国产木兰科6属植物柱头表面形态比较

用扫描电镜对中国产木兰科单性木兰属、木兰属、木莲属、含笑属、拟单性木兰属和观光木属的42种植物柱头表面形态进行观察.结果表明,42种木兰科植物的柱头均为干柱头,包含单细胞乳突型和多细胞乳突型两类.单性木兰属和观光木属植物是单细胞乳突型;木莲属、含笑属和拟单性木兰属植物是多细胞乳突型;木兰属中木兰亚属植物两型均有,而玉兰亚属则均为多细胞乳突型.结合其他证据,本文支持单性木兰属、木莲属、含笑属、拟单性木兰属和观光木属的建立,并认为在系统学问题较复杂的木兰属中,玉兰亚属是一个相对独立的单系类群,将其独立成属也不无道理,而木兰亚属可能不是一个单系类群,还需要进一步的深入研究,积累更多的性状数据.     

用matK序列分析探讨木兰属植物的系统发育关系

用木兰科Magnoliaceae 57种植物的matK基因序列构建了该科的系统发育分支图。结果表明: (1)木兰属Magnolia L.是一个因为性状的趋同演化而建立的多系类群; (2)木兰亚属subgen. Magnolia和玉兰亚属subgen. Yulania (Spach) Reichenb.亲缘关系较远, 支持将后者从该属中分出建立玉兰属Yulania Spach, 木兰亚属作为木兰属保留; (3)木兰亚属的sect. Splendentes Dandy ex Vazquez组与皱种组sect. Rytidospermum Spach的两个美洲种M. macrophylla Michaux和M. dealbata Zucc.亲缘关系较近, 荷花玉兰组sect. Theorhodon Spach与常绿组sect. Gwillimia DC.的亲缘关系较近; (4)盖裂木属Talauma Juss.可以成立, 而其分布于亚洲的Blumiana Blume组可归入木兰属; (5)拟单性木兰属Parakmeria Hu &; Cheng、华盖木属Manglietiastrum Law以及单性木兰属Kmeria (Pierre) Dandy形成一个单系群, 与玉兰亚属和含笑属Michelia L.的亲缘关系较近。花的着生位置不足以作为木兰科的分族依据, 含笑族Michelieae和木兰族Magnolieae的特征及其界定应做修改。将玉兰亚属从木兰属分出后, 木兰属与含笑属无性状交叉,成为两个区别明显的属。     

单性木兰花粉壁超微结构的研究

本首次报道单性木兰花粉的形态特征和外壁超微结构。花粉外部形态与木兰科各属特征一致,表明单性木兰花粉的原始性。但花粉外壁超微结构显示其外壁表面具皱波状纹饰;覆盖层浪状,具稀疏的小穿孔;柱状层很薄,主柱典型,直立,短而细。外壁超微结构表明单性木兰属在木兰亚族中是一个较进化的属。扫描电镜和透射电镜资料揭示出单性木兰在植物分类系统中的特殊地位和重要学术价值。     

中国木兰科各属次生木质部的解剖特征及系统演化

综述了中国木兰科 1 0属的次生木质部解剖学特征 ,包括导管分子 ,纤维管胞和木射线。同时 ,进一步讨论了其系统演化。这 1 0属分为两亚科 ,即 :木兰亚科(Magnoliodeae) ,包括木兰族 (Magnolieae)和含笑族 (MichelieaeLaw) ,木兰族有木莲属 (MaglietiaBl.)、华盖木属 (ManglietiastrumLaw)、木兰属 (MagnoliaL .)、拟单性木兰属 (ParakmeriaHuetCheng)、单性木兰属 [Kmeria (Pierre)Dandy]、长蕊木兰属 (AlcimandraDandy)共六属 ;含笑族有含笑属 (MicheliaL .)、合果木属(ParamicheliaHu)、观光木属 (TsoongiodendronChun)共三属。鹅掌楸亚科 [Lirio dendroideae (Bark)Law],仅鹅掌楸属 (LiriodendronL .)一属。大量的木材解剖学研究表明 ,木兰科的原始性很明显 ,但也有一些进化特征。可以通过属间的差别来分析本科的系统演化。木兰科的系统演化可简单总结为 :木兰亚科 [木兰族 (木莲属 ,华盖木属 ,拟单性木兰属 ,单性木兰属→木兰属 ,长蕊木兰属 )→含笑族 ]→鹅掌楸亚科。     

细胞学方法在木兰科杂交育种早期鉴定中的应用

研究了木兰科 1个属内种间杂交组合红花山玉兰 (Magnoliadelavayi) (♀ )×广玉兰(M grandiflora) (♂ )和 1个属间杂交组合红花山玉兰 (♀ )×乐东拟单性木兰 (Parakmerialotungensis) (♂ )的亲本及F1代的染色体数目和形态。结果表明 ,前者的杂交后代染色体数目为 76条 ,正好是二倍体红花山玉兰 (2n =2x =38)和六倍体广玉兰 (2n =6x =114 )的半数之和 ,且在F1代的分裂中期染色体具大小两种类型 ,可以明显看出来自红花山玉兰的染色体较大 ,而来自广玉兰的染色体较短小 ,这证明该F1为两者的杂交种 ;而后者的杂交后代染色体数仅为 38条 ,而不是二倍体山玉兰和六倍体乐东拟单性木兰 (2n =6x =114 )的半数之和 ,且所有染色体形态都与红花山玉兰相同这证明该F1代不是真正的杂交种 ,可能是无融合生殖的结果。本研究结果表明细胞学方法是木兰科植物杂交育种中早期检测的有效方法之一。     

木兰科植物的人工杂交

采用常规人工杂交方法,在木兰科中进行了68个组合杂交试验。结果表明：花粉活力随种类不同有很大差异,人工授粉后结实率很高,小孢子败育不是木兰科植物自然结实率普遍低的主要原因。木兰亚属种间杂交均表现为亲和,含笑属有些种间杂交不亲和;属间杂交多不亲和,但红元宝二乔玉兰与金叶含笑和云南含笑的杂交完全亲和,结实率高达80％～100％,表明玉兰亚属和含笑属间有较近的亲缘关系;观光木与金叶含笑、云南含笑虽有较高的杂交结实率,但杂交种子不能萌发,支持观光木属成立。     

中国木兰科3个特有属叶角质层的研究

在光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜下,对我国木兰科３个特有属,观光木属、华盖木属和拟单性木兰属共４种植物的叶表皮内外面进行了观察。它们的上表皮细胞形状不规则,细胞壁具有不同程度的波状弯曲。下表皮细胞形状及壁的特征与上表皮近似,并有大量的气孔器分布其间,气孔器微凸出于下表皮,长轴取向不规则,全部为平列型气孔。这些特征与木兰科其它属（除鹅掌揪属Ｌｉｒｉｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｎ外）一致,支持除鹅掌揪属外（该属仅有２种     

绿化新秀——乐东拟单性木兰

在我国众多的木兰科植物中,有一树形伟岸丰满,叶片浓绿光洁,花朵洁白芳香,具有极高园林观赏价值的绿化新秀,值得大力推广,那就是乐东拟单性木兰。 乐东拟单性木兰,别名乐东木兰、隆南,为木兰科拟单性木兰属常绿大乔木,是我国特有树种,并已被《中国植物红皮书》收载。树高20—30米,胸径     

中国木兰科11属40种植物的核形态研究

为了探讨木兰科属间系统学关系和一些种的分类学地位,对中国木兰科11属40种进行了核形态研究。所研究的20种木莲属植物都为二倍体,表明木莲属植物主要是在二倍体水平上进化的,不同的种类具有各自的遗传组成,细微的染色体结构变异可能导致种间形态发生了明显的变化。木兰属的染色体数目具多样性,表明属内存在着不同倍性水平上的进化,说明木兰属分布广泛、形态复杂多样有其细胞学基础。细胞学证据支持木莲属应为独立的属,不宜于归并到木兰属。已观察的含笑属都为二倍体,而木兰属玉兰亚属的大多数种类为多倍体。我们认为维持现有的含笑属的分类地位和范围是恰当的,不支持将含笑属和玉兰亚属合并为一属。拟单性木兰属都是多倍体。木兰科植物形态特征重叠,性状呈网状进化,细胞学证据在探讨一些大属属下种的分类地位时具有一定价值,但论及整个科的分类系统和属间亲缘关系时,作用比较微弱。本文在细胞学基础上,结合形态和地理分布,重点对木莲属一些种类的分类地位进行了讨论。     

木兰科13个分类群和12个杂交组合的染色体数目

对木兰科Magnoliaceae 13个分类群的染色体进行了计数, 其中落叶木莲Manglietia decidua、香港木兰Magnolia championii、馨香玉兰Magnolia odoratissima、香木兰Magnolia guangnanensis等12个种的染色体数目为首次报道。同时对木兰科属内属间的12个人工杂交组合的后代进行了染色体鉴定,其中,二乔玉兰红元宝Magnolia×soulangeana“Hongyuanbao” (♀,2n=4x=76)与云南含笑Michelia yunnanensis (♂,2n=2x=38)、红元宝与金叶含笑Michelia foveolata(♂,2n=2x=38)杂交后代的染色体为2n=3x=57,为其亲本染色体半数之和,证明这两个远缘杂交后代为真实杂种。     

Phyllotaxis of vegetative shoots, lamina rotation and their systematic implication in Magnoliaceae

Phyllotaxis in vegetative shoots and lamina rotation of Magnoliaceae are described. Most genera in Magnoliaceae investigated (except Parakmeria , Manglietiastrum and Pachylarnax ) show lamina rotation. Paraphoric, a new type of lamina rotation differing from four other types depicted by Charlton is clarified. Manglietia , Parakmeria , Manglietiastrum , Talauma , section Gwillimia and Rytidospermum in subgenus Magnolia , shoots of Woonyoungia , section Theorhodon and Liriodendron have spiral phyllotaxis, however Magnolia section Oyama and Maingol a, Alcimandra , Michelia , Paramichelia , Tsoogiodendron , buds of Woonyoungia , section Theorhodon and Liriodendron have distichous phyllotaxis. The systematic implication of vegetative shoot phyllotaxis and lamina rotation in Magnoliaceae is discussed in this paper.     

玉兰属的研究

介绍了玉兰属Yulania Spach分类简史,分析了玉兰属与木兰属Magnolia L.的主要分类性状及其区别,阐述了药室纵裂方向、开花时期、花蕾顶生与腋生等性状的演化关系,提出玉兰属与木兰属是趋同演化的两个分类群,花先叶开放等性状是玉兰属的重要标志,中国暖温带是该属树种的起源中心、分布中心和多样性中心等新观点。确立玉兰属的系统位置,对解决现有木兰属乃至木兰科分类系统的争论具有重要的意义。     

Phylogenetic relationships in family Magnoliaceae inferred from ndhF sequences

The ndhF sequences of 99 taxa, representing all sections in extant Magnoliaceae, were analyzed to address phylogenetic questions in the family. Magnolia macrophylla and M. dealbata, North American species of Magnolia section Rytidospermum, are placed at the base in the subfamily Magnolioideae although its supporting value is low. In the remaining taxa, several distinctive lineages are recognized: (1) Magnolia, the biggest genus in the family, is not monophyletic; (2) Michelia, including section Maingola of Magnolia subgenus Magnolia, is closely related with Elmerrillia and sections Alcimandra and Aromadendron of Magnolia subgenus Magnolia; (3) the associates of Michelia are grouped with Magnolia subgenus Yulania and section Gynopodium of Magnolia subgenus Magnolia; (4) Pachylarnax forms a clade with sections Manglietiastrum and Gynopodium of Magnolia; (5) a well-supported Manglietia clade is recognized; (6) Caribbean species of section Theorhodon of Magnolia subgenus Magnolia, which are section Splendentes sensu Vázquez-Garcia, are closely allied with New World members of Magnolia subgenus Talauma; and (7) section Rytidospermum of Magnolia subgenus Magnolia and subgenus Talauma are polyphyletic. The separated clades in the molecular tree are considerably different from traditional taxonomic dispositions in the family. The molecular data strongly suggest that a taxonomic realignment of infrafamilial delimitations and compositions should be considered.     

Phylogenetic relationships of the Magnoliaceae inferred from cpDNA matK sequences

The coding region of the matK gene was sequenced to infer the phylogeny of the family Magnoliaceae. Phylogenetic analyses of 21 matK sequences representing ten genera of Magnoliaceae and three outgroups suggest relationships among both subfamilies and genera. Monophyly of the subfamily Liriodendroideae (the genus Liriodendron) and the subfamily Magnolioideae is strongly supported, respectively. Within the subfamily Magnolioideae, three clades are formed: (1) the genus Magnlietia, (2) the subgenus Magnolia, and (3) the subgenus Yulania, with the genera Michelia, Paramichelia, Tsoongiodendron, Alcimandra, Kmeria, Parakmeria and Manglietiastrum. However, the genus Magnolia is shown to be a polyphyletic group, and the genus Michelia a paraphyletic group. Relatively low sequence divergences are detected among genera of the the subfamily Magnolioideae, ranging from 0.14% to 1.70%, especially in the tribe Micheliinae (0.14–0.98%). Molecular evidence from matK sequence data suggests that the phylogenetic positions and the delimitation of the eight genera Magnolia, Michelia, Tsoongiodendron, Paramichelia, Alcimandra, Kmeria, Parakmeria and Manglietiastrum need to be reconsidered. Received: 2 January 2000 / Accepted: 12 February 2000     

Sclerotesta morphology and its systematic implications in magnoliaceous seeds

Seeds of 101 species from 14 genera were observed using stereoscopic and scanning electron microscopy. Sclerotesta morphology is stable within the genera of Magnoliaceae. Two different morphological types are described according to features of the chalazal region, which have great value in classification and have been found only in Magnoliaceae. One is the pore type, characterized by being simple, observed in the relatively primitive taxa of this family, including Manglietia, Pachylarnax, Magnolia (19 species), Aromadendron, Talauma (eight species), Parakmeria (one species), Kmeria (one species), Elmerrillia and Liriodendron . The other one is the tube type, which is characterized by having a more complex structure consisting of a central hollow tube contained within a hole. This type was observed in relatively advanced taxa, including Manglietiastrum, Magnolia (15 species), Talauma (three species), Parakmeria (four species), Kmeria (one species), Alcimandra, Michelia, Paramichelia and Tsoongiodendron . Transitional types between these two were observed in some species of Magnolia . Chalazal region morphology, together with other useful sclerotesta characters, including seed size, shape, the raphal sinus and the external surface of the sclerotesta, may be used as diagnostic characteristics of genera, and even species in Magnoliaceae. A key to identify the different genera is supplied.  © 2003 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2003, 142 , 407–424.     

Floral Ontogeny of Two Species in Magnolia L.

Floral ontogeny is described in two species of genus Magnolia （Magnollaceae）, Magnolia alboserlcea Chun et C. Tsoong, and M. amoena Cheng, representing subgenus Magnolia and subgenus Yulani In Magnolia, by using scanning electron microscope （SEM）. The sequence of Initiation of floral organs Is from proximal to distal. The three distinct outermost and middle organs are Initiated in sequence, but ultimately form a single whorl, thus their ontogeny Is consistent with a sepal Interpretation. The last three tepals （petals） alternate with the preceding tepal whorl. The members of androeclum and gynoeclum arise spirally, although the androecium shows some Intermedlacy between a spiral and whorled arrangement. The carpel prlmordia initiate in group of four to five. The order of stamen Initiation within each tier Is not determined. The floral ontogeny Is remarkably homogeneous between the subgenus Magnolia and subgenus Yulani that does not support the resuming of genus Yulani.     

拟单性木兰属（木兰科）植物的分类学修订

根据标本研究和野外调查,对木兰科(Magnoliaceae)的拟单性木兰属(Parakmeria Hu &; Cheng)进行了分类学修订。回顾了此属的分类学简史,阐述了保留拟单性木兰属的理由,将Magnolia Linn. subgenus Gynopodium Figlar &; Noot. section Gynopodium 作为拟单性木兰属的新异名,将Magnolia yunnanensis (Hu) Noot. 和M. nitida W. W. Smith var. robusta B. L. Chen &; Noot.作为云南拟单性木兰(Parakmeria yunnanensis Hu)的新异名,将Magnolia omeiensis (Cheng) Dandy、M. lotungensis Chun &; C. H. Tsoong、M. nitida W. W. Smith var. lotungensis (Chun &; C. H. Tsoong) B. L. Chen &; Noot. 和Parakmeria lotungensis (Chun &; C. H. Tsoong) Law作为峨眉拟单性木兰(Parakmeria omeiensis Cheng)的新异名,确认拟单性木兰属含４种植物,列出了分种检索表,描述了各种的地理分布和生长环境。