芒萁对几种杂草和农作物的生化他感作用

本文研究了芒萁植株地上部分和地下部分水提液对几种杂草和农作物的生化他感作用。证明：(1)芒萁水提液对供试杂草及白菜、萝卜的种子萌发有显著或极显著抑制作用,对全部供试幼苗的根生长和多数供试幼苗的苗高有显著抑制作用;(2)地上部分的生化他感作用强于地下部分;(3)芒萁对供试植物幼苗根生长的抑制作用强于对茎、叶的作用。     

芒萁对几种杂草和农作物的生化他感作用

本文研究了芒萁植株地上部分和地下部分水提液对几种杂草和农作物的生化他感作用。证明：（１） 芒萁水提液对供试杂草及白菜、萝卜的种子萌发有显著或极显著抑制作用,对全部供试幼苗的根生长和多数供试幼苗的苗高有显著抑制作用;（２） 地上部分的生化他感作用强于地下部分;（３） 芒萁对供试植物幼苗根生长的抑制作用强于对茎、叶的作用     

水体酚类化合物污染对水稻幼苗生长的影响

用0、50、100和150 X 10-6浓度的苯酚溶液处理水稻幼苗,本实验的目的是探讨苯酚对水稻幼苗生长的影响。实验结果如下：苯酚抑制水稻幼苗生长,且随着浓度的增加,其抑制作用越明显。150 ppm是抑制作用最强的浓度。经苯酚处理后的水稻幼苗,其根和茎的生长都抑制了,而鲜重、干重、水分含量和叶绿素含量则明显减少,硝酸还原酶和过氧化物酶活性也下降了。     

铝对水稻幼苗生长和生理的影响

以不同浓度的铝处理水稻幼苗 ,研究铝对水稻幼苗的生理生化效应。结果表明 ,5 0 μmol·L 1的铝对水稻幼苗生长有促进作用 ,高于 5 0 μmol·L 1后 ,随着铝浓度的增加 ,植株生长明显受到抑制 ,株高、根长、鲜重和干重均下降 ;叶片叶绿素含量和SOD活性下降 ,POD活性先上升后下降 ,细胞膜透性增大。表明高浓度铝的毒害 ,导致体内保护酶活性受到抑制 ,膜系统受到伤害 ,从而影响水稻幼苗的生长。     

薇甘菊的化感作用研究

研究薇甘菊对萝卜、黑麦草、白三叶以及薇甘菊常见伴生树种马占相思、马尾松、大叶桉的生化他感作用。分别用薇甘菊地上部分、根部、枯枝叶和土壤的水提液以及地上部分的石油醚、乙酸乙酯和乙醇提取液按照一定浓度进行生物测定。研究表明,薇甘菊地上部分水提液能够显著影响受体植物生长,根水提液的抑制作用程度稍低,其枯枝叶水提液基本无作用。薇甘菊地上部分的石油醚和乙醇提取物均对受体植物幼苗生长表现出一定的抑制作用．但是乙酸乙酯提取物的作用最强烈,可使种子发芽过程受阻,幼苗生长受抑制程度高达90％以上．显示化感物质主要集中在这一部分。     

硅素对水稻幼苗镉积累及抗胁迫应答的调节效应

施硅(Si)可以显著缓解镉(Cd)胁迫对水稻生长发育的毒害效应。本研究通过水培分根试验,研究了Si对水稻幼苗Cd积累及胁迫应答的调节效应。结果表明: Cd胁迫下水稻幼苗的生物量显著降低,加Si可以显著缓解Cd对水稻幼苗生长的抑制效应。水稻幼苗对Cd的吸收、转运和积累明显受到Si的影响,单侧根系Cd胁迫下加Si(Si-Cd+Si,Si-Cd)使根系对Cd的滞留系数达83.3%～83.6%,限制了Cd从根向地上部转移。单侧根系Cd胁迫下非胁迫侧加Si(Si-Cd)处理的植株对Cd的吸收和累积明显增加,尤其是根中Cd的积累量较单侧根系Cd胁迫下无Si(CK-Cd)处理增加了48.2%;而单侧根系Cd胁迫下双侧加Si(Si-Cd+Si)处理则显著降低了根和地上部对Cd的吸收,较CK-Cd处理分别降低了36.7%和54.9%。双侧Cd胁迫下单侧加Si(Cd-Cd+Si)则使根和地上部对Cd的吸收量显著减少,较双侧根Cd胁迫(Cd-Cd)处理分别降低了57.8%和46.5%。Cd胁迫下水稻幼苗根中含较高浓度的Si,加Si则使Cd胁迫下根和地上部积累更多的Si。加Si也影响了水稻幼苗对其他金属元素如钙(Ca)、镁(Mg)、锰(Mn)的吸收,Cd-Cd+Si处理显著增加了根系和地上部的Ca、Mg浓度,但Mn浓度的变化则因Cd胁迫程度而表现不同。加Si对Cd胁迫下根系超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性有一定的影响,尤其是Si-Cd处理的胁迫侧POD和非胁迫侧SOD活性显著上升,有利于清除Cd胁迫产生的氧自由基。总之,Si对Cd胁迫下水稻幼苗生长、Cd和Si等的吸收及根系的抗氧化反应有一定的调节效应,植株体内较高的Si浓度有利于增强植株对Cd的耐受性。     

无土栽培下酸铝耦合对银杏生长的胁迫效应

本试验采用U₂₀₇均匀设计方案,通过无土栽培方法研究酸铝耦合处理对银杏幼株生长的效应。结果表明,在pH 4.5～5.5范围内,能耐铝（AlCl₃）浓度可达0.4 mmol/L,而高浓度（0.8～1.2 mmol/L）的铝对银杏有毒害作用;pH高于5.0时,提高培养液中铝浓度对银杏生长无明显影响。总之,酸铝耦合加剧对银杏植株的毒害作用,尤其对根系的伤害更为明显,甚至导致烂根死根,从而使地上部停止生长。     

不同浓度Al3+胁迫对水稻根生长的影响

铝毒害是酸性土壤限制农作物产量的主要因素之一。本文以水稻为材料,探讨了不同浓度的AlCl3(0、50、100、150 mmol.L-1)胁迫处理对水稻幼苗根生长的影响。结果表明,随着Al3+浓度和胁迫时间的增加,水稻幼苗根的生长受到抑制,长度和鲜重都减小,根尖细胞死亡的程度增大,根中H2O2含量上升;与对照(未经DMTU预处理)相比,经dimethylthiourea(内源过氧化氢抑制剂)预处理的水稻幼苗在Al3+胁迫下根细胞死亡程度减小,H2O2含量降低,根的生长抑制得到缓解,表明内源H2O2的积累是造成Al3+对水稻幼苗根生长抑制的原因之一。     

铝浸种对荞麦种子萌发和幼苗生理的影响

对2个荞麦(Fagopyrum esculentumMoench)品种(小白花叶和溪荞5号)在铝浸种后萌发特性和幼苗的生理变化进行了初步研究。结果表明,10~1000mg.L-1的铝浸种处理对2个荞麦品种的发芽率和发芽指数影响不明显,低浓度铝(≤100mg.L-1)处理可降低荞麦种子细胞膜透性,减少细胞内营养物质的外渗,促进种子的萌发。5000mg.L-1的铝处理降低了荞麦的发芽指数。种子萌发后,铝对荞麦根的伸长有抑制作用,并且随着铝浓度的增加,抑制作用增大。10~1000mg.L-1的铝浸种处理对荞麦叶片内MDA含量影响较小,但高浓度的铝处理(5000mg.L-1)明显增加了MDA的含量;POD、SS、Pro随着铝浓度增加都有先降低后增加的趋势;不同品种叶片内CAT活性变化趋势不同,小白花叶内CAT活性对铝的敏感性大于溪荞5号。试验结果可以看出,荞麦种子和幼苗对环境中的铝都有较强的耐受性,在铝胁迫下,荞麦可以通过升高POD活性以及增加SS和Pro含量来缓解铝毒害,不同荞麦的基因型对铝毒害的反应有一定的差异性。     

香草醛对杉木幼苗生长的影响

为了解杉木连栽土壤中有毒化感物质对杉木幼苗毒害作用 ,采用水培杉木幼苗方法 ,通过投加不同浓度香草醛 ,发现 1mg·kg- 1 香草醛显著抑制杉木种子胚根的伸长 (P<0 .0 5) ,只为对照的 70 % ;香草醛浓度达 1 0mg·kg- 1 时 ,叶绿素总量明显下降到对照的80 % ;超过 2 0mg·kg- 1 对杉木幼苗地径与高度生长产生明显抑制作用 ;50mg·kg- 1 以上将明显影响地上部分枝叶的正常生长发育 ,及至植株冠层的生长 ;超过 1 0 0mg·kg- 1 ,整个植株的生长受到显著抑制 .香草醛是连栽土壤中毒性较大的一种有毒化感物质 ,是杉木存活率低的重要原因之一 .     

Aluminium-induced production of oxygen radicals, lipid peroxidation and DNA damage in seedlings of rice (Oryza sativa)

The effect of aluminium (Al) on seedlings of two rice cultivars, Pusa Basmati and Vikas was investigated after different hours of exposure to 80 mol/L of external Al supply. With increasing time of exposure, the growing seedlings readily absorbed Al and its localization was greater in roots than shoots. Prolonged exposure to Al intensified lipid peroxidation, changed the activities of SOD and peroxidase and caused DNA damage. However, differential responses were observed between the seedlings of two rice cultivars under Al stress. A close inverse relationship existed between decreased root growth and increased Al accumulation, lipid peroxidation, SOD, peroxidase activities and DNA damage. The results demonstrate that roots are the major sites of Al localization and accumulation of Al promoted oxygen free radicals mediated peroxidation of membranes as evidenced by increased MDA levels and the activities of SOD and peroxidase. Our results for the first time showed that Al can cause DNA damage in rice.     

Aluminium effects on growth, nutrient net uptake and transport in 3 rice (Oryza sativa) cultivars with different sensitivity to aluminium

Varietal differences in net nutrient uptake rate and transport efficiency in the presence of aluminium have seldom been investigated in rice. Therefore, effects of Al on growth, uptake and transport of macronutrients (K, P, Ca, and Mg) and micronutrients (Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn) were evaluated in 3 rice cultivars (BG35, DA14 and IR45) with different Al sensitivity. The plants were grown in nutrient solution at pH 4.1. An initial growth was completed in the time interval 1 to 5 days immediately before the addition of Al. The final growth period with Al (0, 140, 280 or 560 μ M ) was completed on day 26. With Al, a comparatively high P accumulation occurred in shoots and roots of the Al tolerant cultivar BG35. In contrast, the Al sensitive cultivar IR45 maintained a relatively high Ca accumulation during the Al treatment. A reduced total net uptake rate of P and Ca by IR45 in the time period 5 to 26 days was due to both a reduced root fresh weight and a reduced net uptake rate per g fresh weight of root. Moreover, net Ca transport to the shoots higher than net uptake rate in DA14 and IR45 at > 140 μ M Al during the test period suggests restricted Ca uptake by the roots in combination with a continuous net loss of Ca from the roots to the shoots as time proceeds. In the case of Mg and Mn, there was a general reduction of net uptake rates, irrespective of Al sensitivity of cultivars. With Al treatment, comparatively high accumulation of Fe, Zn and Cu occurred in the roots of IR45, concomitant with a high net Zn and Cu uptake rate. It is concluded that differences in Al sensitivity among rice cultivars BG35, DA14 and IR45 are not primarily linked to the depressed internal Mg or Mn status of the plants but rather to changes in the uptake and distribution of Ca and P.     

Aluminum stress response in rice: effects on membrane lipid composition and expression of lipid biosynthesis genes

The presence of aluminum (Al) in acidic soils is a major abiotic stress limiting the production of cultivated plants. Cell membranes are the main targets of environmental stresses and there is growing evidence for the involvement of membrane lipids in plant adaptation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mid-long effects of Al on membrane lipid content and composition in the roots and shoots of rice plants grown under hydroponic conditions. Four rice cultivars were compared: two acknowledged as Al-resistant (Koshihikari) and Al-sensitive (Kasalath), respectively, and two Vietnamese cultivars, OM6073 and OM1490. Al treatment inhibited root and shoot growth in the sensitive cultivars and the observed changes in root and shoot lipid and fatty acid composition revealed patterns associated with Al sensitivity: larger decreases in lipid content and decreases in fatty acid unsaturation. In the roots, phospholipids, and particularly phosphatidylcholine (PC), decreased dramatically in the susceptible cultivars whereas the amount of lipid classes remained unchanged in the tolerant ones. In the shoots, the glycolipids monogalactosyldiacylglycerol and digalactosyldiacylglycerol as well as PC were mostly affected by Al treatment in the susceptible varieties. mRNA accumulation corresponding to genes coding for galactolipid synthases, enzymes of the PC and phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthetic pathways and fatty acid desaturases correlated well with changes in lipid contents in roots and partly explained lipid changes in leaves. The results suggested that the capacity to maintain the proper functioning of some lipid biosynthetic activities and hence the stability of lipid composition may help the rice plant to withstand Al stress.     

Root phosphate exudation and pH shift in the rhizosphere are not responsible for aluminum resistance in rice

A series of hydroponic experiments and an agar culture experiment were carried out to investigate aluminum (Al) accumulation and translocation in two rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars (Kasalath and Koshihikari) that differ in Al resistance. Al-resistance mechanisms, including Pi exudation under Al stress and pH shifts in the rhizosphere, were also studied. Al content in rice shoots was 41 mg kg⁻¹ on average and did not differ between the two cultivars, which demonstrated that the rice cultivars were not Al accumulators. The majority of Al (95–97%) accumulated in roots. Al content in roots in the resistant cultivar (Koshihikari) was lower than that in the sensitive cultivar (Kasalath), which indicated that Al-exclusion mechanisms were mainly acting in rice. However, the rate of Pi exudation from the whole root or root tips was very low in both cultivars and was not significantly influenced by Al exposure, and thus seemed not to be the main Al-resistance mechanism. On the other hand, experiments with pH-buffered solution and color changes following culture in agar medium containing bromocresol purple revealed that the Al-induced pH increase could not explain the high Al resistance of rice. In addition, the Al content in shoots of Koshihikari was lower after the formation of iron plaque on the root surface, whereas that of Kasalath was not lower. These results suggested that rice roots cell wall components or root surfaces such as iron plaque, rather than pH changes and/or root exudates including organic acids and phosphate, play important roles in Al resistance in rice.     

Effects of root zone temperature on aluminium toxicity in two cultivars of spring wheat with different resistance to aluminium

Manifestations of aluminium (Al) toxicity in two cultivars of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cvs Kadett [relatively Al-resistant] and WW 20299 [relatively Al-sensitive]) were investigated at two root zone temperatures (RZT) that may occur in the field. The plants were grown for 9 days at 10 or 25°C RZT. Mineral nutrients other than CaSO₄ were supplied daily in exponentially increasing amounts to meet the demand of the plants. Al was added as Al₂(SO₄)₃ at the beginning of the culture period at concentrations ranging from 0 to 100 μ M . pH was kept constant at 4.1. Experimental data were analysed for interactions between Al and RZT on a fresh weight basis by the nonlinear Weibull function. Cultivar Kadett, when grown at 25°C RZT, was more resistant to Al than when grown at 10°C RZT. Cultivar WW 20299 was equally sensitive to Al at 10 and 25°C RZT but generally more sensitive to Al than cv. Kadett. It is suggested that cv. Kadett, in contrast to cv. WW 20299, possesses a mechanism for Al resistance that is less effective at 10°C than at 25°C RZT and therefore may be metabolically dependent. In roots, the concentrations of K, P, Mg and Ca were not negatively affected by Al or by RZT. In shoots of both cultivars the concentrations of Ca and Mg became comparatively low when the plants were treated with Al or at low RZT, the effect being larger for Ca than for Mg. At 10°C RZT under Al stress, the Ca concentrations in shoots approached the critical concentration where growth may be inhibited. As no Al was detected in the shoots, it is suggested that Al in the roots inhibits shoot growth by reducing transport of Ca from roots to shoots.     

Effects of silicon on aluminum toxicity in upland rice plants

Aims

This study aimed to determine the capacity of Si to mitigate Al toxicity in upland rice plants (Oryza sativa L.) by evaluating plant growth and the Si and Al uptake kinetics.

Methods

Plants were grown for 40 days, after which the Si and Al uptake kinetics (Cmin, Km and Imax) were analyzed. Then, the shoots and roots were separated, and the dry matter, root morphology and Si and Al concentration and accumulation in the plant were evaluated.

Results

Aluminum decreased plant growth and the Si uptake capacity by decreasing the root growth and Si transport system efficiency in the upland rice roots (> Km and > Cmin). Silicon mitigated Al toxicity in the upland rice plants by decreasing Al transport to the plant shoots, although it did not reduce the Al uptake rate (Imax). Si treatment increased the growth of upland rice plant shoots grown in the presence of Al without influencing the root growth. The alleviation of Al toxicity by Si is more evident in the susceptible upland rice cultivar Maravilha.

Conclusions

Silicon mitigated Al toxicity in the upland rice plants by decreasing Al transport to the plant shoots but did not reduce the Al uptake rate by roots.

     

Effects of Aluminium on Honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos L.) Seedlings in Solution Culture

Honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos L.) seedlings were grownin solution culture at pH 4.0) with 50, 150, 600 and 1500 mmolm^–3 aluminium. All levels of aiuminium reduced the sizeand weight of roots, shoots and leaves with the exception ofroot elongation at 50 mmol m^–3 Al. Aluminium content ofroots was 50 to 100 times that of shoots. With increasing concentrationof aluminium, aluminium content of leaves and roots increasedexponentially while a linear increase was observed for stems.The nutrient content of seedlings was improved in 50 mmol m^–3where increases in shoot calcium, magnesium, and phosphorusconcentrations were observed. Aluminium concentrations greaterthan 50 mmol m^–3 reduced shoot nutrient content. Presenceof aluminium increased the root phosphorus and calcium levelsbut had no effect on potassium and magnesium concentrations.Results show that honeylocust is an aluminium sensitive treespecies whose growth may be reduced by high soil Al levels. Key words: Aluminium toxicity, Gleditsia triacanthos, nutrient solution     

Aluminium alleviates manganese toxicity to rice by decreasing root symplastic Mn uptake and reducing availability to shoots of Mn stored in roots

Background and Aims Manganese (Mn) and aluminium (Al) phytotoxicities occur mainly in acid soils. In some plant species, Al alleviates Mn toxicity, but the mechanisms underlying this effect are obscure.Methods Rice (Oryza sativa) seedlings (11 d old) were grown in nutrient solution containing different concentrations of Mn²⁺ and Al³⁺ in short-term (24 h) and long-term (3 weeks) treatments. Measurements were taken of root symplastic sap, root Mn plaques, cell membrane electrical surface potential and Mn activity, root morphology and plant growth.Key Results In the 3-week treatment, addition of Al resulted in increased root and shoot dry weight for plants under toxic levels of Mn. This was associated with decreased Mn concentration in the shoots and increased Mn concentration in the roots. In the 24-h treatment, addition of Al resulted in decreased Mn accumulation in the root symplasts and in the shoots. This was attributed to higher cell membrane surface electrical potential and lower Mn²⁺ activity at the cell membrane surface. The increased Mn accumulation in roots from the 3-week treatment was attributed to the formation of Mn plaques, which were probably related to the Al-induced increase in root aerenchyma.Conclusions The results show that Al alleviated Mn toxicity in rice, and this could be attributed to decreased shoot Mn accumulation resulting from an Al-induced decrease in root symplastic Mn uptake. The decrease in root symplastic Mn uptake resulted from an Al-induced change in cell membrane potential. In addition, Al increased Mn plaques in the roots and changed the binding properties of the cell wall, resulting in accumulation of non-available Mn in roots.     

Phosphorus deficiency enhances aluminum tolerance of rice (Oryza sativa) by changing the physicochemical characteristics of root plasma membranes and cell walls

The negative charge at the root surface is mainly derived from the phosphate group of phospholipids in plasma membranes (PMs) and the carboxyl group of pectins in cell walls, which are usually neutralized by calcium (Ca) ions contributing to maintain the root integrity. The major toxic effect of aluminum (Al) in plants is the inhibition of root elongation due to Al binding tightly to these negative sites in exchange for Ca. Because phospholipid and pectin concentrations decrease in roots of some plant species under phosphorus (P)-limiting conditions, we hypothesized that rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings grown under P-limiting conditions would demonstrate enhanced Al tolerance because of their fewer sites on their roots. For pretreatment, rice seedlings were grown in a culture solution with (+P) or without (−P) P. Thereafter, the seedlings were transferred to a solution with or without Al, and the lipid, pectin, hemicellulose, and mineral concentrations as well as Al tolerance were then determined. Furthermore, the low-Ca tolerance of P-pretreated seedlings was investigated under different pH conditions. The concentrations of phospholipids and pectins in the roots of rice receiving −P pretreatment were lower than those receiving +P pretreatment. As expected, seedlings receiving the −P pretreatment showed enhanced Al tolerance, accompanied by the decrease in Al accumulation in their roots and shoots. This low P-induced enhanced Al tolerance was not explained by enhanced antioxidant activities or organic acid secretion from roots but by the decrease in phospholipid and pectin concentrations in the roots. In addition, low-Ca tolerance of the roots was enhanced by the −P pretreatment under low pH conditions. This low P-induced enhancement of low-Ca tolerance may be related to the lower Ca requirement to maintain PM and cell wall structures in roots of rice with fewer phospholipids and pectins.     

Influence of aluminium on biomass, nutrients, soluble carbohydrates and phenols in beech (Fagus sylvatica)

The effects of aluminium on biomass, nutrients and soluble carbohydrates and phenols were studied in beech ( Fagus sylvatica L.) seedlings. After germination, seedlings with cotyledons and the buds of the first leaf-pair developed, were preconditioned for two weeks and then grown for 31 days in nutrient solutions containing 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 m M A1C1₃. Aluminium did not affect the dry weights of roots but at Al concentrations ≥ 1.0 m M the development of the terminal shoot above the first leaf pair, was reduced by 80% or more. The concentrations of most nutrients (P, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu) in the plant tissues decreased strongly even at the lowest Al levels, but K increased in the shoots. The tissue concentration of N was not affected of Al. but the distribution between the organs was changed to a higher content of N in the roots. At ≥1.0 m M Al the concentrations of starch in both the shoots and the roots were significantly increased, and at ≥ 0.5 m M the roots contained more of total phenols than untreated seedlings. The elevated concentrations and contents of starch and phenols in the seedlings may partly be related to the reduced shoot growth. The observed effects of Al were marked already at Al levels found in soil waters from beech forests in southern Sweden.