低温胁迫对玉米幼苗的损伤与过氧化作用关系的研究

本文对玉米幼苗进行了超氧物歧化酶(SOD)活性,脂质过氧化作用,电解质泄漏及电子显微镜观察研究,结果表明,低温胁迫下,玉米幼苗中 SOD 活性下降,脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量增加,细胞质膜电解质外渗率上升。对于不耐寒品种这种变化更为显著,电镜观察结果也表明,其叶绿体、线粒体超微结构发生明显变化,即伤害更为严重。本文认为 SOD 在植物低温伤害过程中有一定的保护效应。     

小麦根系过氧化氢积累与耐盐性的关系

以抗盐性不同的2个小麦品系为材料,对其在盐胁迫下根细胞膜的膜渗透率,MDA含量,H2O2积累以及POD,SOD相对活性进行了分析和对比。结果表明：盐胁迫下抗性低的小麦品系93029#POD活性下降,导致活性氧积累而引起膜脂的过氧化作用;而抗盐性强的906#,在盐胁迫下。POD活性显著升高,没有明显的活性氧积累和膜脂过氧化现象,植物的抗盐性与其活性氧代谢和H2O2水平有关,抗必品系具有较高的清除活性氧的能力,使得H2O2浓度处于较低的水平,不对细胞造成伤害,外施Ca^2 和Vc可部分缓解盐害。     

水分胁迫下玉米叶肉细胞超微结构的变化及其与膜脂过氧化伤害的关系

研究ＰＥＧ模拟水分胁迫条件对玉米叶肉细胞超微结构的影响,探讨了超微结构的变化与保护酶活性及膜酯过氧化伤害之间的关系。试验表明,在水分胁迫初期,叶肉细胞超微结构变化较小,此时,叶片的ＳＯＤ及过氧化氢酶活性明显升高,质膜相对透性和丙二醛含量增加缓慢,随着胁迫时间的延长,叶肉细胞超微结构破坏加重,且不同细胞对水分胁迫的敏感性相差很大,叶片ＣＡＴ性下降,质膜透性和ＭＤＡ含量急增;复水后,叶片超微结构,ＳＯ     

盐胁迫对大麦胚根细胞膜系统的影响

研究了大麦种子在盐下吸胀时胚根细胞超微结构的变化，电镜观察发现，盐胁迫下胚根细胞的膜系统修复困难，细胞器分室重建受阻；并且，这种伤害作用随着盐时间的延长而加剧。作者认为，盐胁迫下吸胀对种子伤害很可能是由于盐离子毒害造成膜系统修复不完善所致。     

Na2CO3胁迫对星星草叶肉细胞超微结构的影响

利用透射电镜技术对Na2CO3胁迫下星星草叶肉细胞超微结构进行了观察。结果表明：未胁迫的叶肉细胞排列疏松,各种细胞器结构完整,叶绿体含少量淀粉粒和脂质球。轻度盐胁迫（2g/L,4g／LNa2CO3）对叶肉细胞超微结构影响较小。中度盐胁迫（6g／L,8g／L Na2CO3）引起叶肉细胞超微结构的变化,叶绿体类囊体肿胀,基粒紊乱,不含淀粉粒,脂质球数量增加,叶绿体由原来的梭形或椭球形变成圆球状;部分线粒体嵴消失,出现晶体结构;中央大液泡破裂;核逐渐降解。高度盐胁迫（10g／L,12g／LNa2CO3）下,叶绿体片层结构消失,脂质球数量增加,体积变大,被大量的膜片层所包围,叶绿体内、外膜消失,叶肉细胞中看不到叶绿体的存在;膜片层包围线粒体;叶肉细胞中可见大量的泡状结构和膜片层,叶肉细胞死亡。上述结果表明,细胞器特别是叶绿体膜结构的破坏与盐胁迫叶肉细胞最终死亡密切相关。     

NaCl对齿肋赤藓叶肉细胞超微结构的影响

齿肋赤藓(Syntrichia caninervis)是古尔班通古特沙漠苔藓结皮层中的优势物种,对荒漠生态系统的稳定性及功能多样性具有十分重要的意义。利用透射电镜技术对不同浓度Na Cl胁迫下齿肋赤藓叶肉细胞超微结构进行了观察。结果表明:齿肋赤藓叶肉细胞在未胁迫(0 mmol/L)处理下排列疏松,各种细胞结构完整,叶绿体基质排列均匀且叶绿体内含少量淀粉粒和脂质球。在轻度盐Na Cl胁迫(100 mmol/L)下,齿肋赤藓叶肉细胞结构依然保持完整,叶绿体基质均匀,叶肉细胞超微结构仅有较小变化。在中度盐Na Cl胁迫(200、300 mmol/L)下,齿肋赤藓叶肉细胞发生质壁分离,出现晶体结构,且中央大液泡发生破裂;叶绿体由梭形变成椭球形或圆球状,出现空泡化并伴随有轻微的解体;叶绿体类囊体肿胀,脂质球数量增加。在高度Na Cl胁迫(400、500 mmol/L)下,齿肋赤藓细胞的质壁分离加剧,叶肉细胞出现大量泡状结构和膜片层,叶肉细胞死亡;叶绿体片层结构消失,空泡化加重,脂质球数量增加且体积变大,叶绿体内外膜消失,叶绿体大部分解体,在叶肉细胞中几乎看不到叶绿体的存在。上述结果表明,叶绿体膜结构的损伤与盐胁迫下叶肉细胞死亡有密切关系。     

低温逆境对不同核桃品种抗氧化系统及超微结构的影响

为揭示核桃抗寒机理,确定核桃抗寒性鉴定适宜的生化指标,以展叶期抗寒性不同的哈特雷、晋龙1号和晋龙2号3个品种1年生枝条的叶片为材料,测定了1℃低温下抗氧化酶活性及超氧阴离子(O2(-))含量的变化,并采用透射电子显微镜观察低温逆境对抗寒性差异大的哈特雷和晋龙2号叶肉细胞超微结构的影响.结果表明:低温胁迫前后抗寒性强的哈特雷叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活性最高,超氧阴离子含量最低,叶肉细胞超微结构较稳定,叶片没有明显冷害症状.抗寒性差的晋龙2号随着低温胁迫时间的延长,3种抗氧化酶活性的下降幅度最大,O2(-)含量始终处于高水平;胁迫72 h时细胞叶绿体普遍膨胀,基粒片层变薄,数目减少,部分叶绿体被膜及质膜清晰度下降,部分顶端小叶叶缘呈水浸状,表现出冷害症状.可见,低温逆境下核桃叶肉细胞超微结构的稳定性与其品种的抗寒性密切相关.SOD、POD活性以及O2(-)含量可作为展叶期核桃抗寒性鉴定的生化指标;低温胁迫下核桃叶片细胞内膜系统的损伤与活性氧积累之间可能存在一定的相互关系.     

Hg2+对海马齿叶肉细胞超微结构的影响

以红树林植物海马齿为材料,将生长一致的海马齿水培苗放到含有不同浓度Hg2+的营养液中进行Hg2+胁迫,用透射电镜观察海马齿叶肉细胞超微结构对不同浓度Hg2+胁迫的响应,以明确重金属汞对海马齿叶肉细胞超微结构的影响,探讨海马齿耐汞机制。结果表明:重金属汞能造成海马齿叶肉细胞不同程度的伤害,主要表现为对叶肉细胞中的叶绿体、线粒体、细胞核以及膜系统的伤害。随着Hg2+浓度不断升高,其叶绿体数目不断减少,形状由船型变成长形以及出现一些巨型叶绿体,类囊体系统受到伤害、基粒片层变得模糊不清。线粒体数目由于Hg2+浓度的不同而不同,形状由棒状变成圆形及椭圆形,线粒体双层膜结构与嵴变得模糊不清。细胞核也受到不同程度的伤害,核仁由一个变成多个,最后消失;同时细胞膜也受到伤害,主要表现为,不断的向胞内形成膜突起再形成空泡。最后在高浓度Hg2+胁迫下,随着叶肉细胞内细胞器的不断减少,最终造成细胞解体死亡。     

水杨酸和阿斯匹林对小麦盐害的缓解作用

盐胁迫条件下水杨酸和阿斯匹林能提高小麦种子发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数,降低幼苗叶片质膜透性和盐胁迫对细胞膜的伤害,提高幼苗体内超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶等细胞保护酶的活性,减少膜脂过氧化作用产物丙二醛的积累,降低根系Ｎａ＋和提高根系Ｋ＋ 的向上运输选择性。所有这些变化都有利于缓解盐胁迫对小麦的伤害,提高其对盐胁迫的适应性。     

锌胁迫下水车前叶细胞自由基过氧化损伤与超微结构变化之间关系的研究

主要研究了模拟锌污染对水车前叶细胞的自由基过氧化损伤和超微结构的变化,并对二者之间的关系作了初步探讨。随锌胁迫程度的增大,叶绿素含量、SOD（超氧化物歧化酶）活性和可溶性蛋白含量呈下降趋势;而POD（过氧化物酶）和CAT（过氧化氢酶）活性则先升后降;MDA（丙二醛）含量上升。超微结构的变化也呈现加重趋势,低浓度处理的变化为细胞核变形、叶绿体膨胀、类囊体排列紊乱;严重的超微结构的损伤是核仁散开、染色质凝集,细胞核几乎成为空核和核膜破裂,核质散出;线粒体脊突膨胀和部分溶解;叶绿体膜断裂、消失和部分类囊体溶解和散到细胞质中。实验结果表明,锌胁迫下叶细胞超微结构的变化 反映了内膜系统遭到严重伤害,这可能是自由基过氧化损伤的结果。     

Correlation Between Lipid Preoxidation Damage and Ultrastructural Changes of Mesophyll Cells in Barley and Wheat Seedlings During Salt Stress

The correlation among lipid preoxidation, destruction of membrane system and ultrastruc- tural changes of mesophyll cells during salt stress was studied with the NaCl-resistant barley (Jian No. 4) and NaCl-sensitive wheat (Ning Mai No. 4) seedlings. During initial period of salt stress, mesophyll cells was able to maintain higher SOD activity, less lipid preoxidation and approximately integral membrane system; with the increasing intensity of salt stress, SOD activity lowered, MDA content increased obviously, electrolytes and UV-absorbed substances in cells leaked, cell organelles were destroyed severely, and even whole cell structure was ruined. The barley was able to maintain more intact cell structure and less damage of membrane system than the wheat did. These results indicated that changes of ultrastructure of mesophyll cells were consistent with disorder and damage of their membrane systems, and the damage of membrane system might be as a result of the increase of membrane lipid preoxidation.     

小麦耐盐细胞系对盐胁迫的伤害性反应

通过逐级提高ＮａＣｌ浓度的筛选方法,得到了能在１．５％ＮａＣｌ下生长良好的小麦（ＴｒｉｔｉｃｕｍａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍＬ．）耐盐细胞系。在盐分胁迫下,耐盐细胞系含水量的降低幅度小于不耐盐细胞系（对照）,Ｈ２Ｏ２含量和Ｏ－２产生速率的增加幅度也明显小于对照细胞系。同时,膜的相对透性、膜脂过氧化和脱酯化程度的提高幅度也明显低于对照细胞系。表明盐分对小麦细胞系膜的伤害与活性氧介导的膜脂过氧化和脱酯化有关,而耐盐细胞系比对照细胞系表现出较强的抗活性氧伤害的能力。     

Ultrastructure of Mesophyll Cells and Pigment Content in Senescing Leaves of Maize and Barley

Leaf senescence is a genetically regulated stage in the plant life cycle leading to death. Ultrastructural analysis of a particular region of the leaf and even of a particular mesophyll cell can give a clear picture of the time development of the process. In this study we found relations between changes in mesophyll cell ultrastructure and pigment concentration in every region of the leaf during leaf senescence in maize and barley. Our observations demonstrated that each mesophyll cell undergoes a similar senescence sequence of events: a) chromatin condensation, b) degradation of thylakoid membranes and an increase in the number of plastoglobules, c) damage to internal mitochondrial membrane and chloroplast destruction. Degradation of chloroplast structure is not fully correlated with changes in photosynthetic pigment content; chlorophyll and carotenoid content remained at a rather high level in the final stage of chloroplast destruction. We also compared the dynamics of leaf senescence between maize and barley. We showed that changes to the mesophyll cells do not occur at the same time in different parts of the leaf. The senescence damage begins at the base and moves to the top of the leaf. The dynamics of mesophyll cell senescence is different in leaves of both analyzed plant species; in the initial stages, the process was faster in barley whereas in the later stages the process occurred more quickly in maize. At the final stage, the oldest barley mesophyll cells were more damaged than maize cells of the same age.     

植物单盐毒害和离子拮抗机理研究Ⅰ.单盐和混合盐对植物原生质体膜某些特性、超氧物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性的影响

单盐(KCl, CaCl_2或MgCl_2)和混合盐(KC_1+CaCl_2或KCl+MgCl_2)对植物原生质体完整率、存活率和膜透性等均有明显影响。K~+、Ca~(2+)或Mg~(2+)等单种阳离子明显降低原生质体膜完整率和存活率而增加其物质渗漏量,其中以单价阳离子K~+的影响为甚。上述单种阳离子还明显降低小麦幼叶超氧物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶活性。只有由单价和二价阳离子组成的平衡混合盐才能使原生质体维持较高的完整率、存活率和较正常的膜透性.并能使细胞维持较高的SOD和过氧化氢酶活性。 认为单盐毒害机理可能是首先引起细胞膜发生不正常的膜相变或细胞累积较多的有害氧自由基,引起膜脂发生过氧化或脱酯化而破坏膜结构。在离子平衡混合盐作用下,膜系才能维持正常液晶相,具有较高活性的SOD和过氧化氢酶等生物保护性酶系是离子拮抗作用之原因。     

Exogenous silicon (Si) increases antioxidant enzyme activity and reduces lipid peroxidation in roots of salt-stressed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Two contrasting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars, i.e. Kepin No.7 (salt sensitive) and Jian 4 (salt tolerant), were grown hydroponically to study the effect of exogenous silicon (Si) on time dependent changes of the activities of major antioxidant enzymes and of lipid peroxidation in roots under salt stress. Enzymes included: superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR). Three treatments with three replicates were investigated consisting of a control (basal nutrients with neither NaCl nor Si added), 120 mmol/L-1 NaCl, and 120 mmol/L-1 NaCl +1.0 mmol/L-1 Si. Plant roots were harvested 2, 4 and 6 days after treatment and assayed for activities of the antioxidant enzymes and the concentrations of reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA), and electrolytic leakage percentage (ELP). The activities of SOD, POD and CAT in roots of salt-stressed plants were significantly stimulated at Day 2 compared to control plants, but considerably decreased at Day 4 and onward. GR activity in roots of salt-stressed plants remained unchanged at Day 2, but significantly decreased at Day 4 and onward. However, exogenous Si significantly enhanced these enzyme activities in roots of salt-stressed plants compared to Si-deprived salt treatments. This Si effect was time-dependent and became stronger as the experiments continued. The tendency of change in the activities of antioxidant enzymes and the concentration of GSH coincided with the concentration of MDA, the end product of lipid peroxidation, and the ELP. Higher activities of antioxidant enzymes, and higher concentration of GSH, but lower concentration of MDA and lower ELP were noted in cultivar Jian 4 compared to Kepin No. 7, implying genotypic differences with Jian 4 being less susceptible to stress-dependent membrane lipid peroxidation. The effects of Si-enhanced salt tolerance are discussed with respect to cell membrane integrity, stability and function in barley.     

Ability of leaf mesophyll to retain potassium correlates with salinity tolerance in wheat and barley

This work investigated the importance of the ability of leaf mesophyll cells to control K⁺ flux across the plasma membrane as a trait conferring tissue tolerance mechanism in plants grown under saline conditions. Four wheat (Triticum aestivum and Triticum turgidum) and four barley (Hordeum vulgare) genotypes contrasting in their salinity tolerance were grown under glasshouse conditions. Seven to 10‐day‐old leaves were excised, and net K⁺ and H⁺ fluxes were measured from either epidermal or mesophyll cells upon acute 100 mM treatment (mimicking plant failure to restrict Na⁺ delivery to the shoot) using non‐invasive microelectrode ion flux estimation (the MIFE) system. To enable net ion flux measurements from leaf epidermal cells, removal of epicuticular waxes was trialed with organic solvents. A series of methodological experiments was conducted to test the efficiency of different methods of wax removal, and the impact of experimental procedures on cell viability, in order to optimize the method. A strong positive correlation was found between plants' ability to retain K⁺ in salt‐treated leaves and their salinity tolerance, in both wheat and especially barley. The observed effects were related to the ionic but not osmotic component of salt stress. Pharmacological experiments have suggested that voltage‐gated K⁺‐permeable channels mediate K⁺ retention in leaf mesophyll upon elevated NaCl levels in the apoplast. It is concluded that MIFE measurements of NaCl‐induced K⁺ fluxes from leaf mesophyll may be used as an efficient screening tool for breeding in cereals for salinity tissue tolerance.     

甘蓝热胁迫叶片细胞的超微结构研究

高温胁迫引起植物体损伤是很常见的,人们已从多方面探讨高温胁迫对植物的影响,主要工作集中在生理生化、膜结构、热激蛋白及作物产量等方面［１—４］,超微结构的变化也有少量报道［５—７］。但目前要建立一个高温对植物体影响的模式还比较困难。本文探讨了甘蓝不同耐热品种叶片细胞超微结构在热胁迫后的差异,目的是建立植物耐热程度的细胞学指标,为育种工作者选育耐热性品种提供细胞学依据。材料和方法试验材料为甘蓝（Ｂｒａｓｓｉｃａｏｌｅｒａｃｅａｖａｒ．ｃａｐｉｔａｔａＬ．）耐热品种“夏光甘蓝”和感热品种“京丰甘蓝”。…     

Ultrastructural Study in Leaf Cell of Brassica oleracea var. capitata Under Heat Stress

Ultrastructural changes of the leaf cells in response to heat stress in thermo-resistant cultivar and thermo-sensitive cultivar of Brassica oleracea var. capitata L. were investigated. No ultrastructural change was shown in mesophyll cell of the thermo-resistant cultivar. All membrane-bound structure remained intact. However, the cell ultrastructure of thermosensitive cultivar showed significant changes. One of the major effects of heat stress was the disruption of membrane structure. Chloroplasts and nucleus were extremely sensitive to heat stress. Chloroplasts rounded off in different extents and their outer membranes disappeared. Structural alteration of the thylakoid membrane were visualized. Large amount of plastoglobulis appeared within the chloroplast. Mitochondria were far more resistant to heat stress than chloroplasts. There was no distinct changes of mitochondria structure. Nucleus suffered from serious damage as heat caused disruption of nuclear envelope and condensation of nucleoplasm, showing, eventually, numerous fibrillar granulous material and irregularly shaped hollow spaces presented within the nucleus.     

盐胁迫对中国柽柳幼苗生理特性的影响

以中国柽柳(Tamarix chinensis Lour.)插穗为研究材料,在装有不同土壤盐分梯度(0.4%、0.8%、1.2%、1.6%、2.0%、2.4%)的盆钵中进行扦插试验,测定柽柳扦插成活率、叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量等指标,研究分析柽柳扦插成活率及幼苗生理特性对盐分胁迫的响应特征。结果表明:(1)柽柳扦插成活率随盐胁迫增强逐渐降低,适合扦插繁殖的土壤含盐量低于0.8%;土壤含盐量超过0.8%后,扦插成活率太低,不适合柽柳进行扦插繁殖。(2)柽柳可通过提高叶绿素含量来适应盐胁迫,随着盐胁迫增强,柽柳扦插幼苗叶片中叶绿素含量先升高后降低,但过高的盐胁迫会破坏叶绿素的合成。(3)柽柳扦插幼苗叶片SOD和POD活性随盐胁迫增强先升高后降低,通过提高SOD和POD活性来清除细胞内多余的活性氧自由基,但活性氧自由基积累过多时,膜脂过氧化作用会破坏细胞膜的稳定性,导致抗氧化酶活性降低。(4)柽柳扦插幼苗叶片MDA含量随盐胁迫的增强先升高后降低。在土壤含盐量0.4%—1.2%范围内,MDA含量虽高于CK,但各盐分处理之间差异不显著。在含盐量为1.6%时,叶片细胞受到膜脂过氧化作用加强,MDA含量显著升高,但含盐量为2.0%时,MDA含量降低。     

盐胁迫对玉米叶片叶肉细胞生物膜超微结构的影响

研究了NaCl胁迫对玉米叶肉细胞生物膜超微结构的影响. 结果表明：NaCl胁迫破坏了玉米叶片叶肉细胞生物膜的正常结构,50 mmol·L^-1 NaCl处理胁迫下,玉米叶肉细胞核膜,线粒体膜,细胞膜,叶绿体膜,液泡膜都受到不同程度的破坏,叶绿体基粒类囊体膨胀,间质片层空间增大,片层紊乱。100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl处理胁迫下,质膜,液泡膜,线粒体,叶绿体都受到严重的破坏。细胞质膜破坏,破损的叶绿体充斥在细胞间隙中;叶绿体外膜破坏,甚至解体消失,叶肉细胞中充满膜结构,基粒排列方向改变,垛叠层数减少,基粒和基质片层界限模糊不清,有的基粒解体消失,甚至叶绿体完全解体;核膜破坏、解体,核中的染色质高度凝缩;线粒体的数量增多,线粒体膜破坏,脊的数量减少,甚至整个线粒体破损解体;液泡膜破坏;由于各种生物膜的破坏,使细胞内充满许多囊状小泡、多泡体或斑层小体;叶肉细胞发生严重的质壁分离,严重时发生细胞壁断裂;甚至整个细胞溶解。