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1.
人类活动对普氏原羚分布的影响   总被引:16,自引:1,他引:15  
根据卫星遥感(TM)影像与野外——GPS(全球定位系统)定位的实地考察资料,结合数字化的地形图、植被图与土地利用图、交通图,利用地理信息系统软件——生态信息系统(EIS)建立了地理信息系统模型,采用生境评价方法HEP就人类活动对青海湖地区普氏原羚生境的影响进行了分析。影响普氏原羚生境适合度的因素主要为基质类型、坡度、水源远近、植被类型与人类活动。当不考虑人类活动影响时,普氏原羚活动区的面积为7955km 2,最佳生境为典型草原,其次为灌丛沙地,折合适宜生境面积4664km 2。由于交通、居民点、农业用地等土地利用的影响,普氏原羚仅分布在草地沙地边缘,其适宜分布区迅速减小,生境的适合度等级出现明显变化,最适生境缺损,折合最适生境面积511km 2。只占原来适合生境面积11% 。典型草原围栏与人为放牧影响,普氏原羚实际分布区面积只有350km 2,讨论了普氏原羚的保护对策。  相似文献   

2.
普氏原羚的采食对策   总被引:18,自引:0,他引:18  
刘丙万  蒋志刚 《动物学报》2002,48(3):309-316
从1998年8月到2000年6月,我们在青海省共和县和海晏县利用系统取样法测定了植物的地上生物量,利用粪样显微组织学分析法、目标动物记录法研究了约200只普氏原羚的食物组成和采食时间,同时研究了普氏原羚对采食生境的选择。我们发现:(1)采食是普氏原羚的主要活动之一,占其活动时间的40.0%-65.6%。普氏原羚晨昏采食时间超过总采食时间82.9%;(2)普氏原羚在人为干扰小、食物丰富度高的地方采集,人为干扰与食物丰富度对普氏原羚的采食活动影响显著(P<0.01);(3)普氏原羚是广食性物种,共取食16科50种植物,其食物组成季节性差异极为显著(P<0.01);(4)食物资源影响普氏原羚的食物组成。普氏原羚的食物中从11月份到第二年5月会出现替代性食物狼毒和马蔺,食物中狼毒和马蔺的比例随食物资源的下降而上升;在5月份,偶吃性食物沙蒿所占比例最大,为13.8%;(5)普氏原羚选择芨藤草草原以及其它食物丰富度高、隐蔽条件好和人类干扰少的生境作为采食区;几乎不在围栏内采食,但常在距离围栏1km内的生境中采食,对距离围栏1km以上的采食生境的选择为随机选择;普氏原羚不在沙丘中采食,而在沙丘边缘的生态交错带采食。基于以上结果,我们认为:人类活动和食物资源量对普氏原羚的采食对策影响显著。  相似文献   

3.
内蒙古达赉湖地区蒙原羚生境适宜度评价   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
刘丙万  顾丽  张博  秦立鑫  包黎明 《生态学杂志》2012,31(10):2568-2572
2008年在内蒙古达赉湖地区蒙原羚(Procapra gutturosa)生境考察基础上,以植被类型、植被盖度、坡度、距水源距离、距放牧点距离、距居民点距离、距道路距离为生境适宜性评价因子,利用3S技术和模糊赋值对蒙原羚生境适宜度进行评价。结果表明:在不考虑人为干扰时,蒙原羚的最适宜生境面积占总面积的17.7%,次适宜生境面积占总面积的36.9%,不适宜生境面积占总面积的45.4%;考虑人为干扰时蒙原羚的最适宜生境面积占总面积的13.0%,次适宜生境面积占总面积的28.3%,不适宜生境面积占总面积的58.7%;研究地区蒙原羚实际生境和潜在生境相比,不适宜生境面积增加了29.2%,表明人为干扰是内蒙古达赉湖地区蒙原羚适宜生境急剧减少的主要原因。  相似文献   

4.
普氏原羚生境选择的数量化分析   总被引:22,自引:2,他引:20  
1998年8月至1999年8月,在湖东种羊场地区开展了普氏原羚生境选择的研究。在湖东-克图沙丘和草原交界处沿约30km的样线开展种群调查,在调查过程中,共发现582只普氏原羚,在研究中选择了8类与普氏原羚生境选择相关的生态因子:植被类型,食物丰富度、草原围栏,隐蔽条件。人为干扰、距公路距离,距沙丘距离和距农业用地距离,研究了普氏原羚的生境选择,在研究中,将这些生态因子分别分成3个等级,进行回归分析,建立普氏原羚在不同生境中出现的概率的预测性方程,通过对生态因子和普氏原羚在不同生境中出现的概率进行方差分析,判断影响普氏原羚生境选择的主要生态因子是人为干扰和围栏,其次为食物丰富度,距沙丘距离和农业用地距离,植被类型,隐蔽条件和与公路距离对普氏原羚生境选择的影响不明显。  相似文献   

5.
江西桃红岭国家级自然保护区梅花鹿生境适宜性评价   总被引:8,自引:4,他引:4  
华南梅花鹿(Cervus nippon)被IUCN列入濒危物种,也是我国国家Ⅰ级重点保护动物。目前种群仅分布于江西、浙江、安徽等狭窄的区域内,形成多个孤立种群,生境破碎和丧失被认为是限制梅花鹿种群增长的主要原因。于2011年3月至2013年3月采用样线法和样方法对桃红岭国家级自然保护区梅花鹿栖息地进行了野外调查,利用空间模拟方法,结合地理信息系统(GIS)技术的空间分析功能,以植被类型、坡度、坡向、海拔和人类干扰活动作为评价因子进行了生境适宜性评价。结果表明,桃红岭地区以森林为主,各类林地面积约9 488.15 hm~2,占75.90%,植被类型分为落叶阔叶林、针叶林、常绿阔叶林、针阔混交林、竹林、灌丛、草丛和芭茅丛,面积分别为1664.57、1638.63、3438.21、1247.15、87.85、1143.88、60.92 hm~2和206.94 hm~2。在不考虑人类活动影响时,梅花鹿的适宜生境和次适宜生境面积分别是2233.99 hm~2和2980.24 hm~2,分别占保护区总面积的18.61%和24.83%;而考虑人类活动影响时,梅花鹿的适宜生境和次适宜生境面积分别是1224.04 hm~2和2164.70 hm~2,分别占保护区总面积的10.20%和18.04%。由于梅花鹿的生境受到居民点、主要道路、农田耕作、森林采伐等人类活动的强烈影响,导致大量适宜和次适宜生境丧失、隔离,景观破碎度指数由0.4345增加到0.5898。以潜在可利用生境面积计算,保护区梅花鹿环境容纳量为(568±160)只,而以实际可利用生境面积计算,则只能容纳(368±105)只。适宜生境的丧失和破碎可能是限制桃红岭梅花鹿国家级自然保护区梅花鹿种群恢复的重要因素,在此基础上,通过实际调查提出了管理措施。  相似文献   

6.
卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区蒙古野驴生境适宜性评价   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
为加强蒙古野驴(Equus hemionus hemionus)的生境保护及管理工作,作者以2005年以来在卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区的野外调查数据为基础,在地理信息系统(GIS)支持下,以距水源点距离、坡度、植被类型和人类活动为评价因子,采用生境评价模型,对蒙古野驴的生境进行了适宜性评价。不考虑人类活动影响下,春、夏、秋、冬四季潜在总适宜生境面积分别为9,784km2、8,090km2、9,379km2和10,856km2,分别占保护区总面积的54.4%、44.9%、52.1%和60.3%。由于受到国道、矿产开采、冬季放牧等人类活动的强烈影响,研究区内适宜生境大量丧失,冬季丧失面积最多,为6,629km2,占冬季潜在总适宜面积的61.1%。基于评价结果作者提出了相应的蒙古野驴种群保护措施:(1)加强水源地的保护;(2)限制冬季进入保护区内家畜的数量,并为蒙古野驴划定预留适宜生境;(3)严格制定进入保护区的制度;(4)拆除迁移路线上的边境围栏或建设野生动物通道,以保障蒙古野驴正常的迁徙活动,恢复其种群基因交流。  相似文献   

7.
人类活动对普氏羚分布的影响   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
李迪强  蒋志刚 《生态学报》1999,19(6):890-895
根据卫星遥感(TM)影像与野外--GPS(全球定位系统)定位的实地考察资料,结合数字经物地形图、植被图与土地利用图、交通图,利用地理信息系统软件--生态信息系统(EIS)建立了地理信息系统模型,采用生境评价方法HEP新人类活动对青海湖地区普氏原羚生境适合度的因素主要为基质类型、坡度、水源远近、植被类型与人类活动。当不考虑人类活动影响时,普氏原羚活动区的面积为795km^2,最佳为典型草原,其次为灌  相似文献   

8.
青木川自然保护区大熊猫生境评价   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
在实地调查和收集资料的基础上,对陕西省青木川自然保护区大熊猫生境选择的特点进行研究;利用层次分析法以及ArcMap、ArcView等地理信息系统辅助软件,从地理环境因素、生物群落因素、主食竹因素和干扰因素4方面对大熊猫栖息地的核心区和缓冲区进行质量评价.结果表明:研究区适宜大熊猫生存的生境面积比例为62.1%;次适宜生境面积占31.0%;不适宜生境面积占6.9%.大熊猫适宜生境主要分布在研究区西部和北部海拔较高的地带,不适宜生境主要受植被类型、竹子因素、干扰因素等影响.为减少大熊猫不适宜生境,需要保护区管理者进一步完善管理机制,控制人类活动,特别是海拔900 ~ 1600 m范围内的放牧、割竹和砍柴活动.  相似文献   

9.
马可波罗盘羊是帕米尔高原的代表性物种,开展生境适宜性评价对于该物种的保护与管理具有重要意义。综合考虑植被、地形等影响马可波罗盘羊生境选择的关键因子,以及道路和牧场等人为干扰因子,借助ArcGIS,构建生境适宜性指数模型,在不同尺度上评价分析马可波罗盘羊的生境适宜性及其季节变化特征。结果表明:15836 km~2保护区内马可波罗盘羊夏季潜在适宜生境面积为2127.19 km~2,冬季为1915.70 km~2。保护区西北部面积3767.73 km~2的马可波罗盘羊实际分布区内,夏季潜在适宜生境面积为1095.48 km~2,冬季为1072.82 km~2,马可波罗盘羊适宜生境集中分布于保护区内该物种实际分布区。受人为干扰,保护区内马可波罗盘羊夏季和冬季实际适宜生境丧失率分别为18.43%和17.78%,实际分布区内适宜生境丧失率分别为33.65%和29.73%,表明实际分布区马可波罗盘羊适宜生境受人类活动影响较大,应予以重点保护。总体而言,影响马可波罗盘羊生境适宜性的关键因素是国道314和放牧。基于上述研究结果,作者提出了4点关于马可波罗盘羊生境保护,以及保护区管理与规划的建议与思考。  相似文献   

10.
普氏原羚的历史分布与现状   总被引:26,自引:3,他引:23  
蒋志刚  蔡平 《兽类学报》1995,15(4):241-245
普氏原羚是我国特有的珍稀动物,曾分布于内蒙古和青海,现仅生存于青海湖北东北部及西部的鸟岛、察拉滩和小北湖一带,数量不足300只,由于人类稠密地区的阻隔,位于青海湖西的种群与湖东北种群已无可能进行基因交流。由于种群小、易被偷猎、生境破碎和无采食场所等原因。它们已是我国,也很可能是世界上最濒危的有蹄类动物之一,必须立即采取保护措施,否则,普氏原羚有可能在近期内灭绝。  相似文献   

11.
A new polynitro cage compound 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptcyclo [5.5.1.1(3,11).1(5,9)] pentadecane (NNNAHP) was designed in the present work. Its molecular structure was optimized at the B3LYP/6-31 G(d,p) level of density functional theory (DFT) and crystal structure was predicted using the Compass and Dreiding force fields and refined by DFT GGA-RPBE method. The obtained crystal structure of NNNAHP belongs to the P-1 space group and the lattice parameters are a = 9.99 ?, b = 10.78 ?, c = 9.99 ?, α = 90.01°, β = 120.01°, γ = 90.00°, and Z = 2, respectively. Based on the optimized crystal structure, the band gap, density of state, thermodynamic properties, infrared spectrum, strain energy, detonation characteristics, and thermal stability were predicted. Calculation results show that NNNAHP has detonation properties close to those of CL-20 and is a high energy density compound with moderate stability.  相似文献   

12.
13.
The variation with age of the 18 trace element mass fractions and some histological characteristics of intact prostate glands of 50 subjects aged 0–30 years was investigated by instrumental neutron activation analysis, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, and a quantitative morphometric analysis. Mean values ± standard error of the mean (M ± SΕΜ) for the mass fractions (in milligrams per kilogram wet tissue) of these trace elements in pre-puberty were: Al 28.5 ± 9.0, B 0.40 ± 0.11, Ba 1.48 ± 0.44, Br 10.5 ± 1.5, Ca 241 ± 30, Cl 3,203 ± 278, Cu 3.51 ± 0.89, Fe 33.7 ± 4.1, K 2,364 ± 145, Li 0.020 ± 0.004, Mg 153 ± 23, Mn 0.46 ± 0.06, Na 2,286 ± 130, P 1,391 ± 100, S 1,698 ± 132, Si 62 ± 11, Sr 0.38 ± 0.08, and Zn 27.6 ± 2.3. During puberty and postpuberty, when there is a significant increase in circulating androgens, the mean values were: Al 7.2 ± 1.4, B 0.21 ± 0.05, Ba 0.25 ± 0.06, Br 5.8 ± 1.0, Ca 433 ± 81, Cl 2,314 ± 201, Cu 1.77 ± 0.13, Fe 20.9 ± 1.6, K 2,585 ± 118, Li 0.0088 ± 0.0014, Mg 232 ± 27, Mn 0.34 ± 0.04, Na 1,875 ± 107, P 1,403 ± 98, S 1,673 ± 73, Si 22.2 ± 3.1, Sr 0.22 ± 0.03, and Zn 93.3 ± 8.9. Mean values (M ± SΕΜ) of percent volumes (%) of the stroma, epithelium and lumen in the prostate before puberty were 73.4 ± 2.6, 20.4 ± 1.7, and 4.45 ± 0.94, respectively, versus 46.5 ± 2.5, 38.5 ± 1.9, and 14.9 ± 1.2 during puberty and postpuberty. This work’s results confirm that the Zn mass fraction in prostate tissue is an androgen-dependent parameter. For the first time it has been demonstrated that the glandular lumen is a main pool of Ca, Mg, and Zn accumulation and that the stroma is a main pool of Al, B, Ba, Br, Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, Na, and Si accumulation in the normal human prostate, for the age range 0–30 years. It was concluded that the Ca, Mg, and Zn binds tightly within the prostatic fluid, because the volume of glandular lumen reflects the volume of prostatic fluid.  相似文献   

14.
The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.  相似文献   

15.
The goal of this article was to establish reference ranges of the concentration of trace elements in human serum and to compare these results with those reported by other authors. We describe the sample preparation and measurement conditions that allow the rapid, precise, and accurate determination of Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum samples (n=110) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Accuracy and precision were determined by analyzing three reconstituted reference serum samples by comparison with other methods and by the standard addition procedure. The advantages of the ICP-MS method include short time of analysis of the elements mentioned, low detection limit, high precision, and high accuracy. Disadventages include a high risk of contamination due to the presence of some of the elements of interest in the environment, the relatively delicate sample handling, and the high cost of the equipment.  相似文献   

16.
Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.  相似文献   

17.
《Ibis》1894,36(3):447-460
  相似文献   

18.
This report attempts to formulate reference ranges of elemental concentrations for 15 trace elements in selected human tissues and body fluids. A set of samples consisting of whole blood, blood serum, urine, milk, liver, and hair were chosen and considered for 15 elements of biological significance: As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, F, Fe, I, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn. The results represent wholly or partially data received from 40 countries of the global regions of Africa, Asia, Europe, North, South, and Central America, Australia, and New Zealand. This survey, even if qualitative, has been useful in demonstrating certain trends of trace-element scenarios around the world. It is of course recognized that both diet and environment exert a strong influence on the distribution pattern of several elements, such as As, Cd, Mn, Pb, Se, and Zn. A limited comparison of the available information on soil status of different countries reflected some interesting associations for elements, such as Mn and Zn. Importantly, this study revealed that only a few countries were in a position to identify a reasonable amount of data on samples requested for this project. Regretably, for a number of countries, any dependable data for even such essential elements as Cu, Fe, and Zn were not available. In view of the nutritional importance of many elements, the time is ripe for concerted efforts by intergovernmental agencies to initiate investigations or commission task forces/projects to generate reliable reference data for selected global regions, which sadly lack data of any kind at present.  相似文献   

19.
20.
We report 19 new species records for the faunal list of Coleoptera in New Brunswick, Canada, six of which are new records for the Maritime provinces, and one of which is new Canadian record. We also provide the first recent records for five additional species in New Brunswick. One new species of Stenotrachelidae, Cephaloon ungulare LeConte, is added to the New Brunswick faunal list. Additional records are provided for Cephaloon lepturides Newman, as well the first recent record of Nematoplus collaris LeConte. Two species of Oedemeridae, Asclera puncticollis (Say) and Asclera ruficollis (Say), are newly reported for New Brunswick, and additional locality and bionomic data are provided for Calopus angustus LeConte and Ditylus caeruleus (Randall). The records of Ditylus caerulus are the first recent records for the province. Three species of Meloidae, Epicauta pestifera Werner, Lytta sayi LeConte, and Meloe augustcollis Say are reported the first time for New Brunswick; Epicauta pestifera is newly recorded in Canada. Lacconotus punctatus LeConte and the family Mycteridaeis newly recorded for New Brunswick. The first recent records of Borus unicolor Say (Boridae) are reported from the province. One new species of Pythidae, Pytho siedlitzi Blair, and the first recent records of Pytho niger Kirby are added to the faunal list of New Brunswick. Three species of Pyrochroidae are newly reported for the province, including Pedilus canaliculatus (LeConte) and Pedilus elegans (Hentz), which are new for the Maritime provinces. Five species of Anthicidae and the first recent record of Anthicus cervinus LaFerté-Sénectére are newly reported for New Brunswick. Anthicus melancholicus LaFerté-Sénectère, Sapintus pubescens (LaFerté-Sénectère), Notoxus bifasciatus (LeConte), and Stereopalpus rufipes Casey are new to the Maritime provinces faunal list. Ambyderus granularis (LeConte) is removed from the faunal list of the province. Three species of Aderidae, Vanonus huronicus Casey, Zonantes fasciatus (Melsheimer), and Zonantes pallidusWerner, are newly recorded for New Brunswick; Zonantes fasciatus and Vanonus huronicus are new for the Maritime provinces' faunal list. Collection data, bionomic data, and distribution maps are presented for all these species.  相似文献   

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