持久性有机污染物（POPs）对鸟类的影响

持久性有机污染物(POPs)是高残留物质,进入生物体后会长期存留并产生危害。近年来,有关生物体中POPs的研究已成为环境化学、生态毒理学研究的热点之一。本文概述了持久性有机污染物(POPs)的主要类型、生态特征、来源和污染效应。介绍了POPs在鸟类体内富集的特点及其对鸟类的危害;分析了以鸟类作为环境监测指示生物时应注意的问题;对POPs的防治以及利用鹭类等水鸟监测环境污染的方法提出了建议。     

二恶英及其类似物的危害及研究进展

对环境持续性污染物二恶英及其类似物的理化特性、产生与进入人体的途径及其人顷人体健康的危害进行了综述,并简单回顾了历史上发生的二恶英污染事件,讨论了二恶英毒性作用机制和预防措施。     

二噁及其类似物的危害及研究进展

对环境持续性污染物二噁及其类似物的理化特性、产生与进入人体的途径及其对人体健康的危害进行了综述 ,并简单回顾了历史上发生的二口恶口英污染事件 ,讨论了二口恶口英毒性作用机制和预防措施。     

南极海洋生物持久性有机污染物:水平、传递与风险评价

尽管南极被认为是远离人类污染的净土,但近年来不断发现有机氯农药、多氯联苯、多溴联苯醚和全/多氟化合物等传统和“新型”持久性有机污染物(POPs)存在于南极的非生物及生物环境中,由此引发了全球各国对南极生态系统的不断关注。POPs性质稳定,能够久存于环境中,并具有毒性,易富集于生物体内并产生一定的健康风险。为了解南极和南大洋持久性有机污染物的生物地球化学过程及其对生物种群和生态系统产生的影响,本文以南大洋典型食物链为主线并结合南极海洋生物生活习性,综述了近年来国内外学者对南极海洋食物链不同营养级生物体内POPs的研究现状,并对南极海洋生态系统POPs研究前沿和热点提出了展望。研究显示,南极地区是世界上污染程度最低的地区,但过去几十年有关南极海洋生物中POPs的类型不断增加,表明该地区受到地区内/外活动的影响日益增加。零散的研究数据以及各异的技术方法使得目前仍无法阐析POPs沿食物链传递的机制。有关南极海洋生态系统POPs动态的长期监测与评估计划亟待建立。     

土壤-作物系统中铅的研究进展

重金属铅不是作物生长的必需元素 ,而是一种对作物有积累性危害的污染物质。铅一旦污染土壤 ,很难降解、去除。铅对土壤污染后 ,可导致农产品产生残毒 ,并可通过土壤 作物系统进入食物链 ,危害人体健康。本文就农田土壤 作物系统中铅的来源、积累与迁移等研究进行综述 ,旨在提醒人们关注铅的危害 ,采取积极措施提早预防     

桶装纯净水中三种有害元素对人体的健康风险评价

本文根据2001～2004年对桶装纯净水的监测结果,将健康风险评价的方法应用于纯净水的卫生质量评价中,根据相应的数学模型分别计算了桶装纯净水中化学致癌物As和非致癌污染物Pb、Cu通过饮用途径对人体健康的年风险。桶装纯净水中的3种有害元素由饮水途径对人体所致的健康危害程度依次是As>Pb>Cu。其中As是主要的污染,占个人年风险的99.98%。而在非致癌污染物中,Pb又是主要污染,占非致癌污染物个人年风险的82.9%。     

浅谈建筑装修材料与室内环境污染

室内空气污染是指在封闭空间内的空气中存在对人体健康有危害的物质并且浓度已经超过国家标准达到可以伤害到人的健康程度,我们把此类现象总称为室内空气污染。室内空气污染的主要分为室内和室外两部分。室内来源主要包括燃煤、燃气、室内吸烟、装修、家用电器、室内烹调、化妆品与生活化学品的使用;室外来源则主要是室外空气中的各种污染物,包括工业废气和汽车尾气等,通过门窗进入室内"。室内"有害物包括甲醛、苯、氨、放射性氡等。随着污染程度加剧,人体会产生亚健康的反应甚至威胁到生命。     

食品污染对健康的影响

污染食品的物质常称之为食品污染物 ,食品中混进了对人体健康有害或有毒的物质称之为食品污染。食用受污染的食品会对人体健康造成不同程度的危害。1　食品污染分类1 .1　生物性污染　主要是由有害微生物及其毒素、寄生虫及其虫卵和昆虫等引起的。肉、鱼、蛋和奶等动物性食品易被致病菌及其毒素污染 ,导致食用者发生细菌性食物中毒和人畜共患的传染病。致病菌主要来自病人、带菌者、病畜和病禽等。致病菌及其毒素可通过空气、土壤、水、食具、患者的手或排泄物污染食品。被致病菌及其毒素污染的食品 ,特别是动物性食品 ,如食用前未经必要的…     

有机污染，离我们有多远？

2009年5月,在日内瓦举行的《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》第四次缔约方火会上,9种严重危害人类健康与自然环境的POPs被增列入《斯德哥尔摩公约》,至此,根据公约所禁止生产和使用的POPs数量增加到21种。什么是POPs？《斯德哥尔摩公约》又是怎样与POPs联系在一起的？为什么要禁止生产和使用POPs？     

典型环境激素壬基酚对水产品安全性的影响

环境激素类物质由于其具有生态毒性、难降解与生物累积性,对水产品的危害越来越受到人们的重视。典型环境激素壬基酚(NP)是壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚（NPE）的降解产物,后者作为非离子表面活性剂,与人们的日常生活关系密切,但同时也对水产生物及人类健康产生了危害。该文综述了壬基酚的环境激素特征及污染途径,在水环境中的分布,对水产生物的生理生态影响以及其通过生物富集和传递效应对人类健康形成的潜在威胁,可作为中国水产品安全风险预警体系的参考资料,为壬基酚对人体健康的风险评估提供依据。     

南亚热带典型地区农业土壤中多环芳烃和有机氯农药研究

参考美国EPA标准方法对南亚热带潮汕地区农业土壤中持久性有机污染物多环芳烃（PAHs）和有机氯农药（OCPs）进行分析,并对其分布和来源进行研究,最后探讨了不同种植方式下污染物的污染特征。结果表明：该区农业土壤中PAHs含量范围从22．1ng／g到1256．9ng／g,与其它地区的污染程度和一些土壤环境质量标准相比,该区处于中等污染水平。高温裂解是土壤PAHs的主要来源。OCPs在被禁止20a后在土壤中仍有残留,残留水平从4．6ng／g到1021．5ng／g,其中HCHs和DDTs的残留未超过国家土壤环境质量标准。早期使用残留是其主要污染源,但新近仍有DDT和硫丹的输入。PAHs和OCPs的污染主要集中在土壤表层和亚表层,且随着深度的加深,污染逐渐减少,但40cm以下,污染变化很小。菜地土壤PAHs污染水平低于稻田土壤,而OCPs污染水平高于稻田土壤。     

水生生态系统中POPs的免疫毒理学研究进展

持久性有机污染物（POPs）不仅具有＂三致＂效应（致癌、致畸、致突变）和遗传毒性,而且对内分泌系统、神经系统、免疫系统等具有毒害作用。再加上自身具有难降解、易蓄积、可长距离运输等特点,给水生生态系统以及人类带来极大危害。结合当前的研究趋势,围绕水生生物中持久性有机污染物的免疫毒性进行了介绍,同时回顾了近年来该类污染物的污染状况及各方面毒性效应,并对目前该领域中存在的问题及下一步需要关注的热点进行了讨论和总结。     

全氟辛酸的污染状况及环境行为研究进展

作为一种新型的持久性有机环境污染物,全氟辛酸（PFOA）及其盐类所造成的全球性生态系统污染已成事实,并成为持久性有机污染物研究的又一个新热点.动物实验表明, PFOA能引起肝脏、生殖、发育、遗传和免疫等毒性.美国国家环保局科学顾问委员会有关报告将PFOA描述为“可能的（likely）致癌物”,美国国家环保局已制订了有关计划促使生产企业主动削减PFOA物质在产品中含量, 以削减PFOA及其母体物质在环境中的排放.此外,欧美等发达国家也正在推进PFOA及其相关物质的风险评价研究,并积极寻求较为安全的替代产品.本文简要概述了PFOA的理化特性、环境来源及其在环境中的迁移转化、归宿及污染现状,并展望了今后PFOA的研究趋势.     

Persistent organic pollutants in Pakistan: Potential threat to ecological integrities in terms of genotoxicity and oxidative stress

As a consequence of both increasing population and industrialization in agro-economic sector, Pakistan has inevitably been confronted by multicomplex environmental challenges. Owing in part to poor regulatory framework, pollution due to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) has caused serious problems throughout the country. Resultantly, extensive use of POPs is causing vigorous deterioration of environment and human health. The current study addresses: (1) the general information on associated ecological effects and toxicity assessment by meta-analysis for local fauna and flora (2) their respective occurrence in living organisms; and (3) sources and distribution patterns of various POPs classes in environmental compartments of Pakistan. Based on the study, it can be concluded that the environment of Pakistan is highly contaminated with organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), dechlorane plus (DP), and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), which is further supported with the meta-analysis. Nevertheless, unavailability of environmental quality standards and food safety for POPs render it a forthcoming challenge of multicompartment toxicity exposure. Therefore, strategies must be planned for risk assessment of biologically active POPs, while the POP waste inventory should be elevated, along with the necessary measures to promote appropriate handling and treatment of POP as a matter of prime importance.     

微生物降解持久性有机污染物的研究进展与展望

持久性有机污染物（POPs）是伴随着人类工业化发展而产生的合成类污染物,具有高毒性、持久性、长迁移性和高生物富集性等特点,POPs污染物的微生物降解一直是环境科学与技术应用领域的研究热点。微生物降解技术修复POPs污染环境具有无二次污染、成本低、快速简便等优点,拥有广泛的应用前景。本文论述了各种POPs微生物分解代谢的最新研究进展,包括降解性微生物资源以及降解机制。此外,还讨论了计算生物学、合成生物学、基因组学等技术在POPs微生物降解中的潜力和应用,以期为环境中持久性有机污染物的修复提供参考。     

A review on emerging persistent organic pollutants: Current scenario in Pakistan

During the last few years, a new drift on screening of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) present in the environment of Pakistan has been observed. However, across the globe a number of reports have been devoted to the screening levels, distribution, and risk assessment and on the emission of POPs. In the case of Pakistan, the knowledge achieved and understanding of POPs contamination in the environmental compartments are still limited. Recently published literature has been a key to explore the mystery of new emerging POPs from the environment of the country. In this review, an effort was made to summarize the results of recently published reports on POPs (PCNs, PBDEs, DPs, and PCBs) from biotic and abiotic environments of Pakistan. This review also presents the available data published to date for organochlorines. The results of previously reported studies reflected that newly emerging POPs were influenced by the industrial and urban fractions and were in line with the distribution pattern of other regions of the world. These results revealed that urgent attention must be paid to these new emerging POPs, as they are reported to be present in considerable concentrations. Such detected concentrations of these banned pollutants should be checked/screened by scientific authorities to avoid adverse health risks to humans and animals.     

Spatial distribution and qualitative composition of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in bottom sediments and bream (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Abramis brama</Emphasis> L.) from the Rybinsk Reservoir

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were found in bottom sediments and muscles of a freshwater fish, bream (Abramis brama L.), from the Rybinsk Reservoir. The contents of POPs decreased in the following order: PCBs > DDT > HCH > HCB. The POPs contents vary within the ranges of 0.14–50.8, 1.8–6.8, 0.64–2.6, and 0.06–0.41 \gmg/kg wet weight for fish and 24.8–425.6, 2.3–27.1, and 0.34–0.83 fug/kg dry weight for bottom sediments (except for HCH), respectively. The highest and lowest POPs levels were found in the Sheksna and the Mologa reaches of the reservoir, respectively. The differences in the spatial distribution of POPs in the reservoir relate to the ways that contaminants enter and migrate in the waterbody but not to various compositions of bottom sediments. The waste waters of the city of Cherepovets are the main local source of POPs in the Sheksna reach of the reservoir; in the Mologa reach, the contaminants enter with surface runoff and through global transboundary and local atmospheric transports from the Cherepovets industry. The qualitative composition of POPs evidences their continuing income to the reservoir. Considering the revealed levels of POPs accumulation and their legislative safe environment levels, it should be concluded that PCBs represent the highest environmental threat to the reservoir’s ecosystem.     

Dairy ruminant exposure to persistent organic pollutants and excretion to milk

Human activities produce polluting compounds such as persistent organic pollutants (POPs), which may interact with agriculture. These molecules have raised concern about the risk of transfer through the food chain via the animal product. POPs are characterised by a strong persistence in the environment, a high volatility and a lipophilicity, which lead to their accumulation in fat tissues. These compounds are listed in international conventions to organise the information about their potential toxicity for humans and the environment. The aim of this paper is to synthesise current information on dairy ruminant exposure to POPs and the risk of their transfer to milk. Three major groups of POPs have been considered: the polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), the polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) and the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The results show that contamination of fodder and soil by these compounds is observed when they are exposed to emission sources (steelworks, cementworks, waste incinerators or motorways) compared with remote areas. In general, soil contamination is considered higher than plant contamination. Highest concentrations of POPs in soil may be close to 1000 ng/kg dry matter (DM) for PCDD/Fs, to 10 000 mg/kg DM for PAHs and 100 μg/kg DM for PCBs. The contamination of milk by POPs depends on environmental factors, factors related to the rearing system (fodder and potentially contaminated soil, stage of lactation, medical state of the herd) and of the characteristics of the contaminants. Transfer rates to milk have been established: for PCBs the rate of transfer varies from 5% to 90%, for PCDD/Fs from 1% to 40% and for PAHs from 0.5% to 8%. The differential transfer of the compounds towards milk is related to the hydrophobicity of the pollutants as well as to the metabolic susceptibility of the compounds.