杀虫剂对小菜蛾、甜菜夜蛾、斜纹夜蛾的毒力研究

室内浸叶法试验表明,三种害虫中斜纹夜蛾、小菜蛾对供试杀虫剂的敏感程度一般比甜菜夜蛾高。灭虫灵对小菜蛾有很高的潜力,LC50为0．09mg/L,甜菜夜蛾、斜纹夜蛾对灭虫灵敏度程度较低,LC50在150mg/L左右。除尽对甜菜夜蛾,毒死蜱对斜纹夜蛾毒力最高,LC50分别为1．48mg/L和0．49mg/L,除尽、锐劲特、抑太保对小菜蛾、甜菜夜蛾、斜纹夜蛾都具有很高的毒力,可作为兼治这三种害虫的首选品种。     

广东为害花生夜蛾调查

夜蛾是花生重要害虫,过去对它们的种类未有系统调查。作者在广东曾对这类害虫进行过调查和观察,比较普遍发生的夜蛾种类共计7种:小地老虎[Agrotis ypsilon(Rottemberg)],斜纹夜蛾[Prodenialitura(Fabricius)],棉铃虫[Helicoverpa armigera(Hubner)],南方银纹夜蛾(Chrysodexis eriosomaDoubleday),坑翅夜蛾(Ilattia octo Guenee),甜菜夜蛾[Spodoptera exigua(Hubner)],豆毛胫夜蛾[Mocisundata(Fabricius)]。     

草地贪夜蛾与斜纹夜蛾嗅觉味觉相关基因的比较分析

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda,近期侵入中国并迅速扩张。与其近缘物种斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura不同,草地贪夜蛾主要偏好玉米、水稻、小麦等禾本科农作物,暴食危害重。此外两种害虫在交配、产卵频率等繁殖特征上也存在差异。这些差异可能与嗅觉、味觉相关蛋白的分歧密切相关。本研究对两种夜蛾科害虫的嗅觉、味觉相关基因进行了系统的鉴定及系统发育分析,并对部分嗅觉结合蛋白进行了选择信号与氨基酸差异位点分析。分别在草地贪夜蛾中鉴定到261个嗅觉相关基因,数目明显大于斜纹夜蛾(179个);鉴定到233个味觉相关基因,数目略大于斜纹夜蛾(217个)。嗅觉相关基因中气味结合蛋白(OBP)基因数目差异最为明显。系统发育分析显示该基因存在夜蛾科特异的分支,且该分支中草地贪夜蛾中基因数目远高于斜纹夜蛾;发现位于I类触角结合蛋白(ABPI)分支的一类OBP成员在草地贪夜蛾中拷贝数增加,其中两个基因拷贝受到正选择,且在草地贪夜蛾中特有的氨基酸替换还可能影响蛋白质功能。本研究为草地贪夜蛾食性特征的遗传机制解析提供线索,为草地贪夜蛾的生物防治提供参考依据和基因素材。     

草地贪夜蛾与斜纹夜蛾解毒相关基因的比较分析

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda近期在中国为害猖獗,由于繁殖速度快,迁飞能力强,在本土呈现爆发趋势,严重为害了我国农作物。与本地近缘物种斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura相比,草地贪夜蛾更偏好玉米、水稻、小麦等禾本科农作物,且对多种化学杀虫剂及转基因Bt玉米产生抗性。寄主适应性以及杀虫剂抗性与解毒代谢相关蛋白密切相关。因此,本研究对这两种夜蛾科害虫的解毒代谢相关蛋白——细胞色素P450、谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)及ABC转运蛋白进行了全基因组水平系统的搜集和数目比较,构建系统发育树并对P450和GST部分基因扩张分支进行氨基酸差异位点分析。结果显示,在草地贪夜蛾中共鉴定出213个P450基因、58个GST基因、102个ABC基因,其中P450基因与GST基因数目远远多于斜纹夜蛾(116,37),而ABC基因数目与斜纹夜蛾(99)接近。系统发育树分析表明,草地贪夜蛾P450在CYP6、CYP9以及CYP4功能簇,GST在部分进化分支上都发生了显著基因扩张,发生显著扩张的基因中有数个氨基酸突变,其中一些突变被预测可能影响蛋白质功能。但出乎意料的是,ABC亚家族B和E在斜纹夜蛾聚集成簇并发生了显著的基因扩张现象。以上结果暗示入侵种草地贪夜蛾和本地近缘物种斜纹夜蛾在抗性方面可能发展出各自独特的应对机制。本研究为解析草地贪夜蛾解毒抗性特征机制提供基因数据,为草地贪夜蛾的生物防治及抗性研究提供参考依据。     

淡足侧沟茧蜂对甜菜夜蛾和斜纹夜蛾的寄生选择性研究

应用2因素2次回归正交旋转组合设计研究了淡足侧沟茧蜂Microplitis pallidipes对甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua (Hubner)、斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura的寄生选择性,并建立了2种寄主共存时的被寄生模型.主效分析表明,甜菜夜蛾和斜纹夜蛾幼虫被寄生虫数均随寄主自身密度的增加而增加;淡足侧沟茧蜂对2种寄主无明显的选择性,对甜菜夜蛾、斜纹夜蛾幼虫共存时的选择寄生比率分别为0.5211、0.4788.在人工繁殖淡足侧沟茧蜂时,可以利用易于人工繁殖的斜纹夜蛾做为繁蜂寄主,提高淡足侧沟茧蜂的繁殖速度,降低繁蜂成本.在甜菜夜蛾、斜纹夜蛾发生期,可保护利用淡足侧沟茧蜂来控制蔬菜夜蛾.     

中国夜蛾科三新记录种

在整理长白山生物调查所得标本时,发现夜蛾科3中国新记录种:长白拟毛眼夜蛾Mniotype bathensis(Lutzau,1900),尘梦尼夜蛾Orthosia coniortota(Filipjev,1927)和真鲁夜蛾Xestia sincera(Herrich-Schaffer,1851),并对此3种的外部形态和雄性外生殖器特征做了简要描述。同时修正了毛眼夜蛾属(Blepharita Hampson,1907)和拟毛眼夜蛾属(Mniotype Franclemont,1941)在国内混淆的关系。     

旋歧夜蛾形态和生活史观察

【目的】初步研究旋歧夜蛾Discestratrifolii(Hufnagel)的形态特征、生物学特性以及生活史。【方法】通过室内观察,数据测量与统计,总结与分析了旋歧夜蛾的形态、生物学特性等问题。【结果】在室内饲养条件下,旋歧夜蛾幼虫6龄,旋歧夜蛾完成1代的生命周期为(44.27±3.10)d,卵期(4.02±0.35)d,存活率96.97%±1.20%,幼虫期(17.87±1.40)d,存活率75.76%±6.94%,蛹期(10.48±0.80)d,存活率93.86%±0.46%,成虫期(12.62±2.82)d。【结论】基本明确了旋歧夜蛾的形态和生活史,有助于制定有效的旋歧夜蛾防治措施,同时为旋歧夜蛾其它研究奠定基础。     

斜纹夜蛾的人工饲养技术

本文介绍一种斜纹夜蛾的人工饲养技术 ,室内连续饲养斜纹夜蛾 7代 ,平均蛹重达 4 0 6mg ,化蛹率、羽化率均为 90 %以上 ,该饲养方法可用于室内大量饲养斜纹夜蛾。     

草地贪夜蛾的准确鉴定

【目的】草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda是新入侵我国的迁飞性害虫,为了筛选出有效和不易受损的形态鉴别特征。【方法】本研究运用比较形态学和外生殖器解剖技术,筛选稳定、可靠的外部形态特征,描述雌雄外生殖器特征。【结果】草地贪夜蛾的大小等21个外形特征在不同个体间存在差异,不适合用于草地贪夜蛾的准确鉴定。新筛选的翅基部黑斑等4个前翅特征,下唇须节黑色横带、前足胫节密被长鳞片、前足跗节黑色、腹部腹面黑斑、肩板颜色均一、前足基节内侧长毛6个非翅面外形特征在草地贪夜蛾个体间稳定,其中前翅中部倾斜的椭圆环形斑等4个特征、颜色均一肩板等5个特征、环形斑内部颜色特征分别存在于草地贪夜蛾雌雄蛾、雄蛾和雌蛾中。新筛选的外形特征可分别用于准确区别草地贪夜蛾与斜纹夜蛾、甜菜夜蛾。新描述了阳茎基环长大于宽等6个雄性外生殖器特征和囊导管基部明显宽于端部等4个雌性交配囊特征,其中3个雄性外生殖器特征和3个雌性交配囊特征可分别用于准确鉴定草地贪夜蛾和斜纹夜蛾雄蛾、草地贪夜蛾雌蛾和甜菜夜蛾雌蛾。【结论】本研究结果不仅为草地贪夜蛾雄蛾鉴定提供了新的前翅特征,还首次为雄蛾鉴定提供了非翅面特征和为雌蛾鉴定提供了前翅特征,也筛选了新的雄性外生殖器特征和雌性交配囊特征,对我国夜蛾科昆虫生殖器研究有一定的参考价值。     

中国东北目夜蛾科(部分)、 尾夜蛾科、 瘤蛾科和夜蛾科(鳞翅目)分类学研究进展

通过文献整理和标本材料,根据现行分类系统,综述东北三省夜蛾总科传统夜蛾科的分类学研究进展,直观简要地阐明其自然环境、动物地理、研究简史和夜蛾种类等相关研究的发展过程。     

橡胶树橡胶生物合成调控相关基因表达丰度比较

蛋白质是构成生命系统的基本元件之一,是大部分生物学功能的执行者。蛋白质丰度与其生物学功能息息相关,其丰度受基因表达过程中各环节严格精密的调控。其中,蛋白质丰度与其相应mRNA丰度存在较强的相关性,蛋白质丰度差异的40%可由mRNA丰度来解释。茉莉酸信号途径调节巴西橡胶树中的天然橡胶生物合成,但相关基因彼此间的表达丰度差异尚待阐明。该文比较了S/2D d3割胶制度下,15个橡胶生物合成调控相关基因COI1、JAZ1、JAZ2、JAZ3、MYC1、MYC2、MYC3、MYC4、MYC5、GAPDH、HMGR1、SRPP、REF、HRT1、HRT2以及2个常用内参基因18S、ACTIN1在10个橡胶树种质胶乳中的表达丰度差异;将ACTIN1的表达丰度设定为1,以此为标准计算出样品中其他基因的表达丰度。结果表明:相同个体中不同基因的转录丰度差异明显,不同个体中相同基因集的丰度大小排序存在一定差异;同一基因在不同个体中的转录丰度差异明显,这16个基因的最大丰度分别是最低丰度的9.43、6.04、10.02、12.29、18.82、9.22、38.46、112.83、121.36、15.34、19.09、13.54、10.05、19.80、24.83、11.82倍,他们的变异系数分别为73.05%、55.19%、69.09%、67.37%、66.59%、53.87%、83.25%、122.02%、166.34%、59.89%、70.59%、75.67%、74.20%、68.34%、84.23%、78.59%;总的来说,在群体水平上,16个基因的转录丰度从高到低依次为18S SRPPHMGR1REFMYC2/HRT1COI1MYC1/MYC4GAPDH/JAZ1/MYC5JAZ2HRT2/MYC3/JAZ3,他们的群体平均丰度依次为ACTIN1的28 382.26、43.64、11.39、7.16、5.47、5.10、1.07、0.75、0.74、0.45、0.42、0.33、0.12、0.06、0.06、0.04倍。值得注意的是,无论在个体水平还是群体水平上,18S的丰度毫无疑问是最大的,在mRNA中,SRPP的丰度最大,JAZ1大于JAZ2和JAZ3,MYC2大于MYC1、MYC3、MYC4、MYC5,HRT1大于HRT2。综上结果表明,结构基因和功能基因的丰度高于调控基因。在基因相对表达分析中,常对目的基因和内参基因作均一化处理,从而掩盖了不同基因间的真实丰度差异,因此,在基因表达分析中,既要关注基因的相对表达量,也要关注基因间的丰度差异,这有助于更全面地理解基因的功能。     

Genomic characterization of self-incompatibility ribonucleases (S-RNases) in European pear cultivars and development of PCR detection for 20 alleles

Sexual self-incompatibility in European pear (Pyrus communis L.) is controlled by a single locus (S-locus) encoding a polymorphic stylar ribonuclease (S-RNase) that is responsible for the female function in pollen–pistil recognition. In this study, genomic DNA sequences corresponding to five new S-RNase alleles (named S ₂₀ , S ₂₁ , S ₂₂ , S ₂₃ , and S ₂₄ ) and to S _m were characterized in European pear cultivars. Re-sequencing S _q from ‘General Le Clerc’ showed this S-RNase to encode the same protein as S ₁₂ . Based on these findings, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method was developed for the molecular typing of cultivars bearing 20 S-RNases (S ₁ –S ₁₄ , S _m , and S ₂₀ –S ₂₄ ) using consensus and allele-specific primers. Genomic PCR with consensus primers amplified product sizes characteristic of the S-RNases S ₁ , S ₂ , S ₄ , S ₁₀ , S ₁₃ , and S ₂₀ . However, the allele groups S ₃ /S ₁₂ , S ₆ /S ₈ /S ₁₁ /S ₂₂ and S ₅ /S ₇ /S ₉ /S ₁₄ /S _m /S ₂₁ /S ₂₃ /S ₂₄ amplified PCR products of similar size. To discriminate between alleles within these groups, primers to specifically amplify each S-RNase were developed. Application of this approach in 19 cultivars with published S-alleles allowed re-evaluation of one of the alleles of ‘Passe Crassane,’ ‘Conference,’ and ‘Condo.’ Finally, this method was used to assign S-genotypes to 37 cultivars. Test crosses confirmed molecular results. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

The cDNA Microarray Profiling of Protein Kinases and Phosphatases: Molecular Portrait of Human Prostate Carcinomas

Hybridization with cDNA arrays was used to obtain expression profiles of 263 protein-tyrosine kinase (PTK), protein-tyrosine phosphatase (PTP), dual-specific phosphatase (DuSP), and other genes for the normal prostate tissue, primary prostate carcinomas (PC) of 84 patients, 7 xenografts, and 5 carcinoma cell lines. Analysis of 96 profiles revealed eight clusters of genes coexpressed in PC (coefficient of correlation r > 0.7). According to the known functions of their genes, the clusters were designated as proliferating-cell (CDC42, TOP2A, FGFR3, MYC, etc.), neoangiogenesis and blood-cell (LCK, VAV1, KDR, VEGF, MMP9, SYK, PTPRS, and FLT4), invasion-1 and invasion-2 (ADAM17, TRPM2, DUSP6, VIM, CAV1, CAV2, JAK1, PTPNS1, FYN, and PDGFB), HER2, and PSA/PSM/HER3. Basing on expression profiles of 66 genes, a molecular classification of PC was generated and allowed discrimination between PC and cell lines or xenografts at 98.9% probability. The results suggested that, along with PSA, PSM (FOLH1), callicreine-2, and -2-macroglobulin, cell signaling genes EGFR, HER2, HER3, TOP2, KRT8, KRT18, VEGF, CD44, VIM, CAV1, and CAV2 may serve as diagnostic and prognostic markers in PC. The HER2, VEGF, and CD44 genes and the MMP and ADAM families were assumed to be promising targets for inhibitors of PC cell proliferation and metastasis.     

常绿阔叶林8种乔灌木叶片氮含量及其分配与光合能力的关系

以浙江天童国家森林公园常绿阔叶林为研究对象,采用空间代替时间的方法,研究了5个不同演替阶段常见的4种乔木以及4种灌木叶片的光饱和速率(Pmax)、光合氮素利用效率(PNUE)及其与叶片氮含量(NL)、叶片氮素在细胞壁的分配比例(细胞壁N/叶片总N,NCW/NL)、氮素在光合酶中的分配比例(NR/NL)、单位面积叶干重(LMA)的相互关系。结果表明:(1)演替系列4种乔木和4种灌木各种间指标除NL外均表现出显著差异,前期种较后期种具有更高的NR/NL、PNUE、Pmax,而后期种LMA、NCW/NL、MCW/ML(细胞壁干重/叶片总干重)更大,NL在乔木各种间差异不明显,在灌木种间则差异显著;乔木种较灌木种具有更大的LMA、NCW/NL、MCW/ML,而NR/NL则较灌木小;8种植物的Pmax与NL以杨梅为最高,连蕊茶最低;苦槠具有最高的PNUE,而栲树最低。(2)随着演替的进行,前期种的NR/NL、PNUE、Pmax有减小趋势,而LMA、NCW/NL、MCW/ML逐渐增大,后期种则表现出相反的趋势。(3)NR/NL与Pmax、PNUE之间呈显著正相关关系,而LMA、NCW/NL、MCW/ML则与Pmax、PNUE、NR/NL显著负相关。研究认为,NR/NL与NCW/NL之间的负相关性及其对PNUE的影响可以在一定程度上解释树木在光合与维持两方面的权衡关系以及演替的生理机制。     

Karyoevelution on the genus Onosma L. (Boraginaceae): quantification of chromosome number heterogeneity

In this survey, chromosome counts of different species belonging to the genus Onosma are summarized and then karyological patterns available including frequency of cytotype occurrence, percentage of taxa with particular basic chromosome number and rate of polyploidy in the genus are evaluated. Quantitative parameters have been used to characterize chromosome number (CN) variation. In order to verify if variation patterns differ between three groups of Onosma, Index of CN Heterogeneity (ICNH) was quantified. In addition, meiotic chromosome numbers of 14 populations belonging to 11 species growing in Iran, namely Onosma araratica (2n = 2x = 16), O. asperrima (2n = 2x = 16), O. bulbotricha (2n = 2x = 18), O. kotschyi (2n = 2x = 16), O. microcarpa (2n = 2x = 16), O. nigricaulis (2n = 2x = 16), O. nervosa (2n = 2x = 16), O. obtusifolia (2n = 2x = 16), O. pachypoda (2n = 2x = 16), O. stenosiphon (2n = 2x = 20) and O. subsericea (2n = 2x = 16), were determined. With the exception of O. microcarpa and O. bulbotricha, all chromosome counts are reported for the first time. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

CHLOROPHYLL C PIGMENT PATTERNS IN 18 SPECIES (51 STRAINS) OF THE GENUS PSEUDO‐NITZSCHIA (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE)1

The pigment composition of 18 species (51 strains) of the pennate diatom Pseudo‐nitzschia was examined using HPLC. The carotenoid composition was typical for diatoms, with fucoxanthin (the major xanthophyll), diadinoxanthin, diatoxanthin, and β,β‐carotene. However, a diverse array of chl c pigments was observed in the studied strains. All Pseudo‐nitzschia strains contained chl a and chl c₂, traces of Mg‐2,4‐divinyl phaeoporphyrin a₅ monomethyl ester (MgDVP), and traces of a chl c₂–like pigment originally found in the haptophyte Pavlova gyrans. The distribution of chl c₁ and chl c₃ was variable among species (present in seven and 14 species, respectively). Based on chl c distribution, three major pigment types were defined: type 1 (chl c₁ + c₂, four species: P. australis, P. brasiliana, P. multiseries, and P. seriata), type 2 (chl c₁ + c₂ + c₃, three species: P. fraudulenta, P. multistriata, and P. pungens), and type 3 (chl c₂ + c₃, 11 species: P. arenysensis, P. calliantha, P. cuspidata, P. decipiens, P. delicatissima, P. galaxiae, P. mannii, P. pseudodelicatissima, P. subcurvata, P. cf. subpacifica, and a novel Pseudo‐nitzschia species). Type 1 and 2 species also shared the absence of a particular morphological character, the central nodule in the raphe, with the only exception of P. fraudulenta. The implications of such pigment diversity in chemotaxonomy, HAB monitoring, ecology, and phylogeny of Pseudo‐nitzschia species are discussed.     

Effects of glucose-supplemented diets on food intake, nymphal development, and fecundity of glucose-averse, non-glucose-averse, and heterozygous strains of the German cockroach,Blattella germanica

Life history parameters were determined for glucose-averse (glu/glu), wild-type (glu+/glu+) and heterozygous (glu/glu+) genotypes of Blattella germanica (L.) (Blattodea: Blattellidae) fed diets supplemented with glucose. Glu/glu nymphs consumed less glucose-supplemented diet, gained less weight, developed slower and had a lower rate of survival than glu/glu nymphs fed the same diet without added glucose, or glu+/glu+ and glu/glu+ fed either diet. Prior to formation of the first oötheca, female glu/glu consumed less glucose-supplemented diet per day than glu+/glu+ and glu/glu+, which presumably delayed egg case production. Oötheca-bearing glu/glu and glu/glu+ females consumed less glucose-supplemented diet than glu+/glu+ females. Despite a difference in female total diet intake, there was no effect of diet or genotype on fecundity. However, the intrinsic rate of increase (r) for glulglu on unsupplemented diet was less than that of glu+/glu+ and glu/glu+, suggesting that individuals with both glu alleles may be at a selective disadvantage in environments lacking diets containing glucose plus a toxicant.     

Correspondence of environmental tolerances with leaf and branch attributes for six co-occurring species of broadleaf evergreen trees in northern California

 For the angiosperm dominants of northern California’s mixed evergreen forests, this study compares the display of photosynthetic tissue within leaves and along branches, and examines the correspondence between these morphological attributes and the known environmental tolerances of these species. Measurements were made on both sun and shade saplings of six species: Arbutus m e n z i e s i i (Ericaceae), C h r y s o l e p i s c h r y s o p h y l l a (Fagaceae), L i t h o c a r p u s d e n s i f l o r u s (Fagaceae), Quercus c h r y s o l e p i s (Fagaceae), Quercus w i s l i z e n i i (Fagaceae), and Umbellularia c a l i f o r n i c a (Lauraceae). All species had sclerophyllous leaves with thick epidermal walls, but species differed in leaf specific weight, thickness of mesophyll tissues and in the presence of a hypodermis, crystals, secretory idioblasts, epicuticular deposits, and trichomes. The leaves of Arbutus were 2 – 5 times larger than those of C h r y s o l e p i s, L i t h o c a r p u s and Umbellularia and 4 – 10 times larger than those of both Quercus species. Together with differences in branch architecture, these leaf traits divide the species into groups corresponding to environmental tolerances. Shade-tolerant C h r y s o l e p i s, L i t h o c a r p u s, and Umbellularia had longer leaf lifespans and less palisade tissue, leaf area, and crown mass per volume than the intermediate to intolerant Arbutus and Quercus. Having smaller leaves, Quercus branches had more branch mass per leaf area and per palisade volume than other species, whereas Arbutus had less than other species. These differences in display of photosynthetic tissue should contribute to greater growth for Quercus relative to the other species under high light and limited water, for Arbutus under high light and water availability, and for C h r y s o l e p i s, L i t h o c a r p u s, and Umbellularia under limiting light levels. Accepted: 22 March 1996