身遗传特性在土壤 植物计量特征耦合关系的重要性。     

科尔沁沙地不同土地利用类型土壤化学计量特征

土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)化学计量是衡量土壤质量及生态系统元素限制的重要指标,探讨土地利用和土层深度对土壤化学计量特征的影响有利于揭示科尔沁沙地土壤元素循环规律。本研究以科尔沁沙地5种土地利用类型(灌溉农田、旱作农田、沙质草地、固定沙丘、流动沙丘)土壤为对象,分析不同土地利用类型和不同土层土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)含量及其化学计量特征。结果表明: 1)科尔沁沙地0～10 cm SOC(3.23 g·kg^-1)、TN(0.37 g·kg^-1)、TP(0.15 g·kg^-1)含量及化学计量比(C:N、C:P、N:P分别为9.07、25.56、2.97)远低于中国陆地土壤。2)土地利用变化显著改变了SOC、TN、TP含量及其化学计量特征,0～100 cm SOC、TN、TP含量均表现为灌溉农田>沙质草地>旱作农田>固定沙丘>流动沙丘;沙质草地、灌溉农田、旱作农田C:N显著高于固定沙丘和流动沙丘,沙质草地、固定沙丘、灌溉农田、旱作农田C:P显著高于流动沙丘,5种土地利用类型N:P无显著差异。3)随土层深度增加,沙质草地、固定沙丘、灌溉农田、旱作农田SOC和TN含量显著降低,流动沙丘SOC、TN含量和C:P在各土层间无显著差异;总体上,各土地利用类型TP含量和C:N受土层影响较小;沙质草地、固定沙丘、灌溉农田、旱作农田C:P和沙质草地N:P随土层深度增加而降低。4)SOC、TN、TP、C:N与中砂粒、细砂粒、土壤容重呈显著负相关,与黏粉粒和极细砂粒呈显著正相关。沙漠化导致科尔沁沙地SOC和养分流失,加剧土壤N缺乏,水肥投入有助于耕地维持相对较高的土壤养分水平。     

红壤侵蚀退化马尾松林下不同治理模式土壤化学计量特征

以南方红壤严重侵蚀退化地低效林改造、乔灌草混交、浅沟播草、封禁治理4种治理模式马尾松林地为对象,研究不同治理模式和不同土层土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)和枯落物养分含量及其化学计量特征,为该区水土流失治理和植被恢复提供科学依据。结果表明: 不同治理模式下土壤SOC、TN、TP和枯落物P含量差异显著,土壤和枯落物养分含量均显著高于对照,改善效果均以乔灌草混交最好。土壤SOC、TN和TP含量总体上随土层增加而减少;而浅沟播草治理模式表现为,土壤SOC、TN、TP含量均随着土层增加呈先减小后增大的趋势,养分含量在5～20 cm土层达到最低值;不同治理模式下土壤C:N、C:P、N:P和枯落物C:P均存在显著差异,土壤空间变异性表现为土壤C:N>C:P>N:P。土壤C:N除乔灌草混交外,其他治理模式处于较低水平,而土壤C:P和N:P整体上较高。枯落物C:N、C:P和N:P与土壤呈相反的变化规律,低效林改造和乔灌草混交远小于对照。土壤C:N和C:P主要受控于土壤SOC含量和枯落物C含量,土壤N:P主要受控于土壤TP含量和枯落物P含量。土壤化学计量比还受土壤含水量、土壤容重、pH等因素的影响,枯落物与土壤养分之间关系密切并表现出相似的变化规律。     

马衔山不同海拔土壤碳、氮、磷含量及生态化学计量特征

研究半干旱地区土壤碳、氮、磷化学计量特征,了解其空间变化规律,有助于揭示半干旱地区C、N、P循环对全球气候变化的响应。本研究以半干旱区的马衔山为对象,选择5个海拔的7个样地,采集0~15、15~30 cm层的土壤,测定其有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、pH、含水率等理化性质,分析其SOC、TN、TP化学计量与土壤理化因子之间的关系。结果表明:(1)0~15 cm土壤SOC、TN、TP含量高于15~30 cm土壤。表层土壤SOC、TN含量随海拔升高呈增加趋势,TP含量随海拔升高变化较小。(2)C∶N随海拔增加呈先增加后降低趋势,C∶P、N∶P随海拔升高均呈增加趋势。(3)在0~15 cm土壤中,pH与SOC、TN含量及C∶P呈显著负相关,在15~30 cm土层中,pH与SOC、TN、TP含量及化学计量特征关系不显著;土壤含水率与0~15、15~30 cm层土壤中SOC、TN含量均呈极显著正相关。本研究显示,在半干旱区的马衔山地区,土壤含水率随海拔增加而增加,而SOC、TN含量及C∶P、N∶P也呈增加趋势,土壤养分含量及化学计量均受土壤含水率影响。     

马衔山不同海拔土壤碳、氮、磷含量及生态化学计量特征

研究半干旱地区土壤碳、氮、磷化学计量特征,了解其空间变化规律,有助于揭示半干旱地区C、N、P循环对全球气候变化的响应。本研究以半干旱区的马衔山为对象,选择5个海拔的7个样地,采集0～15、15～30 cm层的土壤,测定其有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、pH、含水率等理化性质,分析其SOC、TN、TP化学计量与土壤理化因子之间的关系。结果表明:(1) 0～15 cm土壤SOC、TN、TP含量高于15～30 cm土壤。表层土壤SOC、TN含量随海拔升高呈增加趋势,TP含量随海拔升高变化较小。(2) C∶N随海拔增加呈先增加后降低趋势,C∶P、N∶P随海拔升高均呈增加趋势。(3)在0～15 cm土壤中,pH与SOC、TN含量及C∶P呈显著负相关,在15～30 cm土层中,pH与SOC、TN、TP含量及化学计量特征关系不显著;土壤含水率与0～15、15～30 cm层土壤中SOC、TN含量均呈极显著正相关。本研究显示,在半干旱区的马衔山地区,土壤含水率随海拔增加而增加,而SOC、TN含量及C∶P、N∶P也呈增加趋势,土壤养分含量及化学计量均受土壤含水率影响。     

拉萨河流域洪积扇不同植被类型土壤化学计量特征

洪积扇是拉萨河流域珍贵的土地资源,而明悉其土壤养分状况是对其进行科学合理开发利用的基础。为此,在拉萨河流域选取了10个洪积扇,于2020年7-8月调查了其上的植物群落组成并采集对应土壤,测定了土壤有机碳（SOC）、全氮（TN）、全磷（TP）、全钾（TK）、碱解氮（AN）、速效磷（AP）和速效钾（AK）的含量并计算其化学计量比。结果表明：10个洪积扇的60个样方中共发现植物种87种,分属于29科79属,其中禾本科和菊科的物种居多;洪积扇SOC、TN、TP、AN和AK的平均含量分别为34.38 g/kg、2.77 g/kg、0.39 g/kg、130.78 mg/kg和189.79 mg/kg,均表现为草地>灌丛>农田,其中SOC、TN、AN和AP含量在草地和农田下差异显著（P<0.05）;土壤TK的平均含量为19.68 g/kg,表现为农田>草地>灌丛;土壤AP的平均含量为3.36 mg/kg,表现为农田>灌丛>草地;土壤C：N的均值为12.75,表现为农田>灌丛>草地;土壤C：P、N：P和N：K的均值分别为102.50、8.10和0.16,均表现为草地>灌丛>农田,总体来说洪积扇土壤P元素较为稀缺;土壤N：K与SOC、TN、TP、TK、AN、AP、AK均极显著相关（P<0.01）,SOC和TN与植物群落盖度极显著正相关（P<0.01）;典范对应分析（CCA）进一步表明土壤养分及其计量比对洪积扇植物群落组成影响显著（P=0.002）,且TP、K：P和AP是影响洪积扇植物群落组成的主要土壤生态化学计量因子。综上所述,拉萨河流域洪积扇植物种相对丰富,但分布不均匀,组成不稳定。SOC、TN、TK含量相对较高但C：N值低,表现为有机质矿化速率高而土壤肥力低下;土壤TP和AP的含量均较低,洪积扇植物群落在生长发育过程中受到土壤P元素的限制。此外,研究还发现土壤N：K同C：N：P一样可作为评价土壤养分状况的生态化学计量指标。     

鼎湖山3种演替阶段森林土壤C、N、P现状及动态

为探讨森林演替过程中土壤C、N、P的变化,通过测定鼎湖山3种演替阶段的森林土壤有机碳(SOC)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)含量,对他们的化学计量进行分析。结果表明,鼎湖山3种森林土壤SOC和TN随演替阶段而增加,演替中后期表层土壤(0~20 cm)与演替初期的差异达到显著水平(P0.05),在土壤剖面上的分布都呈现显著的表层富集现象,且表层土壤与其他土层均有显著差异(P0.05)。土壤TP含量随演替阶段没有呈现出有规律的变化,不同演替阶段间也没有显著差异,但不同演替阶段土壤TP在土壤剖面上的分布表现不同,演替前期土壤TP含量随着土层深度增加而增加,演替后期土壤TP随土层深度的增加而降低,而演替中期土壤TP含量在各土层间没有显著差异。土壤C∶N不受土层深度和演替进程的影响,而土壤C∶P和N∶P均表现为随演替阶段而增加,随土层加深而降低。这些揭示了森林土壤SOC、TN和TP含量随演替进展及其在土壤剖面上的分布取决于土壤C、N、P的来源方式。     

川西北高寒沙地不同生态治理模式下土壤碳氮磷储量及生态化学计量特征

选取单植牧草、单植灌木、灌草间作、灌药间作4种生态模式治理5年后的川西北高寒沙地为研究对象,以未治理裸沙地为对照,分析了土壤碳氮磷含量及生态化学计量比特征。结果表明: 生态治理能显著提升土壤有机碳(SOC)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)含量和储量以及C/N、C/P、N/P,其中灌草间作提升效果最显著,其0～10和10～20 cm土层的SOC、TN含量均显著高于其他模式,且0～40 cm土层SOC储量分别比单植牧草、单植灌木、灌草间作、对照高13.4%、15.6%、17.1%、43.2%。0～10和10～20 cm土层土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、含水量与SOC、TN和TP含量呈显著正相关,土壤容重则与SOC、TN和TP含量呈显著负相关;土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾和含水量与C/N、C/P在10～20 cm土层呈显著正相关。川西北高寒沙地土壤碳氮磷及其化学计量比受生态治理措施和土层深度的影响,本研究条件下灌草间作模式最有利于改善沙地土壤环境质量。     

内蒙古典型草原不同恢复演替阶段植物养分化学计量学

对内蒙古典型草原不同恢复演替阶段群落土壤养分动态及空间格局、植物养分及其化学计量比时空动态、植物与土壤养分相关性等进行了分析, 以揭示放牧干扰对植物的养分及其化学计量比影响。结果表明: 土壤各养分含量表现为恢复群落略高于严重退化群落, 土壤全氮(STN)/土壤全磷(STP)恢复群落高于严重退化群落, 土壤有机质(SOC)/STN恢复群落低于严重退化群落; 大多数植物叶片C含量在恢复群落最高, 严重退化群落最低, 与恢复演替时间呈正相关, 而植物的全氮(TN)和全磷(TP)含量则是严重退化群落最高, 恢复群落最低, 与退化程度呈正相关, 且TP含量的变幅明显高于TN含量; 植物叶的N:P和C:N表现为严重退化群落最低, 与退化程度呈负相关; 严重退化群落植物相对于P而言, 总体上表现为缺N; 而恢复群落相对于N而言, 更为缺P, 或同时缺N和P; 群落优势种化学计量学特征对群落演替方向有一定的指示作用。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.