华南亚热带山地土壤有机质更新特征及其影响因子

选择鼎湖山自然保护区及中国科学院华南植物研究所小良生态站6个土壤剖面,根据土壤有机质碳稳定同位素特征、^14C放射性水平、有机质含量、粒度特征,研究土壤有机质更新特征及其制约因素。结果表明,土壤有机质分解呈明显阶段性：有机质快速分解发生在0－100a之内,自地表向下,有机质含量急剧降低,因碳同位素分馏效应,有机质δ^13C值迅速增加;至170／240a,有机质δ^13C值达最大;自170／240－800／1400a,有机质分解速度变慢,有机质含量缓慢降低,因高δ^13C值组分分解,δ^13C值逐渐减小;约在1500a之后,有机质含量变化甚微,δ^13C值趋于稳定。对比研究表明,粘粒对有机质赋存状态及其更新有直接影响,粒度是制约土壤有机质动态的重要因子;地表植被类型及其发育特征直接影响土壤有机质更新,在植被类型相似情况下,植被覆盖史对土壤剖面有机质动态有明显影响。     

鼎湖山土壤有机质δ13C时空分异机制

根据鼎湖山若干海拔部位土壤剖面薄层取样样品有机质含量、¹⁴C测年及δ¹³C结果,研究土壤有机质δ¹³C时空分异机制.结果表明,不同海拔土壤剖面有机质δ¹³C深度特征受控于剖面发育进程,与有机质组成及其分解过程密切相关.植被枯落物成为表土层有机质以及表土层被埋藏后的有机质更新过程,均存在碳同位素分馏效应,有机质δ¹³C显著增大.相对于地表植被枯落物δ¹³C,表土层有机质δ¹³C增幅取决于表土有机质更新速率.表土有机质δ¹³C与植被枯落物δ¹³C均随海拔升高而增大,说明植被构成随海拔升高呈规律性变化.这与鼎湖山植被的垂直分布一致.不同海拔土壤剖面有机质δ¹³C深度特征类似,有机质含量深度特征一致,有机质¹⁴C表观年龄自上向下增加.这是剖面发育过程中有机质不断更新的结果.土壤剖面有机质δ¹³C最大值深度与¹⁴C弹穿透深度的成因和大小不同,均反映地貌与地表植被对有机碳同位素深度分布的控制.     

土壤有机碳含量与同位素特征

根据长江口崇明东滩典型高程部位柱状样与鼎湖山不同海拔土壤剖面土壤有机碳(SOC)含量与SOC同位素资料(δ13C、Δ14C),研究了土壤有机质更新的元素与同位素特征。结果表明,土壤剖面δ13C最大值(δ13Cmax)深度以上土层的SOC含量与δ13C值呈负相关,该深度以下呈正相关。土壤SOC含量与δ13C呈负相关,说明有机质分解程度低,有机质中快循环组分的比例较高,为土壤表层新鲜有机质,有机质14C表观年龄不足200年;二者呈正相关指示有机质分解程度较高,为中、下部土层较稳定的有机质组分,成土年龄在300年以上。土壤SOC含量随时间下降的速率与成土时间呈负相关,δ13Cmax深度以下土层的下降速率明显低于该深度以上土层,且年代越老,SOC含量下降速率越慢,表明其有机质主要为慢循环组分。不同土壤剖面δ13C的时间趋势基本一致,在δ13Cmax深度以上土层,δ13C随时间延长而增大,该深度以下δ13C随时间延长而降低。土壤有机碳δ13C与SOC含量随时间的变化具有明显对应关系,表明二者的变化机制存在内在关联。     

长期施肥条件下黄土旱塬土壤N03^--N的淋溶分布规律

在黄土旱塬区,长期施肥对土壤剖面NO3^-1—N含量和分布有显著影响．施用化学氮肥,土壤剖面中出现NO3^-1—N的淋溶与深层累积,而施用磷肥和有机肥有减弱NO3^-1—N向更深层淋溶的作用．单施氮肥处理(N),NO3^-1—N的累积峰深度最大,为120～200cm;N、P有机肥配施处理(NPM),NO3^-1—N的累积峰值最高,但峰深度降低至60～120cm;N、P配施(NP)累积深度为80～140cm．不施氮肥,分布在土壤剖面中NO3^-1—N含量显著降低．氮肥用量愈大,NO3^-1—N的累积量愈大．N、P配施可以有效降低NO3^-1—N累积．在同一氮肥用量下,NO3^-1—N累积量随磷肥用量的增加而减少．     

基于景观尺度过程模型的长白山净初级生产力空间分布影响因素分析

对长白山自然保护区的净初级生产力(NPP)的空间分布格局进行了模拟,对它们与环境因子和植被因子间的相互关系进行了分析．结果表明,1995年NPP的模拟值平均为0．680kgC·m^-2·年^-1,变幅为0．105-1．241kgC·m^-2·年^-1(82．1％),其中阔叶红松林的NPP最高(1．084kgC·m^-2·年^-1)．环境条件决定了长白山植被年NPP空间分布的大趋势．土壤含水量对NPP的限制最大,呈负相关关系(R=-0.65),长白山植物生长一般不存在水分不足的问题．植被的NPP与LAI高度正相关(R＝0．81),当LAI增大到4-5m^2·m^-2时,NPP出现饱和．植被的NPP与冠层蒸腾量呈显著的正相关关系(R＝0．77)．岳桦林和阔叶林对环境因子、LAI和冠层蒸腾的响应与其它植被有较大差异。     

红壤茶树根层土壤基础呼吸作用和酶活性

对不同树龄茶树根层土壤的呼吸作用(包括代谢熵qCO2)和土壤酶(脲酶、转化酶和酸性磷酸单酯酶)活性进行了研究、不同树龄茶树根层土壤日基础呼吸作用强度(36．23—58．52mg·kg^-1·d^-1)和日代谢墒(0．30一0．68)都以40和90年茶树较为接近,分别显著大于和小于10年树龄茶树根层土壤;服酶活性(41．48—47、72mg·kg^-1·d^-1)则三者间差异不大,虽然随树龄增长而下降;转化酶活性(189．29—363．40mg·kg^-1·d^-1)也随树龄增长而下降,并且10年茶树根层土壤显著大于40和90年树龄茶树;而酸性磷酸单酯酶活性(444．22—828．32mg·kg^-1·d^-1)相反,随树龄增长而增强．结果表明,土壤基础呼吸作用、代谢熵和3种土壤酶活性都与茶树树龄、土壤pH、土壤有机碳、土壤全氮、土壤可活性酚总量、及土壤微生物生物量密切相关．     

子午岭植被演替过程中土壤剖面有机质与持水性能变化

研究表明,自然植被正向演替对土壤剖面有机质积累有显著促进作用,表现为：由弃耕地、草地、灌木、乔灌群聚到乔木的植被演替过程中,0-25cm土层有机质含量逐步增加,且演替初期的增加速度较快,而后增加速度相对变缓。植被演替过程中土壤有机质含量变化的主要原因在于植物凋落物归还量的变化。在同一时间测定的土壤剖面水分含量以及0-5cm土层田间持水量、容重、总孔度等与土壤持水性能相关的指标都与有机质含量呈极显著或显著相关,表明随剖面有机质的积累,土壤持水性能得到改善。     

新疆艾比湖流域土壤有机质的空间分布特征及其影响因素

根据新疆艾比湖流域土壤有机质(SOM)数据,分析了土壤质地、植被群落类型和土壤剖面深度3个因素对SOM含量的影响,进一步研究了流域内有机质在不同土壤深度的空间分布特征及其沿土壤剖面深度垂直分布的空间异质性。结果表明:植被群落类型显著影响SOM含量,而土壤质地和深度对有机质总体分布水平影响不显著;随土壤深度变化有机质分布呈现不同的空间变异特征,流域内0—80 cm土壤有机质高含量区域与低含量区域斑块化分布呈现孔穴特征,但在80—120 cm土壤有机质含量变化较为连续,呈现流域东、西两端高而中间低的分布特征;有机质沿土壤深度垂直分布模式在流域内表现出分异特征,流域中部SOM随土壤深度增加而降低,SOM含量从0—20 cm浅层土壤的2.85 g/kg降至100—120 cm深层土壤的1.51 g/kg;但在流域东部和西部SOM随土壤深度增加呈升高趋势,流域西部SOM含量从0—20 cm土壤的1.80 g/kg大幅增加至100—120cm土壤的6.61 g/kg,流域东部SOM含量则从0—20 cm土壤的1.04 g/kg逐步增至100—120 cm土壤的2.86g/kg。艾比湖流域有机质在浅层和深层土壤不同的空间分布特征与干旱区绿洲生态景观斑块化分异特征和植被根际沉积特点密切相关,流域内土壤剖面成土演化的空间异质性对有机质沿土壤深度垂直分布的空间变异性有显著制约。     

高寒草甸不同植被土壤微生物数量及微生物生物量的特征

用稀释平板法和氯仿熏蒸法研究了藏嵩草草甸、小嵩草草甸、矮嵩草草甸、禾草草甸、杂类草草甸及金露梅灌丛土壤的微生物数量、生物量及有机质的变化特征.结果表明:0～40 cm土层细菌和放线菌数量、微生物生物量碳和土壤有机质含量均以藏嵩草草甸最高,其微生物生物量及土壤有机质显著高于其它5种植被;真菌数量以金露梅灌丛最高;由表层到深层,随着土壤深度的增加以上各项指标均呈下降趋势.通径分析表明:土壤各生物环境因子之间存在着不同程度的相关性;土壤微生物数量、生物量及土壤有机质含量均与土壤水分含量存在显著的相关关系,说明土壤水分是调节高寒草甸生态系统土壤微生物代谢及物质转化的关键因子.     

官厅水库消落带土壤有机质空间分布特征

消落带土壤由于在水陆交替的特殊生境和复杂的地球化学共同作用下形成,具有独特的理化性质和生态功能。各营养盐含量在时间和空间上具有较高的变异性,土壤中有机质的分布及迁移和转化均受到复杂的影响。针对官厅水库流域上游妫水河段消落带,选择典型消落带落水区,对该区土壤有机质含量的时空分布特征进行研究。结果表明:1)研究区消落带土壤有机质含量较为贫瘠,变化范围在1.64-26g/kg之间,平均值仅为13.16g/kg,变异系数达50.59%。说明消落带由于季节性干湿交替的特殊水文条件的影响,土壤养分的分布具有较高的空间异质性。淹水频繁区有机质含量平均值为15.74g/kg,高于长期出露区的10.12g/kg,且变异系数为41.38%,小于长期出露区的54.98%。说明淹水频繁区对土壤养分的持留能力更强,且周期性的淹水条件使得研究区近岸具有相似的生境类型,不同采样点土壤有机质含量的差异相对较小。2)不同植物群落下,芦苇和香蒲群落土壤有机质含量最高,平均值为17.08g/kg;含量最低的是以小叶杨和白羊草为主的中旱生植物带,平均值为9.12g/kg;其次是酸模叶蓼、大刺儿菜为优势物种的湿生植物带,土壤有机质含量平均值为15.49g/kg。3)不同土壤层次有机质含量差异较大,总体变化趋势均由表层向下逐渐减少,各层之间体现出显著差异性(P0.05)。研究区土壤C/N变化范围在1.64-18.95,平均值为8.95。说明研究区土壤碳氮比相对较低,有机质的腐殖化程度较高,且长期出露区土壤有机质更容易发生分解,C的累积速度远小于N。土壤C/N垂直分布大致呈先增大后减小趋势,在30cm处达到最大值,而后随着土壤深度的增加逐渐减小。4)消落带土壤有机质分布的影响因素分析中,土壤有机质与全磷呈极显著正相关,相关系数为0.62(P0.01);与土壤全氮和C/N呈显著正相关(R=0.57,0.60;P0.05)。这说明研究区土壤全磷、全氮、C/N和有机质明显具有相同的变化趋势,和有机质存在相互影响。其次,土壤有机质和湿度在呈显著负相关(R=-0.51;P0.05),表明研究区土壤湿度对有机质含量具有显著的影响。气候因子中,温度对研究区土壤有机质的分布具有显著的影响,相关系数为-0.51(P0.05)。植被因子中,植被覆盖度和土壤有机质含量呈显著正相关,相关系数为0.64,表明植被因子也是影响土壤有机质分布的重要因素之一。     

Zones of influence for soil organic matter dynamics: A conceptual framework for data and models

Soil organic matter (SOM) is an indicator of sustainable land management as stated in the global indicator framework of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG Indicator 15.3.1). Improved forecasting of future changes in SOM is needed to support the development of more sustainable land management under a changing climate. Current models fail to reproduce historical trends in SOM both within and during transition between ecosystems. More realistic spatio‐temporal SOM dynamics require inclusion of the recent paradigm shift from SOM recalcitrance as an ‘intrinsic property’ to SOM persistence as an ‘ecosystem interaction’. We present a soil profile, or pedon‐explicit, ecosystem‐scale framework for data and models of SOM distribution and dynamics which can better represent land use transitions. Ecosystem‐scale drivers are integrated with pedon‐scale processes in two zones of influence. In the upper vegetation zone, SOM is affected primarily by plant inputs (above‐ and belowground), climate, microbial activity and physical aggregation and is prone to destabilization. In the lower mineral matrix zone, SOM inputs from the vegetation zone are controlled primarily by mineral phase and chemical interactions, resulting in more favourable conditions for SOM persistence. Vegetation zone boundary conditions vary spatially at landscape scales (vegetation cover) and temporally at decadal scales (climate). Mineral matrix zone boundary conditions vary spatially at landscape scales (geology, topography) but change only slowly. The thicknesses of the two zones and their transport connectivity are dynamic and affected by plant cover, land use practices, climate and feedbacks from current SOM stock in each layer. Using this framework, we identify several areas where greater knowledge is needed to advance the emerging paradigm of SOM dynamics—improved representation of plant‐derived carbon inputs, contributions of soil biota to SOM storage and effect of dynamic soil structure on SOM storage—and how this can be combined with robust and efficient soil monitoring.     

Spatial and temporal distribution of carbon isotopes in soil organic matter at the Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve, South China

The spatial and temporal distribution of carbon isotopes (¹³C, ¹⁴C) in soil organic matter (SOM) were studied based on SOM content, SOM ¹⁴C and SOM ¹³C of thinly layered soil samples for six soil profiles with different elevations at the Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve (DHSBR), South China. The results indicate that variations of SOM ¹³C with depth of the soil profiles at different elevations are controlled by soil development, and correlate well with SOM composition in terms of SOM compartments with different turnover rates, and SOM turnover processes at the DHSBR. The effect of carbon isotope fractionation was obvious during transformation of organic matter (OM) from plant debris to SOM in topsoil and SOM turnover processes after the topsoil was buried, which resulted in great increments of OM ¹³C, respectively. Increments of SOM ¹³C of topsoil from ¹³C of plant debris were controlled by SOM turnover rates. Both topsoil SOM ¹³C and plant debris ¹³C increase with elevation, indicating regular changes in vegetation species and composition with elevation, which is consistent with the vertical distribution of vegetation at the DHSBR. The six soil profiles at different elevations had similar characteristics in variations of SOM ¹³C with depth, alterations of SOM contents with depth and that SOM ¹⁴C apparent ages increasing with depth, respectively. These are presumably attributed to the regular distribution of different SOM compartments with depth because of their regular turnover during soil development. Depth with the maximal SOM ¹³C value is different in mechanism and magnitude with penetrating depth of ¹⁴C produced by nuclear explosion into atmosphere from 1952 to 1962, and both indicate controls of topography and vegetation on the distribution of SOM carbon isotopes with depth. Elevation exerts indirect controls on the spatial and temporal distribution of SOM carbon isotopes of the studied mountainous soil profiles at the DHSBR. This study shows that mountainous soil profiles at different elevations and with distinctive aboveground vegetation are presumably ideal sites for studies on soil carbon dynamics in different climatic-vegetation zones.     

黄土高原不同植被带土壤团聚体有机碳和酶活性的粒径分布特征

为探究土壤中各粒级团聚体不同形态有机碳和酶活性的分布特征,以黄土高原延河流域森林带、森林草原带、草原带土壤为对象,研究了不同粒级团聚体总有机碳、易氧化碳和腐殖质碳含量,以及纤维素酶、β-D葡糖苷酶、过氧化物酶、蔗糖酶和脲酶活性,分析了土壤团聚体有机碳及其组分与酶活性之间的相关关系.结果表明： 3种植被带土壤团聚体有机碳及其组分含量表现为森林带＞草原带＞森林草原带,3种形态有机碳含量在0.25～2 mm粒径均最高;不同植被带土壤团聚体有机碳及其组分含量和酶活性在0～10 cm土层大于10～20 cm土层;3种植被带纤维素酶、β-D葡糖苷酶、蔗糖酶和脲酶活性表现为森林带＞草原带＞森林草原带,过氧化物酶活性表现为森林带＞森林草原带＞草原带;3种植被带土壤中各种酶活性随着粒径的减小呈递增趋势.土壤纤维素酶、过氧化物酶、蔗糖酶和脲酶活性与团聚体各种形态碳含量均呈显著正相关.
     

Soil Organic Matter Dynamics Along a Vertical Vegetation Gradient in the Gongga Mountain on the Tibetan Plateau

Our knowledge about soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics is limited although this is an important issue in the study of responses of ecosystems to global climate changes. Twelve sampling plots were set up every 200 m from 1 700 to 3 900 m along the vertical vegetation gradient along the east slope of Gongga Mountain. Samples were taken from all 12 plots for SOM content measurement, although only 5 of the 12plots were subjected to radiocarbon measurements. A radiocarbon isotope method and a time-dependent model were used to quantify the SOM dynamics and SOM turnover rates along the vertical vegetation gradient. The results showed that the SOM turnover rate decreased and turnover time increased with soil depth for all vegetation types. The litter layer turnover rates presented a clear trend along the gradient. The litter layer turnover rates decreased with an increase in elevation, except that the litter layer turnover rate of mixed forest was higher than that of evergreen forest. Climatic factors, such as temperature and precipitation,were the main factors influencing the surface soil carbon dynamics. The turnover rates of the subsoil (including the A, B, and C horizons in the soil profiles) along the vertical gradient had no clear trends. The SOM of subalpine shrub and meadow turned over more slowly than that of the forest types in almost all soil horizons. The characteristic of short roots distributing in the upper part of the soil profile leads to different SOM dynamics of shrub and meadow compared with the forest types. Coniferous and mixed forests were susceptible to carbon loss from the young carbon pool, but their long and big roots resulted in high △14C values of the deep soil profiles and increased the input of young carbon to the deep soil. In evergreen forest,the carbon cumulative ability from the B horizon to the C horizon was weak. The different vegetation types,together with their different modes of nutrient and carbon intake, may be the mechanism conditioning the subsoil organic matter dynamics.     

Soil Organic Matter Dynamics Along a Vertical Vegetation Gradient in the Gongga Mountain on the Tibetan Plateau

Our knowledge about soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics is limited although this is an important issue in the study of responses of ecosystems to global climate changes. Twelve sampling plots were set up every 200 m from 1 700 to 3 900 m along the vertical vegetation gradient along the east slope of Gongga Mountain. Samples were taken from all 12 plots for SOM content measurement, although only 5 of the 12 plots were subjected to radiocarbon measurements. A radiocarbon isotope method and a time-dependent model were used to quantify the SOM dynamics and SOM turnover rates along the vertical vegetation gradient. The results showed that the SOM turnover rate decreased and turnover time increased with soil depth for all vegetation types. The litter layer turnover rates presented a clear trend along the gradient. The litter layer turnover rates decreased with an increase in elevation, except that the litter layer turnover rate of mixed forest was higher than that of evergreen forest. Climatic factors, such as temperature and precipitation, were the main factors influencing the surface soil carbon dynamics. The turnover rates of the subsoil (including the A, B, and C horizons in the soil profiles) along the vertical gradient had no clear trends. The SOM of subalpine shrub and meadow turned over more slowly than that of the forest types in almost all soil horizons. The characteristic of short roots distributing in the upper part of the soil profile leads to different SOM dynamics of shrub and meadow compared with the forest types. Coniferous and mixed forests were susceptible to carbon loss from the young carbon pool, but their long and big roots resulted in high △^14C values of the deep soil profiles and increased the input of young carbon to the deep soil. In evergreen forest, the carbon cumulative ability from the B horizon to the C horizon was weak. The different vegetation types, together with their different modes of nutrient and carbon intake, may be the mechanism conditioning the subsoil organic matter dynamics.     

盐城海滨湿地盐沼植被对土壤碳氮分布特征的影响

在盐城海滨湿地不同植被带下采集土壤样品,研究了土壤有机碳和全氮的空间分布特征,分析了盐沼植物对湿地土壤碳、氮分布的影响.结果表明：在盐城海滨湿地,表层土壤中有机碳和全氮含量分别介于1.71～7.92 g·kg^-1和0.17～0.36 g·kg^-1之间,变幅较大,不同植被带之间存在显著差异,且各植被带表层土壤中有机碳、全氮含量均高于光滩.垂直方向上,各植被带土壤中有机碳、全氮的分布均呈自表向下逐渐降低的趋势,15 cm以下其含量基本保持稳定.土壤有机碳与全氮、碳氮比呈显著正相关,但全氮与碳氮比无显著相关性.     

中国陆地土壤有机碳蓄积量估算误差分析

简要介绍了土壤碳蓄积量的计算方法,包括土壤类型法、植被类型法、生命地带法、相关关系法和模型方法,以及土壤有机碳蓄积量的误差分析方法．根据中国策二次土壤普查2473个典型土种剖面数据,采用土壤类型法和两种碳密度方法计算,估算的中国陆地土壤有机碳蓄积量处于615.19×10^14-1211.37×10^14g之间,平均碳密度为10．49-10．53kg·m^-2(土壤厚度为100cm)或11．52-12．04kg·m^-3(土壤平均厚度为88cm),土壤平均碳蓄积量为913．28±298．09×10^14g,估算的不确定性在20％～50％之间．其中,土壤碳计算和采样数量的差异是导致土壤碳蓄积量估算不确定性的重要因素。     

盐城海滨湿地盐沼植被对土壤碳氮分布特征的影响

在盐城海滨湿地不同植被带下采集土壤样品,研究了土壤有机碳和全氮的空间分布特征,分析了盐沼植物对湿地土壤碳、氮分布的影响.结果表明：在盐城海滨湿地,表层土壤中有机碳和全氮含量分别介于1.71～7.92 g·kg^-1和0.17～0.36 g·kg^-1之间,变幅较大,不同植被带之间存在显著差异,且各植被带表层土壤中有机碳、全氮含量均高于光滩.垂直方向上,各植被带土壤中有机碳、全氮的分布均呈自表向下逐渐降低的趋势,15 cm以下其含量基本保持稳定.土壤有机碳与全氮、碳氮比呈显著正相关,但全氮与碳氮比无显著相关性.