关于杉木林下植被对改良土壤性质效用的研究

为了防治连栽杉木人工地力衰退,本文重点论述通过间代,增大林内透光度,降低林分郁闭度,林下植被,改良土壤理、化性质和提高生物活性。研究结果表明：在郁闭度０．７以下的林分中,林下植被发育迅速,间代４－５ａ后,每公顷生物量可达到４－５ｔ,有交地提高了土壤中营养元素含量,增加了土壤中三大类微生物数量,并使微生物类群也发生了明显的变化,有效地维护和恢复了土壤功能。     

不同经营措施对黄龙山辽东栎林的影响

以黄龙山林区蔡家川林场的辽东栎群落为研究对象,以未采伐为对照,采取皆伐、间伐30%、间伐15%三种经营措施,在进行自然恢复6年后,对辽东栎林建群种径级结构、群落物种多样性、土壤养分水分状况进行了对比分析,以探讨不同经营措施对黄土高原南部辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)林群落多样性的影响.结果表明:不同经营措施实施后建群种径级结构、群落物种多样性、土壤养分水分等指标均与未采伐林地有差异;经过间伐30%的林地,建群种径级结构、群落物种多样性、土壤养分水分等指标均有显著增加;间伐15%林地上述指标均有增加,但不显著;皆伐后的林地相对未采伐林地,建群种径级结构、群落物种多样性、土壤养分水分等指标降低.间伐与皆伐措施后比较,间伐措施的林地建群种个体生长发育良好,林下有大量幼苗,林地物种多样性丰富,土壤养分水分相对优越;皆伐措施的辽东栎建群种个体发育不良,缺乏足够数量的幼苗,林分物种多样性、土壤水分养分相对较差.未来该地区辽东栎林经营管理中,应以近自然经营措施为主,尽量减少对灌草层破坏,完善群落复层结构;间伐强度拟定为30%,尽量间伐劣质木、病虫木,促进群落向异龄方向发展.     

杉木连栽林地营造混交林后土壤微生物的季节性动态研究

本文对杉木多代连栽林地及多代连栽后营造不同类型混交林林地土壤微生物的季节性动态进行了研究。研究结果表明:①杉木连栽林地及连栽后营造成不同类型混交林中土壤微生物主要类型的数量季节性变化,土壤呼吸强度和土壤酶活性的季节性变化,总的趋势是春季较高、夏季最高、秋季稍有下降、冬季最低,但不同混交林下表现不同;②连栽杉木后营造不同混交林土壤的微生物生态分布数量、土壤的呼吸强度、土壤酶活性都显著高于杉木连栽林地,这说明连栽后营造不同类型混交林具有良好的改土作用;③不同混交林土壤中,细菌占微生物总量的百分率为建柏+红豆树、柳杉+薄姜木>杉木+樟树、火炬松+罗光石楠>多代杉木林,真菌占微生物总量的百分率为多代杉木林>杉木+樟树、火炬松+罗光石楠>建柏+红豆树、柳杉+薄姜木。这表明不同混交林下由于凋落物的性质不同,参与土壤中有机残体分解的微生物类型,有着显著的差异。     

不同密度杉木林对林下植被和土壤微生物群落结构的影响

为揭示土壤养分和细菌群落对林下植被调控的响应机制, 调查了浙江开化3种林分密度(高密度(KH)、中密度(KM)和低密度(KL))的17年生杉木人工林林下植被和生物量, 测定土壤理化性质, 并基于16S rDNA高通量测序技术分析细菌群落结构变化。结果表明, 3种密度的杉木林下植被地上部分总生物量为0.10-2.10 t·hm^-2, 且优势植物物种差异显著。理化性质测定分析发现, 高密度与低密度林分的土壤pH、有效磷含量差异显著。相关性分析表明, 土壤pH与林下植被中草本、灌木生物量及总生物量均呈显著正相关关系, 土壤有机质含量与灌木植被生物量及林下植被总生物量呈显著正相关关系, 速效钾含量与灌木植被生物量呈显著正相关关系。土壤微生物群落结构分析可知, 3种密度杉木林地土壤中酸杆菌门、变形菌门、放线菌门和绿弯菌门为优势菌群, 总相对丰度占比超过80%。冗余分析(RDA)表明土壤pH、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量是土壤细菌群落结构变化的关键影响因素。酸杆菌门的优势亚群为Gp2、Gp1、Gp3和Gp6, 占酸杆菌群的51.32%-57.38%, 且随林分密度降低, 林下植被增多, Gp1占比增大, Gp2和Gp6占比下降; Gp6相对丰度与pH呈极显著负相关关系。可见, 杉木纯林经营中适度降低林分密度有利于林下植被生长和良好细菌群落结构保持, 有利于维持杉木林地土壤肥力, 实现可持续经营。     

黄土高原刺槐林间伐改造研究

通过对 9年生刺槐 (Robiniapseudoacacia)林以 3种不同保留密度进行间伐改造 ,并对其林内光照、温度和土壤水分环境因子以及林下植被层生物多样性、生产力和林冠层林木的生长情况与原林分进行对比分析 .结果表明 ,间伐改造能改善林木及林下植被层生长发育的环境条件 ,促进林下植被层生物多样性和生物产量的提高 ,增加林木的生产能力 .间伐保留密度达到 1110株·hm-2 时 ,在整个生长季 ,林地土壤水分比原林分提高约 40 %,不仅林下植被层的生物多样性和生物量有大幅度提高 ,而且林冠层林木的生产力达到较高水平 ;如果继续加大间伐强度 ,林下植被层和林木个体的生长已达到最大极限 ,将不再提高 .因此 ,1110株·hm-2 左右的保留密度是可考虑的间伐强度 .     

杨树人工林幼林阶段林下植被管理对土壤微生物生物量碳、氮酶活性的影响

为了探讨林下植物物种多样性对杨树（Populus spp.）人工幼林阶段土壤微生物区系的影响,在林下设计了林下植被物种数量递增的3种处理,即清除林下植被（无林下植物）、保留单一林下植物（一种林下植物）和保留物种多样的自然林下植被（多种林下植物）,于处理1年后采样分析土壤微生物生物量碳（MBC）和氮（MBN）含量、基于Biolog-ECO微平板的土壤微生物群落代谢特征以及与土壤碳、氮转化相关的胞外酶活性的差异,以期从土壤养分转化和供应的角度为科学管理人工林林下植被提供依据。结果表明,林下植被处理对8月份0-5 cm土层的土壤MBC、MBN含量以及酶活性有较大影响。与清除林下植被处理相比,保留单一林下植物处理8月份0-5 cm土层的土壤MBC、MBN含量以及β-葡萄糖苷酶、多酚氧化酶和芳基酰胺酶活性显著增加,增幅分别为27.91%、54.48%、14.74%、32.53%和6.20%,而保留物种丰富度高的自然林下植被处理林地土壤的上述指标进一步分别增加了4.88%、14.93%、9.22%、13.63%和12.86%。此外,林下植被处理还改变了土壤微生物群落代谢特征,8月份0-5 cm土层的土壤微生物Shannon指数随着林下植被物种数量的增加而显著增大。清除林下植被处理的土壤微生物主要利用的碳源包括部分糖类、氨基酸类和酯类,与清除林下植被处理相比,保留单一林下植物处理的土壤微生物提高了对上述几种碳源的利用能力,同时对糖类、氨基酸类、酯类和有机酸类碳源的利用种类范围明显扩大,而保留物种多样的自然林下植被的土壤微生物对31种碳源基本上可以全面有效利用。因此,保留林下植被,特别是提高林下植被的物种丰富度,有利于增加土壤微生物生物量,提高土壤微生物的代谢功能和分解活性,可以在一定程度上加快土壤的物质转化和养分循环功能。     

采伐迹地恢复阔叶林与人工栽杉土壤肥力变化差异的初步研究

本文连续3a分析比较了采伐迹地恢复阔叶林和人工种植杉木林土壤肥力变化的差异。结果表明:在人工栽杉3a内,杉木林土壤水分含量和有效水含量下降,土壤干湿交替变化增大,水分物理性状变差,土壤水稳性团聚体含量降低,结构体破坏率增大,而阔叶林则呈上升趋势。杉木林下土壤微生物数量在造林3a内呈不断下降趋势,而阔叶林则呈增加趋势;杉木林土壤氧化还原酶活性弱于阔叶林,水解酶活性强于阔叶林,两种酶系活性在3a内阔叶林增强,杉木林减弱;阔叶林土壤养分在3a内不断提高,杉木林土壤不断下降。     

沿海基干林带结构调控对林分冠层结构参数及林地土壤的影响

以上海浦东沿海水杉基干林带为研究对象,分析水杉林分间伐以及间伐后林下套种其他树种构建复层林2种结构调控措施下林分冠层及林地土壤的变化。结果表明:间伐和复层林构建可显著促进上层乔木树高和胸径的生长,也有助于林下乔灌木和草本植物的发育;未间伐水杉林带LAI最高,其次为复层林带,间伐林分最低。各林分林隙分数的分布特征与LAI相反;3种林分土壤全N、全P和速效K含量差异不显著,而间伐林和复层林土壤速效P、水解N和有机质含量比未间伐林有进一步改善,但间伐林分和复层林带之间土壤养分状况没有显著差异;林分结构调控增加了0～50cm土壤有机碳储量,其中以0～15cm土层有机碳密度最高。复层林带和间伐林土壤呼吸速率比未间伐林分别提高了42%和33%。     

杉木萌芽林林冠下营造细柄阿丁枫与木荷的生态效益的研究

 本文通过对杉木萌芽林林冠下营造中亚热带常见乡土阔叶树种——细柄阿丁枫与木荷后,形成的杉阔混交林的两年定位观测研究,结果表明：杉木萌芽林改造成细柄阿丁枫杉木混交林与木荷杉木混交林后,林分水源涵养功能增强,土壤肥力提高,林内小气候得到改善,林分抗御火灾能力增强。杉木林冠下营造乡土阔叶树种是改良杉木林生态环境质量,科学经营杉木低产林的有效生物措施之一。     

一种高生产力和生态协调的亚热带针阔混交林——杉木火力楠混交林的研究

 通过八年杉木针阔混交林的综合定位研究,筛选出一种高生产力和生态协调的人工林一以8杉木2火力楠为优势的混交林。林分的蓄积量和乔木层贮存的能量分别比杉木纯林高13.7%和11.3%,杉木火力楠混交林提高了林分的光能利用率,改善了林内小气候;增加了林地有机质的含量;促进了土壤中有益微生物的繁衍和土壤理化性质的改良,提高了土壤肥力和蓄水保水能力;增强了林分对害虫自我抑制能力。     

落叶松人工林凋落物与土壤肥力变化的研究

以东北东部山区帽儿山实验林场落叶松人工林作为研究对象,从林地凋落量、林地凋落物归还量、凋落物层现存量以及土壤理化性质的变化等方面,研究了经抚育间伐后不同年龄阶段同一落叶松林分土壤肥力的变化以及间伐与未间伐林分土壤理化性质的差异．结果表明,落叶松人工林凋落量和以凋落物形式归还于林地的营养元素呈现出随年龄增加而增长的总趋势．经抚育间伐后,由于阔叶树种的引入使凋落物的组成结构发生变化,凋落物层的分解率逐步提高,加速了凋落物中营养物质的释放和归还,减缓了凋落物积累与分解的矛盾,提高了落叶松人工林的土壤肥力．１５年间土壤有机质、全Ｎ和全Ｐ２Ｏ５平均值分别增长了３５２．００％、２２５．５３％和３４．９６％．间伐后的落叶松人工林土壤的理化性质得到不同程度的改善．     

Short-term effects of thinning and liming on forest soils of pitch pine and Japanese larch plantations in central Korea

The influences of thinning (50% of standing density) and liming (Ca+Mg, 2 Mg ha⁻¹) on soil chemical properties were investigated for 2 years (2001, 2002) in 40-year-old pitch pine (Pinus rigida Mill.) and 44-year-old Japanese larch (Larix leptolepis Gord.) plantations established on similar soils. In general, soil properties varied significantly among plantations and treatments. For both plantations, thinning significantly increased soil organic C (SOC) concentrations whereas there were no significant changes in soil pH and Ca and Mg concentrations. In addition, thinning increased total soil N and Na concentrations for the pitch pine plantation and available P concentration for the Japanese larch plantation in the second year after the treatment. Liming did not affect soil chemical characteristics for the pitch pine plantation except for Na concentration. However, for the Japanese larch plantation, liming significantly increased soil pH and K, Ca and Mg concentrations and decreased SOC and total soil N concentrations. For both plantations, soil Al concentration did not change after thinning and liming and decreased exponentially with increased pH values. The increases in SOC and total soil N concentrations after thinning were possibly due to increases in decomposition of organic matter and root death. Although differences were not statistically significant, soil available P concentration tended to increase at early stages of liming for both plantations. These results suggested that thinning and liming seemed to regulate soil chemical properties for pitch pine and Japanese larch plantations established on similar soils.     

间伐对杉木人工林碳储量的长期影响

间伐改变了林分环境,影响林木生长及碳储量,准确评估间伐后人工林碳储量变化对碳汇林业的发展具有重要意义.在浙江开化采用下层间伐法,开展了3种间伐处理(对照、中度和强度间伐)对22年生杉木人工林碳储量及其组分分配影响的研究.强度间伐(总间伐强度50%)和中度间伐(总间伐强度35%)均在第7年和第14年进行共计2次间伐,对照在林木生长中期(第14年)进行1次轻度间伐(间伐强度15%).结果表明： 树干碳储量的比例随间伐强度增大而增加,树枝、叶和根碳储量的比例则略有降低,表明间伐有利于树干碳储量的累积.中度和强度间伐处理杉木人工林乔木层碳储量随间伐强度增加而减小,碳储量分别为对照的89.0%和83.1%.第1次间伐后2 a乔木层碳储量显著减少,第2次间伐后8 a,间伐处理乔木层碳储量恢复速率较快,强度间伐乔木层碳储量增量接近对照.林下植被层、凋落物层和土壤层碳储量在不同间伐处理间差异不显著.对照、中度和强度间伐杉木人工林系统总碳储量分别为169.34、156.65和154.37 t·hm^-2,不同间伐处理间差异不显著.可见,试验区杉木人工林间伐15 a后不会导致生态系统总碳储量降低.     

嫩江沙地不同年龄樟子松人工林种群结构与林下物种多样性动态

以嫩江沙地樟子松防风固沙人工林为对象,调查不同发育阶段(24、29、39和43年生)林分的种群结构、林下物种组成以及多样性的变化.结果表明:研究期间,所有樟子松人工固沙林中均未见更新幼苗.不同发育阶段的樟子松人工林在胸径和高度上有显著差异,随着林龄的增加,小径级个体的比例明显降低,大径级个体增多,种群趋于成熟,径级结构除43年生外均呈正态分布.林下物种共计33种,隶属于15科28属,禾本科的狗尾草为林下草本植被的优势种,但其优势程度随林龄增加而逐渐减小;随着林龄的增加,1年生植物的比例减少,多年生植物比例增加;Simpson多样性指数与Pielou均匀度指数差异不显著,39年生樟子松的丰富度指数、Shannon多样性指数和Alatalo均匀度指数均显著高于24年生樟子松,群落的物种多样性有所改善.     

Line thinning enhances diversity of Coleoptera in overstocked Cryptomeria japonica plantations in central Japan

We evaluated the effectiveness of line thinning, a new silvicultural technique, toward restoring diversity of Coleoptera in overstocked Cryptomeria japonica D. Don plantations in central Japan. We compared the abundance of some common Coleoptera families between line-thinned stands and adjacent unthinned stands in two plantations: low-elevation Sugi site (4 years since thinning) and high-elevation Kuchiotani site (6 years since thinning). Many bettle families comprising various functional groups such as plant feeders, wood borers, rotten wood feeders, root feeders, fungus feeders, dung feeders, and scavengers were more abundant in the line-thinned stands than in the unthinned stands. Furthermore, some important families were missing from the unthinned stands. There were strong positive relationships between Coleopteran abundance and understory vegetation. Our results suggest that line thinning may potentially increase biodiversity in overstocked C. japonica plantations by restoring important ecological processes such as food-web interactions (pollination, predation, herbivory, decomposition, parasitism, etc.), and habitat conditions.     

Community Comparison and Determinant Analysis of Understory Vegetation in Six Plantations in South China

Plantations cover large areas in many countries, and the enhancement of plantation biodiversity is an increasingly important ecological concern. Many studies have demonstrated that overstory composition is important because it influences understory regeneration. To compare the understory vegetation and analyze its determinant factors, six typical plantations in South China were investigated: Acacia mangium plantation, Schima superba plantation, Eucalyptus citriodora plantation, E. exserta plantation, mixed‐coniferous plantation, and mixed native species plantation. The results show that native species plantations shaded out more grasses and herbs than exotic species plantations, mixed‐species plantations recruited more understory species than monoculture plantations, the leguminous species plantation had higher soil nitrogen than nonleguminous species plantations, and understory vegetation in the mixed‐coniferous plantation was similar to that of mixed, native broadleaf species plantation. Although light is the crucial environmental factor affecting the understory community and diversity among the 14 measured factors, other environmental variables such as soil nutrients and soil moisture are also important.     

Passive Restoration of Atlantic Forest Following Pinus taeda Harvesting in Southern Brazil

The understory of exotic tree plantations can have non‐negligible native species richness. Ecological restoration of these sites may include the harvest of trees, depending on the tradeoff between timber income and harvest impacts on biodiversity. This study aimed to investigate how a site can recover from harvest disturbance, by comparing the regeneration of woody species in the understory of two types of 37‐year‐old Pinus taeda plantation (P1 and P2, high and low relative density of pine seedlings in the understory, respectively), with stands that were similar to P2 but subjected to harvest and then abandoned for 15 years (R sites). Secondary forests (SF) were used as references. We sampled three different sites for each stand condition; soil chemical properties, estimations of litter mass, and canopy cover were measured. P1 had low species diversity, and P2 and R had 50 and 46% of SF richness, respectively. The R site contained few pine saplings and was floristically similar to P2; this indicated that 15 years was sufficient for the recovery of plant diversity to near pre‐harvesting levels. Soil fertility was highest in SF and lowest in P1. Thus old plantations of P. taeda with low relative density of pine juveniles can be cost‐effective starting points for restoration. Despite the destructive effects of pine harvest, recovery of native species can occur rapidly. In situations in which clearcutting of pine stands is not planned or possible, modest thinning of P. taeda adults and/or intensive thinning of juveniles could expedite restoration.     

辽东山区长白落叶松人工林天然更新障碍分析

通过对辽东山区不同间伐强度下长白落叶松林内种子库，种子萌发，幼苗出现、成活与生长的观测，分析了长白落叶松天然更新的主要影响因素.结果表明:40年生落叶松人工林的种子雨中,有30%的种子有活力，可以满足天然更新的需要；土壤种子库的种子主要分布在枯枝落叶层，4月下旬林内种子开始萌发，6月幼苗数量达到最大，幼苗累计出现率与间伐强度(光照)之间无显著相关，只受到地被物的影响；随间伐强度的增加,幼苗平均存活率提高，但林下幼苗生长缓慢，苗高均不超过6 cm；林内当年幼苗9月全部消失，没有超过1年生的幼苗，但皆伐迹地的更新幼苗存活较多、生长良好.初步确定地被物和光照是辽东山区长白落叶松天然更新的主要障碍因子.     

Community structures of Mesostigmata, Prostigmata and Oribatida in broad-leaved regeneration forests and conifer plantations of various ages

The community structures of Mesostigmata, Prostigmata, and Oribatida in the soil of broad-leaved regeneration forests and conifer plantations of various ages were assessed alongside soil and plant environmental variables using three response metrics (density, species richness, and species–abundance distribution). The density and species richness of mites recovered swiftly after clear-cutting or replanting. Oribatid mites dominated the soil mite communities in terms of densities and species richness for both forest types. Soil mite communities in broad-leaved forests was related to forest age, the crown tree communities index, and forest-floor litter weight. In contrast, soil mite communities in the conifer plantation sites were related to various indices of understory plants. The development of the understory plants was synchronized with the silvicultural schedules, including a closed canopy and thinning. Such a conifer plantation management may affect indirectly the community of mites.     

抚育间伐对油松人工林下大型真菌的影响

真菌在森林凋落物分解过程中起重要作用,研究间伐如何影响真菌进而影响凋落物分解,对深入了解间伐调控人工林凋落物分解有重要意义。本文以抚育间伐后的中龄油松人工林为研究对象,设立对照（I）、轻度（II）、中度（III）和强度（IV）4种间伐强度,于2011年对间伐后林下大型真菌进行两次调查,分析了不同间伐强度下大型真菌的科的分布、优势种组成和生态指标（包括丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数）。结果表明：（1）8月、9月采集到的大型真菌分别为35种和25种,分属13个科和10个科;（2）在大型真菌出菇期,间伐改变了大型真菌的优势种组成,对照林下大型真菌优势种最初为外生菌根菌（粘盖乳牛肝菌 血红铆钉菇）后变为腐生菌（大盖小皮伞和脐顶小皮伞）,而间伐后林下优势种始终为腐生菌;（3）间伐影响大型真菌的生态指标,中度间伐林下大型真菌丰富度和多样性指数最高。总之,适度间伐不仅有利于提高林下大型真菌的丰富度与多样性,同时使其群落结构发生改变,群落优势种由外生菌根菌变为以分解凋落物为主的腐生菌,可促进凋落物的分解和养分循环。