温度对蜘蛛繁殖力和实验种群的影响

从我国常见10科18种蜘蛛的温度实验数据中,找出温度对蜘蛛繁殖和实验种群增长影响的一般规律和不同种类蜘蛛繁殖的最佳温度。根据实验可以看出：大多数蜂蛛在1－35℃温区内均可产卵和孵化;由于蜘蛛种类不同,雌蛛产卵袋数最多、卵袋内含卵量最高、产卵间隔时间最短、产卵率最高、单雌产卵量最多、孵化率最高和种群增长指数最大的最适温度也表现出差异;大多数种类雌蛛产卵袋数最多的温区是25－32℃;产卵间隔最短的温区是30－37℃;产卵率最高的温区是25－32℃;孵化率最高的温区在25℃左右;种群数量增长最多的温区是25－29℃。温度与蜘蛛繁殖力的关系可以用曲线方程和数学模型表示。     

温度对柑橘始叶螨实验种群生长发育繁殖的影响

通过室内试验研究了温度对柑橘始叶螨Eotetranychus kankitus(Ehara)生长发育和繁殖的影响,组建了柑橘始叶螨在7种温度下(18、21、24、27、30、33℃和36℃)的实验种群生命表。结果表明,柑橘始叶螨的生长发育、繁殖和生命表参数在不同温度之间有显著差异。卵在36℃条件下不能正常孵化,其他6个温度对该螨的种群适合度有显著影响;发育历期与温度基本呈负相关;整个世代温度(T)和发育速率(V(G))拟合的线性日度方程和Logistic模型分别为V(G)=-0.037+0.004 T(R2=7.879)和V(G)=0.080/(1+EXP(7.402-0.363T))(R2=0.973);世代发育起点温度和有效积温分别为12.38℃和220.00d·℃;每雌产卵总量在27℃下最高,为73.4粒,18℃下最低,为35.3粒;卵的孵化率、幼、若螨的存活率在27℃下最大,分别为99.75%、96.18%和97.54%,18℃下最小,分别为99.01%、94.05%和93.15%;在6种温度下内禀增长力r m值分别为0.0372、0.0757、0.1024、0.1195、0.1469、0.1427;净增值率R o分别为9.3241、16.0162、16.6874、20.4564、21.1958、8.8142。由此推断,21—30℃是柑橘始叶螨生长发育和繁殖的最适温度范围。     

朱砂叶螨实验种群的孤雌生殖效应

在温度28±1℃,相对湿度65±5％的条件下,室内以蚕豆叶饲养朱砂叶螨。连续观察3个世代,世代平均历期25.12 d,其中卵平均历期4.34 d,幼螨平均历期2.01 d,若螨平均历期4.66 d,雌螨平均产卵历期14.16 d;组建朱砂叶螨实验种群连续3个世代的生命表。实验结果表明:孤雌生殖对朱砂叶螨实验种群具有强烈的影响作用,表现在缩短了雌螨的产卵历期,使雌螨的产卵高峰期提前,提高了种群的死亡率,降低了种群的净繁殖率、内禀增长率以及周限增长率。同时发现朱砂叶螨实验种群对世代历期、单雌卵量、性比具有极强的保持能力,孤雌生殖对这些指标的影响不能遗传给下一代。     

温度对菜豆象发育和繁殖的影响

【目的】本研究旨在探讨不同温度下菜豆象Acanthoscelides obtectus(Say)种群生长发育和繁殖的状况。【方法】在20,23,26,29和32℃下,测定了菜豆象各虫态的发育历期,用线性回归、Logistic模型以及"王-兰-丁"模型对温度与菜豆象各虫态之间的关系进行拟合;采用最小二乘法计算出各虫态的发育起点温度和有效积温,并组建了菜豆象在不同温度下的实验种群生殖力生命表。【结果】菜豆象各虫态的发育历期随着温度的升高而缩短,而发育速率与温度之间呈正相关,Logistic和"王-兰-丁"模型比一般线性模型更能拟合菜豆象发育速率与温度之间的关系。菜豆象全世代的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为6.44℃和858.22 d·℃;菜豆象产卵量、孵化率和存活率在26℃下最高,分别为52.71粒、82.67%和75.67%;在32℃下最低,分别为33.20粒、69.33%和41.67%。在20,23,26,29和32℃下内禀增长率rm值分别为0.05,0.07,0.08,0.09和0.08;净增殖率R0值分别为25.54,33.80,39.87,34.52和13.86。【结论】温度对菜豆象种群发育和繁殖具有显著影响,表明20~29℃是菜豆象生长发育和繁殖的最适温度范围。     

温度对番茄潜叶蛾生长发育和繁殖的影响

【目的】番茄潜叶蛾Tuta absoluta是一种对番茄具有毁灭性危害的世界性入侵害虫,本研究旨在探索温度对入侵番茄潜叶蛾种群生长发育和繁殖的影响,为预测番茄潜叶蛾的分布区域、田间发生动态提供基础。【方法】在室内测定了番茄叶片上番茄潜叶蛾在15, 20, 25, 30和35℃ 5个恒定温度条件下各虫态的发育历期和存活率、繁殖力和种群增长参数,并应用不同模型分析发育速率、内禀增长率和净生殖率与温度的关系,估计发育起点温度、发育极限温度、发育最适温度、有效积温和年发生代数。【结果】在恒温15~30℃范围内,番茄潜叶蛾各虫态的发育历期随温度升高而逐渐缩短。25℃下幼虫期存活率、成虫前期存活率、雌虫总产卵量、净生殖率、内禀增长率和周限增长率均最大。在35℃下,卵的存活率骤降至11%,孵化的幼虫无法正常发育。卵期、幼虫期、蛹期、成虫前期、全世代的有效积温分别为104.17, 232.59, 129.87, 434.78和526.32日·度,该虫在新疆伊宁县和察布查尔锡伯自治县的理论发生代数为4~5代。基于发育速率与温度关系的模型与基于种群增长参数与温度关系的模型所计算的积温需求参数不同,基于内禀增长率求得的番茄潜叶蛾的发育起点温度、发育极限高温和发育最适温度分别为12.46, 30.40和27.36℃。【结论】入侵我国新疆地区的番茄潜叶蛾适温范围广泛,在我国大部分地区具有极高的扩散风险。     

温度对药材甲(Stegobium paniceum L.)实验种群发育和繁殖参数的影响

通过室内控制温湿度下的种群生态学研究,考察了梯度恒温17～32℃下,温度对药材甲实验种群存活、发育和繁殖的影响。结果表明,在实验温度范围内,幼虫发育历期随温度的升高而缩短,在17,20,23,26,29℃和32℃下,分别需要74.4,67.6,52.2,46,36.6d和36.2d;温度对卵孵化率、幼虫和蛹存活率、成虫单雌产卵量等参数的影响显著;药材甲种群卵量和种群增长指数均符合二次方程抛物线模型,种群下一代卵量的拟合方程为Npe=-6.338t2 339.01t-3403.4,r=0.953**;种群增长指数拟合方程为Ipg=-0.070t2 3.767t-37.816,r=0.953**;净增殖率、内禀增长率、周期增长率、平均世代周期等参数与温度之间的关系均极显著相关。     

温度对异色瓢虫生长发育和繁殖的影响

为探索饲养异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis（Pallas）的最适温度,了解其对高温的耐受性,组建了异色瓢虫在15,20,25,30和35℃下的实验种群生命表。结果表明：各虫态的发育速率随温度的升高而加快,在15℃下世代的发育历期最长（65.5d）,而30℃时仅为22.4d,20℃和25℃时分别为39.0d和23.0d。卵、幼虫、蛹和世代的发育起点温度分别为9.8,8.2,11.6和8.5℃,有效积温分别为41.1,225.6,81.6,432.6日.度。成虫寿命随温度升高而逐渐缩短,15℃时最长,为77.7d,在30℃下最短,为36.3d;单雌产卵量在25℃时最高,平均为2193.0粒,15℃时最低,为626.0粒。在25℃下,异色瓢虫的种群趋势指数和内禀增长力均较高,分别为916.7和0.15,表明25℃是异色瓢虫生长、繁殖的最适温度。     

不同温度下白蜡虫花翅跳小蜂的实验种群生命表

在15、18、21、24、27和30℃恒温下,观察了温度对白蜡虫花翅跳小蜂Microterys ericeri发育、存活和繁殖力的影响,组建了相应温度下的实验种群生命表。白蜡虫花翅跳小蜂全代的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为12.1℃和499.4日·度。27℃时发育历期最短,产卵量、产卵率和卵孵化率最高。24℃时雌虫怀卵量最多,3～5龄幼虫和蛹的存活率最高。6种温度下白蜡虫花翅跳小蜂种群的世代存活率分别为8.5%、25.2%、50.3%、68.2%、49.8%和38.1%。24℃时世代存活率、种群趋势指数、净增殖率和内禀增长力均高于其它温度处理。24℃和27℃时种群加倍时间只需12天。18℃时种群出现负增长,15℃时白蜡虫花翅跳小蜂不产卵,不能繁殖下一代。     

温度对褐飞虱种群调控作用研究

本用Schoolfield等提出的生物物理模型描述了褐飞虱不同发育阶段的发育速率与温度的非线性回归关系。组建了褐飞虱在不同温度下的种群生命表,种群增长趋势指数与温度的关系式为：Y=-9628.90 1058.66x-36.66x^2 0.40745x^3,在最适温度24.2℃时,种群增长趋势指数为295.5。而在34℃温度下,种群增长趋势指数仅为0.56,短翅型雌成虫和雄成虫对高温最敏感。40℃恒温下,成虫平均寿命为21.4至23小时。长翅型雌成虫对高温有一定的耐性,而16℃的低温对成虫死亡率影响较小,对若虫的死亡率影响较大。本还研究了江淮杂交稻田小气候温度与气温的关系。     

温度对抗性朱砂叶螨发育和繁殖的影响

比较了朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boiduval)敏感品系（S）、阿维菌素抗性品系（AR）和甲氰菊酯抗性品系（FR）在不同温度下的发育和繁殖情况,用王-兰-丁模型拟合了各品系发育速率与温度的关系。结果表明,在36℃下,S品系和FR品系卵均不能孵化,而AR品系却能完成世代发育。15℃下,AR和FR品系的世代历期分别比S品系延长8.0和6.2天,产卵前期均比S品系缩短约2.0天。在20～28℃下,S品系繁殖力大于抗性品系; 在34℃下, AR品系的产卵量显著大于S和FR品系。S、FR和AR品系发育临界高温分别为36.0℃、36.1℃和42.4℃。结果提示AR品系对高温的适应能力较S和FR品系明显增强。     

Seasonal aberrant radular formation in Thais bronni (Dunker) and T. clavigera (Küster) (Gastropoda : Muricidae)

Radulae of Thais bronni (Dunker) and T. clavigera (Küster) were examined at Mukaishima Island for a period of 2 yr, 1982 to 1984. Radulae of both species are similar in morphology, both having the basic pentacuspid rachidian plan. Sexual dimorphism of the radula was not observed, but rachidian tooth changes morphologically in different growth stages. Seasonal conditions affect the size and shape of the radula; in winter it is clearly malformed and strikingly thin. These aberrant parts of the radula comprised some dozens of rows, in which only several extremely thin rows exist. Results of experiments using T. clavigera under different water temperature conditions showed that the radula is rarely produced below 10 °C and that rate of radular production and replacement increases with increase in temperature. These results suggest that in the field the radula of these species is replaced entirely 2–2.5 times per year and 10–15 times during the life of the animal.     

腐食酪螨有效积温的研究

腐食酪螨 Tyrophagus putrescentiae(Schrank) ,是世界性仓储物品和食用菌重要害螨 ,也是人体皮炎、体内螨病及螨性过敏的主要病原。本文研究了该螨的有效积温。经测定 ,腐食酪螨全世代的发育始点为 8.38± 1.5 1℃ ,有效积温为 2 2 1.72日度 ;卵、幼螨、第一若螨和第二若螨的发育始点分别为 10 .4 7± 2 .31℃、8.0 9± 2 .36℃、9.0 9± 1.16℃和 10 .5 9± 1.73℃ ,有效积温分别为 4 1.79日度、5 8.0 6日度、36 .2 7日度和 39.5 3日度。     

中国林蛙蝌蚪和大蟾蜍蝌蚪的最适温度、逃避温度及致死温度

报道了中国林蛙蝌蚪 (Ranachensinensis)和大蟾蜍蝌蚪 (Bufogargarizans)在不同驯化温度下的最适温度、逃避温度和致死温度的研究结果。将中国林蛙蝌蚪和大蟾蜍蝌蚪分别在 5、1 5和 2 5℃ 3个不同温度下驯养 3周 ,利用温度梯度装置观察记录 2种蝌蚪的最适温度、逃避温度和最高致死温度。结果表明 ,经过在 5、1 5和 2 5℃ 3个温度下的驯化 ,中国林蛙蝌蚪的最适温度范围分别为 1 3 . 5～ 1 8℃、2 0. 5～2 5℃和 2 3～ 2 7. 5℃ ;大蟾蜍蝌蚪的最适温度范围分别为 1 2～ 1 6 .5℃、2 1～ 2 5. 5℃和 2 2～ 2 6. 5℃。中国林蛙蝌蚪和大蟾蜍蝌蚪的最高致死温均在 3 7～ 3 8℃之间 ,最低致死温均为 0℃。驯化温度对最适温度影响显著 (P <0 .0 1 ) ,对致死温度则没有显著影响。驯化温度对中国林蛙蝌蚪和大蟾蜍蝌蚪的逃避温度产生的影响比最适温度的大。     

Evaluation of the cold strain index (CSI) for peripheral cold environmental stress

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cold strain index (CSI) for peripheral environmental stress using data from a previous footwear study. Eight men (20±2 yr) dressed in protective cold weather clothing with varying footwear underwent 5 days of cold air (−23.4 °C) testing while attempting to sit for 240 min. Rectal, skin, and toe temperatures (T_toe) were continuously measured. All test exposures were ended after 50–165 min due to cold foot discomfort or T_toe<5 °C. However, CSI values indicated little cold strain. Therefore, we revised CSI to include peripheral cold assessment, which was found to be consistent with subject behavior and measured low T_toe.     

腐食酪螨在不同温度和营养条件下生长发育的比较研究

在12.5℃、15℃、20℃、25℃和30℃恒温下,用啤酒酵母粉和玉米粉为饲料,测定了不同温度和饲料条件下腐食酪螨Tyrophagus putrescentiae各个发育阶段和世代的发育历期,获得其在各条件下的发育起点温度和有效积温。结果表明,在本文的实验温度范围内,该螨的发育历期与温度呈负相关,即随着温度的升高发育历期缩短。在各发育阶段不同饲料条件下发育起点温度和有效积温都有所差异。用啤酒酵母粉作饲料时,腐食酪螨的全世代历期为48.04天（12.5℃下）和8.41天（30℃下）,发育起点温度为10.18℃,有效积温为155.44 d·℃; 用玉米粉作饲料时,全世代历期为78.79天（12.5℃下）和10.77天（30℃下）,发育起点温度为10.52℃,有效积温为208.33 d·℃。以成螨体长和体宽为指标,比较了在各温度条件及不同饲料条件对其生长的影响,结果表明不同饲料对螨体大小有显著影响,温度的影响不明显。     

Distribution and summer diapause of Canthocamptus staphylinus (Jurine) (Copepoda: Harpacticoida) in Lake Ladoga

The spatial distribution of Canthocamptus staphylinus (Jurine) in Lake Ladoga was examined. C. staphylinus is one of the most numerous species of harpacticoids in the lake. It can dwell in almost all littoral biotopes. In profundal biotopes strongly exposed to anthropogenic influence (pollution and eutrophication) only this species of harpacticoid was found. A peculiarity of C. staphylinus biology is that in summer individuals are in the resting stage as cysts. In summer active individuals were found in littoral habitats at a water temperature of 20 °C, but their number was small in comparison with cold periods of the year. In the littoral zone the relative number of individuals in cysts was clearly related to water temperature. Twelve degrees temperature appears to be critical for development of littoral populations of C. staphylinus.     

Diapause termination in two species of tropical butterfly, Euploea core (Cramer) and Euploea sylvester (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

Abstract This study examined the factors used as cues for diapause termination by two Euploea species. Euploea core and E. sylvester were collected from two overwintering sites at Chillagoe, Queensland. Under tropical wet-season conditions, more butterflies terminated diapause (approximately 60%) than those kept under dry-season conditions (approximately 40%). However, 100% diapause termination occurred only when butterflies were kept under wet-season conditions and were fed with honey. For reproductive success, Euploea species need to terminate diapause rapidly to synchronise oviposition with fresh, rapid growth of their larval host plants, which often occurs after rain. The presence of rainfall, increased temperature and long days alone is not a fail-safe set of cues for this event. Our results suggest that food (as nectar), in conjunction with these combined environmental factors, provide Euploea species with a reliable signal that larval host resources are available for oviposition.     

Daily thermal preference variation of the sand recluse spider Sicarius thomisoides (Araneae: Sicariidae)

Preferential temperature as a physiological feature is crucial for spiders, since it determines the selection of key habitats for their survival and reproduction. In this work, we study the daily and geographical variation of the preferential temperature of the spider Sicarius thomisoides subjected to different degrees of daily thermal oscillation in their habitats. Preferred temperatures differ between coastal and inland populations, but in both cases, there is a marked bimodality in the daily pattern of temperature preference, with two peaks per day that would be given by the changes in the hours of activity. These nocturnal spiders select higher temperatures in the evening (active period) and select lower temperatures during late morning (resting period). In laboratory, spiders have preferred temperatures that differ from those found in their habitats, so they must tolerate or compensate non-preferred temperatures by active thermoregulation in natural conditions.     

温度对双纹须歧角螟生长发育和繁殖的影响

在室内研究了温度对双纹须歧角螟Trichophysetis cretacea (Butler)生长发育及繁殖的影响。结果表明,在19～31℃范围内,双纹歧角螟的发育速率随着温度的升高而加快;当温度超过31℃时,发育速率减慢。在各虫态中,蛹期的存活受温度变化的影响最大,35℃时蛹全部死亡。19℃、23℃、27℃、31℃和35℃下的世代存活率分别为87.1%、83.0%、85.2%、70.1%和0%。卵、幼虫、预蛹、蛹及从卵至成虫的发育起点温度分别为9.08℃、8.95℃、7.80℃、9.09℃和8.86℃,有效积温分别为62.4、122.0、16.0、108.1和309.1日·度。成虫的寿命随温度的升高而缩短,27℃时成虫的产卵量最高,平均为91.3粒。19℃、23℃、27℃和31℃条件下,实验种群的净生殖率分别为31.0、41.8、46.7、0.8,内禀增长率分别为0.0813、0.1439、0.1710、-0.0094,平均世代周期分别为42.2、26.3、23.1和19.2天。     

Bacterial Reduction of Cr(VI) and Fe(III) in In Vitro Conditions

ABSTRACT Chemical reduction of Cr(VI) can be a strategy to detoxify toxic metals in oxidized states, whereas reduction of Fe(III) could enhance the availability of Fe in the form of Fe(II) to boost plant growth. However, it creates another problem of chemical sludge disposal. Hence, microbial conversion of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and Fe(III) to Fe(II) is preferred over the chemical method. Out of 11 bacterial strains isolated from the rhizospheric zone of Typha latifolia growing on fly ash dump sites, four isolates were selected for the reduction of Cr(VI) and Fe(III) and were identified as Micrococcus roseus NBRFT2 (MTCC 9018), Bacillus endophyticus NBRFT4 (MTCC 9021), Paenibacillus macerans NBRFT5 (MTCC 8912), and Bacillus pumilus NBRFT9 (MTCC 8913). These strains were individually tested for survival at different concentrations of Cr(VI) and Fe(III), pH, and temperature, and then, their ability for reduction of both metals was evaluated at optimum pH 8.0 and temperature 35°C. The results indicated that NBRFT5 was able to reduce the maximum amount, 99% Cr(VI) and 98% Fe(III). Other strains also reduced these metals to different levels, but less than NBRFT5. Hence, these strains may be used for decontamination of metal-contaminated sites, particularly with Cr(VI) and Fe(III) through the reduction process.