滇南农家大麻品种中大麻素化学型及基因型研究

以1个滇南农家大麻品种群体为研究对象,通过化学分析及同源克隆方法,研究了21个单株中2种主要大麻素——四氢大麻酚(THC)和大麻二酚(CBD)的化学型和基因型,以揭示大麻素含量、化学型以及基因型三者之间的关系,为工业大麻新品种选育提供理论依据。研究表明:(1)化学检测结果显示,21个单株均含有THC,THC含量在0.07%~1.35%之间,其中7个单株仅含THC,5个单株含THC和微量CBD,9个单株同时含有THC和CBD,CBD含量范围为0~0.58%。(2)CBD/THC比值显示,该群体仅存在毒品型和中间型2种化学型,且中间型大麻中THC和CBD含量显著正相关。(3)基因扩增及测序分析结果显示,该群体为基因型杂合群体,群体内THCA合成酶基因存在5个变异位点,CBDA合成酶基因存在2个变异位点,但变异位点和THC及CBD的含量无直接关系。(4)群体内单株的基因型和化学型完全对应,且THCA合成酶基因及CBDA合成酶基因可作为分子标记来鉴定单株化学型。     

大麻植物中大麻素成分研究进展

大麻（Cannabis sativa）是一种古老的栽培植物, 它既是一种毒品原植物, 又是一种极具开发利用价值的经济作物。大麻素是大麻植物中特有的含有烷基和单萜分子结构的一类次生代谢产物, 目前已分离出70多种, 其中包含使人致幻成瘾的四氢大麻酚（THC）。该文就大麻植物中几种主要的大麻素成分： 四氢大麻酚、大麻二酚（CBD）和大麻环萜酚（CBC）的存在特征、含量变化、生物合成途径、各关键酶及其基因、遗传方式等方面的研究进行概括和归纳, 并展望了当前大麻素的主要研究方向, 对加快我国大麻素的相关研究及大麻育种具有参考意义。     

新型靶向化合物——植物大麻素的生物合成途径及 研究进展

植物大麻素是具有生物活性的一系列萜类化合物的总称,被认为是大麻的专有成分。具有主要药理活性的植物大麻素为Δ~9-四氢大麻酚(Δ~9-tetrahydrocannabinol,Δ~9-THC)和大麻二酚(Cannabidiol,CBD),均以内源性大麻素受体为靶点,通过激活内源性大麻素系统而参与人体许多生理病理过程,具有广泛的治疗潜力。目前,Δ~9-THC、CBD及其类似物或组合制剂,已用于治疗癫痫、癌症化疗患者的呕吐、多发性硬化症痉挛和缓解神经性疼痛以及晚期癌症患者的疼痛。随着对Δ~9-THC和CBD应用价值的深度发掘和药用标准化制剂需求量增加,Δ~9-THC和CBD在制药工业中实现规模化生产迫在眉睫。通过综述近年来植物大麻素的药理学研究进展,植物大麻素生物合成途径和关键酶的作用机制以及制药工业中植物大麻素的生产策略,旨在探索利用合成生物学技术解决植物大麻素药源问题的潜力,为合成大麻素的微生物工程研发提供理论基础,促进药用大麻素的规模化生产。     

不同储存条件对大麻化学稳定性的影响

为探讨光照和温度对大麻植物中大麻酚类稳定性的影响,该研究将大麻植物检材以固体粉末和甲醇提取溶液的形式分别在室温(22±2)℃见光、室温(22±2)℃避光、4℃避光、-20℃避光条件下储存20 d后,采用超高效液相(UPLC-PDA)检测分析样本中Δ9-四氢大麻酚(Δ9-THC)、大麻二酚(CBD)和大麻酚(CBN)的含量变化情况。结果表明:3种大麻酚类在不同化学表型大麻中的含量变化趋势相同,固体粉末样本的Δ9-THC、CBD含量在室温光照条件下显著下降,CBN含量基本不变;甲醇提取样本中Δ9-THC、CBN和CBD含量在室温光照条件下均显著下降。避光条件下的室温(22±2)℃及低温(4℃、-20℃)可稳定保存两种形式的大麻样本。大麻中的精神活性成分Δ9-THC的降解满足一级反应动力学规律,光照是影响Δ9-THC降解的重要因素,如果在室温避光条件下储存,大麻或其甲醇提取物可稳定保存,可以更好地指导司法实践活动中短期内大麻检材的取证、运送、保存及鉴定。     

工业大麻中大麻二酚酸脱羧转化体系研究

为揭示工业大麻中大麻二酚酸（cannabidiolic acid, CBDA）脱羧转化机理,本研究以工业大麻（Cannabis sativa L.）为原料,采用基团贡献法和Watson公式获得工业大麻中CBDA脱羧转化生成大麻二酚（cannabidiol, CBD）过程中各组分基本热力学参数。在此基础上,根据经典热力学公式确定40～140℃温度范围内工业大麻中CBDA转化生成CBD反应吉布斯自由能,并得出反应平衡常数及平衡转化率。通过热脱羧转化实验,分析温度及工业大麻花叶含水量对CBDA脱羧转化的影响,结合CBD转化生成率最终确定大麻CBDA热脱羧转化机理函数模型及转化活化能。研究结果表明：在40～140℃温度范围内,CBDA热脱羧转化可自发进行,且随着温度升高自发进行趋势越大。在热脱羧转化过程中,CBD转化率增长与温度和含水量呈正相关。通过动力学函数模型拟合,工业大麻花叶中CBDA脱羧转化最概然模型符合F₁模型,转化活化能为83.77 kJ/mol。综上所述,在40～140℃温度范围内工业大麻中CBDA可自主脱羧转化生成CBD,研究结果可为工业大麻产业化加工获得高含量CBD条件选择提供理论支持和实验支撑。     

工业大麻EMS突变体及大麻素合成相关基因表达分析

工业大麻（Cannabis sativa L.）是一种应用在造纸、医疗保健、纺织等领域的高价值经济作物。创制工业大麻新种质是开展品种选育和功能基因组研究的重要基础。本研究利用甲基磺酸乙酯（EMS）构建了中大麻资4号的突变体群体。通过设置8个EMS诱变剂浓度梯度处理,明确了0.8%EMS处理浓度对中大麻资4号诱变效果最好。对2000粒中大麻资4号种子进行诱变后,M1共成苗644株,萌发率为32.2%,其中包括叶色、花序和株高变异单株90株,突变率为13.98%。对M1突变体进行大麻二酚含量测定,获得3个高大麻二酚和2个低大麻二酚含量突变株;通过测序发现大麻二酚含量突变体中5个大麻素关键催化酶基因（CsPT4、CsOAC1、CsOLS1、CsCBDAS和CsTHCA）及其启动子区域DNA序列均未发生突变,但是大麻二酚含量突变体中以上5个催化酶基因的表达水平较对照出现显著变化。由此推断,EMS处理导致了突变体中影响大麻二酚代谢途径的调控基因突变进而调控大麻二酚合成途径催化酶的表达,最终表现为突变体花头中大麻二酚含量显著变化。本研究通过创制EMS突变体群体为工业大麻育种提供了优异种质资源,也为进一步解析大麻素合成代谢途径的调控机制及挖掘相关基因提供良好材料和基础。     

大麻二酚对肿瘤中离子通道的作用

大麻是一种古老的药用植物,常被用于缓解疼痛和癫痫发作,但大麻素的成瘾性限制了它的临床使用。大麻的提取物大麻二酚没有精神活性,且不良反应明显小于Δ9-四氢大麻酚,因此受到广泛青睐。离子通道是贯穿细胞膜的亲水性蛋白质孔道,可维持机体生命活动,也与肿瘤的发生发展密切相关。该文主要关注大麻二酚作用的部分瞬时受体电位离子通道、电压依赖性阴离子选择性通道1和T型钙离子通道。大麻二酚是一个多靶点药物,对离子通道的作用受到广泛关注,但其作用机制和结合位点尚不清晰。目前已有关于大麻二酚作用于离子通道的综述及离子通道和肿瘤关系的综述,但鲜有大麻二酚对肿瘤中的离子通道作用的总结。该文主要总结了大麻二酚可能结合的离子通道及其在肿瘤细胞中的可能作用。     

大麻二酚在抑郁症中的作用

抑郁症是一种情感障碍性疾病,患者表现为持续的情感低落、思维迟缓和较高的自杀倾向.大麻二酚(cannabidiol,CBD)是一种没有精神活性的大麻成分,具有多种天然药理作用,其副作用明显小于△9-四氢大麻酚(△9-tetrahydrocannabinol,THC),可通过影响内源性大麻素系统(endogenous ca...     

198份大麻种质资源农艺及品质性状综合评价

本研究以198份国内外大麻种质资源为材料,开展了 14个农艺和品质性状多样性鉴定,并进行变异分析、相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析,为我国大麻种质资源创新和资源高效利用提供基础材料和技术参考.变异分析结果表明,198份国内外大麻种质资源具有较为丰富的遗传多样性,14个性状的变异系数范围为4.79％～64.45％,变异系...     

新化合物大麻二酚衍生物CBD-S的合成及体外活性研究

摘要 目的：大麻二酚（CBD）具有抗肿瘤和抗炎活性,是一种非成瘾性的活性成分,近年来受到医药界的广泛关注,但其水溶性较差,限制了其临床应用。本文拟合成一种新型的水溶性化合物,并测试其抗肿瘤与抗炎活性。方法：本文主要基于CBD进行结构改造,化学合成了新化合物大麻二酚2,6-苯氧乙酸二钠盐（CBD-S）,通过核磁共振氢谱、碳谱和高分辨质谱对其化学结构进行了表征,通过高效液相色谱（HPLC）方法测试了其溶解性。同时在HepG2(人肝癌细胞)和J774A.1(小鼠单核巨噬肿瘤细胞系)细胞上分别通过噻唑蓝（MTT）和Western blotting的方法测试了其体外抗细胞增殖及抗炎活性。结果：我们成功获得了CBD-S新化合物,氢谱、碳谱和高分辨质谱鉴定结果证实新合成的CBD-S结构正确,HPLC方法测试结果显示该化合物具有较好的水溶性。在细胞增殖实验中,我们发现该化合物在细胞培养液中终浓度为5-10 μg/mL时,以剂量依赖性方式显著抑制人肝癌HepG2细胞的增殖。在细胞抗炎活性研究中,为了获得在J774A.1细胞上的安全无毒浓度来开展后续的活性测试,我们首先检测了该化合物在J774A.1细胞上的毒性,发现在该细胞系温孵CBD-S在细胞培养液中终浓度为10 μg/mL以下时,是没有细胞毒的。接下来,在J77A.1细胞,我们发现CBD-S在细胞培养液中终浓度为0.01-1.00 μg/mL时,显著抑制了脂多糖（LPS）诱导的环氧合酶-2（COX-2）蛋白的生成。结论：新合成的化合物CBD-S具有较好的水溶性,在体外具有一定的抗肿瘤与抗炎活性,提示其具有较好的应用前景,值得进一步的深入或体内验证研究。     

Diversity among strains of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii as revealed by a sequence analysis of multiple genes and a chemotype analysis of capsular polysaccharide.

We demonstrated the diversity of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii strains by a sequence analysis of multiple genes: (i) the intergenic spacer (IGS) 1 and 2 regions of the rRNA gene; (ii) the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, including 5.8S of the rRNA gene; (iii) TOP1 (topoisomerase); and (iv) CAP59. In these studies, we compared C. neoformans var. gattii with varieties grubii, and neoformans of C. neoformans. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that both C. neoformans var. grubii and C neoformans var. neoformans are monophyletic, but C. neoformans var. gattii showed polyphyletic. C. neoformans var. gattii can be divided into three phylogenetic groups, I, II, and III, with high bootstrap support. Phylogenetic group I contains serotype B and C strains, and groups II and III include serotype B strains. Because the serotype B strains of C. neoformans var. gattii exhibited more genetic divergence, the serological characteristics and chemotypes of their capsular polysaccharide were further investigated. No remarkable difference among the serotype B strains was found in the reactivities to factor serum 5, which is specific for serotype B. The NMR spectra of the capsular polysaccharide from serotype B strains could be divided into three characteristic patterns, but the chemical shifts were very similar. These results suggested that the serotype B strain of C. neoformans var. gattii has more genetic diversity than the serotype C strain of C. neoformans var. gattii or the varieties grubii and neoformans of C. neoformans, but there was no correlation between genotype and chemotype.     

Cannabinoids for SARS-CoV-2 and is there evidence of their therapeutic efficacy?

To combat the coronaviruses and their novel variants, therapeutic drugs and the development of vaccines that are to be effective throughout human life are urgently needed. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) acts as a modulator in the activation of the microcirculation, immune system, and autonomic nervous system, along with controlling pharmacological functions such as emotional responses, homeostasis, motor functions, cognition, and motivation. The ECS contains endogenous cannabinoids, cannabinoid receptor (CBRs), and enzymes that regulate their biosynthesis, transport, and degradation. Moreover, phytocannabinoids and synthetic cannabinoids that mimic the action of endocannabinoids also play an essential role in the modulation of the ECS. Cannabinoids, the main constituents of cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.), are therapeutic compounds that have received international attention in the health field due to their therapeutic properties. Recently, they have been tested for the treatment of COVID-19 due to their antiviral properties. Indeed, cannabinoid-type compounds, and in particular cannabidiol (CBD), isolated from glandular trichomes found in the calyx of cannabis flowers with reported antiviral properties is hypothesized to be a therapeutic option in the ministration of SARS-CoV-2 consorted with COVID-19 disease. The relevant articles were determined from the database search published mainly in Web of Science, Google scholar, PubMed, Crossref, and ClinicalTrials.gov database during the pandemic period. The articles were evaluated for the therapeutic potentials, mechanisms of action of cannabinoids, the roles of the ECS in the immune system, impact of cannabinoids in SARS-CoV-2 septic, especially if they address the application of cannabinoids as drugs for the curability and management of SARS-CoV-2 and its novel variants. Although the evidence needed to be considered using cannabinoids in the control and treatment of viral diseases is currently in its infancy, they already offer an opportunity for clinicians due to their effects in relieving pain, improving appetite, and improving childhood epilepsy, especially in cancer and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV/AIDS) patients. In addition to these, the most recent scientific evidence emphasizes their use in the treatment of the coronavirus infected patients. In brief, all preclinic and clinic studies that have been reported show that, through the cannabinoid system, cannabinoids, particularly CBD, have many mechanisms that are effective in the treatment of patients infected by SARS-CoV-2. Thus, more extensive studies are necessary in this area to fully identify the effects of cannabinoids on SARS-CoV-2.     

Neuroprotective effect of cannabidiol, a non-psychoactive component from Cannabis sativa, on beta-amyloid-induced toxicity in PC12 cells

Abstract Alzheimer's disease is widely held to be associated with oxidative stress due, in part, to the membrane action of beta-amyloid peptide aggregates. Here, we studied the effect of cannabidiol, a major non-psychoactive component of the marijuana plant (Cannabis sativa) on beta-amyloid peptide-induced toxicity in cultured rat pheocromocytoma PC12 cells. Following exposure of cells to beta-amyloid peptide (1 micro g/mL), a marked reduction in cell survival was observed. This effect was associated with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and lipid peroxidation, as well as caspase 3 (a key enzyme in the apoptosis cell-signalling cascade) appearance, DNA fragmentation and increased intracellular calcium. Treatment of the cells with cannabidiol (10(-7)-10(-4)m) prior to beta-amyloid peptide exposure significantly elevated cell survival while it decreased ROS production, lipid peroxidation, caspase 3 levels, DNA fragmentation and intracellular calcium. Our results indicate that cannabidiol exerts a combination of neuroprotective, anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic effects against beta-amyloid peptide toxicity, and that inhibition of caspase 3 appearance from its inactive precursor, pro-caspase 3, by cannabidiol is involved in the signalling pathway for this neuroprotection.     

Activation of brain prostanoid EP3 receptors via arachidonic acid cascade during behavioral suppression induced by Delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol

We have previously shown that behavioral changes induced by cannabinoid were due to an elevation of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) via the arachidonic acid cascade in the brain. In the present study, we investigated the participation of the prostanoid EP3 receptor, the target of PGE2 in the brain, in behavioral suppression induced by Delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta8-THC), an isomer of the naturally occurring Delta9-THC, using a one-lever operant task in rats. Intraperitoneal administration of Delta8-THC inhibited the lever-pressing behavior, which was significantly antagonized by both the selective cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716A and the cyclooxygenase inhibitor diclofenac. Furthermore, intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of PGE2 significantly inhibited the lever-pressing performance similar to Delta8-THC. Prostanoid EP3 receptor antisense-oligodeoxynucleotide (AS-ODN; twice a day for 3 days, i.c.v.) significantly decreased prostanoid EP3 receptor mRNA levels as determined by the RT-PCR analysis in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and midbrain. AS-ODN also antagonized the PGE2-induced suppression of the lever pressing. In the same way, the suppression of lever-pressing behavior by Delta8-THC was significantly improved by AS-ODN. It is concluded that the suppression of lever-pressing behavior by cannabinoid is due to activation of the prostanoid EP3 receptor through an elevation of PGE2 in the brain.     

Cannabinoids attenuate norepinephrine-induced melatonin biosynthesis in the rat pineal gland by reducing arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase activity without involvement of cannabinoid receptors

Cannabinoids modulate neuronal and neuroendocrine circuits by binding to cannabinoid receptors acting upon cAMP/Ca(2+)-mediated intracellular signaling cascades. The rat pineal represents an established model to investigate intracellular signaling processes because a well defined input, the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, is transformed via cAMP/Ca(2+)-dependent mechanisms into an easily detectable output signal, the biosynthesis of melatonin. Here we investigated the impact of cannabinoids on norepinephrine-regulated melatonin biosynthesis in the rat pineal. We demonstrated that treatment of cultured rat pineals with 9-carboxy-11-nor-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol or cannabinol significantly reduced norepinephrine-induced arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT) activity and melatonin biosynthesis. These effects were not mimicked by the cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN55,212-2 and were not blocked by cannabinoid 1 and 2 receptor antagonists. The cannabinoids used did not affect norepinephrine-induced increases in cAMP/Ca(2+) levels. Notably, cannabinoids were found to directly inhibit AANAT activity in lysates of the pineal gland. This effect was specific in so far as cannabinoids did not influence the activity of hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT), the last enzyme in melatonin biosynthesis. Taken together, our data strongly suggest that cannabinoids inhibit AANAT activity and attenuate melatonin biosynthesis through intracellular actions without involvement of classical cannabinoid receptor-dependent signaling cascades.