大白菜(Brassica pekinensis)与甘蓝(B.oleracea)的种间试管受精

通过大白菜胚珠与甘蓝花粉的试管授粉和受精得到了杂种种子。杂交一代的植株形态和花粉发育情况及根尖细胞染色体数均表明为种间杂种。杂种植株具有父母本的特征,某些性状介于双亲之间;花粉粒发育不正常;根尖细胞染色体数为2n=19。本研究为其他十字花科植物的远缘杂交中克服不亲和性提供了依据。     

红花烟草(Nicotiana tabacum L.)与黄花烟草(N.rustica L.)的种间试管受精

用试管受精方法来克服远缘杂交不亲和性,以获得用常规杂交技术所不能得到的远缘杂种,仅有石竹科和茄科的例子,而且其中也尚缺乏细胞学和生化方面的资料。在栽培红花烟草×栽培黄花烟草中的种间试管受精工作迄今尚未见报道。我们用试管受精方法在上述种间杂交组合中克服了烟草远缘杂交不亲和性并获得了种间杂种,同时对其进行了形态学和细胞学观察以及过氧化物酶同功酶分析。供试材料为栽培红花烟草(Nicotianatabacum L.cv.千斤黄,2n=48)和栽培黄花烟草(M.rustica L.cv.蛤蟆烟、羊耳烟,2n=48)。其杂交组合为:千斤黄×蛤蟆烟和千斤黄×羊耳烟。     

三角鲂（Megalobrama terminalis）精子与青鱼（Mylopharyngodon piceus）卵子的受精细胞学研究

以青鱼(Mylopharyngodon piccus)为母本和三角鲂(Megalobrama terminalis)为父本的杂交虽是不同亚科的远缘杂交,但有正常的受精细胞学程序和常规的细胞分裂(卵裂)方式。这些实验结果,为开展鱼类远缘杂交提供了受精生物学的理论基础;同时还证实鱼类远缘杂交的异种精子不仅有激活卵子的作用,而且参与了遗传物质的组成,使父本的性状能够在杂种后代表现出来。实践证明,鱼类遗传育种可以通过远缘杂交的途径获得杂种优势。青鲂杂种一代既具有母本青鱼的性状,也兼有父本三角鲂的特征,通过养殖试验已在渔业生产中取得成效(拟另文发表)。     

菸草胚珠的离体受精

植物的离体受精,又称为试管受精,是六十年代发展起来的新技术。Kanta首先应用子房内传粉的方法,实现了罂栗的离体受精,Kanta等直接对罂粟的离休胚珠进行授粉,并获得成功。此后,离体受精技术得到迅速的发展,二十年来,已在三十多种植物中获得了不同程度的进展,其中包括自交不亲和性植物的自交受精和种属间的远缘杂交受精。离体受精技术,目前已发展成为植物的遗传育种和植物生理研究中一项重要的基本     

物种是怎样形成的

现存的生物是进化的产物,进化的关键是物种起源。物种起源是一个笼统的概念,要想研究物种之间如何演变,如何由A种演变成B种,就必须澄清物种形成的方式。达尔文运用自然选择的原理,认为自然选择是物种形成的动力,并着重指出“自然选择只能通过累积轻微的、连续的、有益的变异而发生作用,所以不     

物种形成基因及其功能

什么是物种?新物种是如何形成的？这些问题是生命科学研究的重大问题.物种的形成是在生殖隔离的基础上某些新的生物学性状的形成和保留,是生物进化的最基本过程,其实质是基因结构突变的积累与功能的分化. 地理隔离使群体中的基因不能交流,基因突变也会影响个体间交配趣向,从而造成交配隔离或者交配后杂合体的基因组不亲和、杂交不育甚至杂交不活,使不同的群体逐渐分化为新物种. 随着分子生物学与基因组学的飞速发展,进化生物学家已经发现一些与物种形成有关的基因-物种形成基因（speciation genes）,鉴定并了解这些基因的功能,不仅能使我们在分子水平上理解新物种形成的实质和规律、而且对于我们突破种间屏障进行远缘杂交育种也有重要的理论指导意义.本文综述了目前对几个物种形成基因及其功能的研究进展,为该领域的进一步研究提供资料.     

怀庆地黄胚珠试管受精的研究

怀庆地黄为自交系不亲和植物。为了克服其自交不亲和性,1978—1981年我们对其进行了胚珠试管受精研究,成功地克服了其自交不亲和的障碍,获得了试管受精的种子、幼苗和植株。试管受精所得的植株为二倍体。未授粉的带胎座的胚珠未形成种子和植株。完整雌蕊进行离体自花授粉,不能克服其自交不亲和性。通过胚珠试管受精,可消除雌性孢子体的柱头和花柱对花粉萌发和花粉管生长的抑制作用。     

西瓜与近缘种亲缘关系的比较基因组原位杂交分析

物种间亲缘关系的研究是杂交育种的理论基础,野生西瓜在西瓜育种中具有重要作用,然而目前对西瓜属物种间亲缘关系的研究十分有限,而且对西瓜属物种的分类问题还存在分歧.比较基因组原位杂交是分析物种间亲缘关系的有效手段,本研究以西瓜基因组DNA作探针,分别对缺须西瓜、热迷西瓜、药西瓜和诺丹西瓜有丝分裂中期染色体进行了比较基因组原位杂交分析,揭示了西瓜属物种间的亲缘关系,同时对分类地位尚存在争议的诺丹西瓜的归属问题进行了分析,发现诺丹西瓜和甜瓜之间具有非常近的亲缘关系,本研究结果为西瓜与近缘种间的远缘杂交提供了重要的理论依据.     

基因流存在条件下的物种形成研究述评:生殖隔离机制进化

物种形成过程是生物多样性形成的基础, 长期以来一直是进化生物学的中心议题之一。传统的异域物种形成理论认为, 地理隔离是物种分化的主要决定因子, 物种形成只有在种群之间存在地理隔离的情况下才能发生。近年来, 随着种群基因组学的发展和溯祖理论分析方法的完善, 种群间存在基因流情况下的物种形成成为进化生物学领域新的研究焦点。物种形成过程中是否有基因流的发生?基因流如何影响物种的形成与分化?基因流存在条件下物种形成的生殖隔离机制是什么?根据已发表的相关文献资料, 作者综述了当前物种形成研究中基因流的时间和空间分布模式、基因流对物种分化的影响以及生殖隔离机制形成等问题, 指出基因流存在条件下的物种形成可能是自然界普遍发生的一种模式。     

春小麦与豌豆远缘杂交初报

远缘杂交的研究,对于物种形成、系统发育、遗传性及变异性关系的建立以及引种的理论和实践等问题均具有特别重要的意义。我们于1970年开始进行春小麦与豌豆的远缘杂交工作,目的是想把豌豆的早熟、粒大、粒重的优良特性结合在小麦上,培育出适应高寒地区早熟稳产的春小麦新品种。几年来已获得一些品系,有的品系已接近育种目标,经过试种受到群众的好评,现将这项工作简要报道如下。     

Progress and prospects for interspecific hybridization in buckwheat and the genus Fagopyrum

Cultivated buckwheat, such as common (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.) and tartary (Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn.) buckwheat, is one of the most versatile crops for forage and food and has several benefits for human health. Interspecific hybridization between Fagopyrum species is of great importance to improvement of buckwheat. Hybridization would allow the transfer of agronomical beneficial characteristics from wild Fagopyrum species, including self-pollination and increased fertility, frost tolerance, and higher content of beneficial compounds. However, conventional breeding methods are only partially applicable because of the self-incompatibility and incompatibility barriers between different species. Present review summarizes the morphology of self-incompatibility, the genetic and cellular basis of incompatibility between different Fagopyrum species. In many interspecific crosses hybrid embryos are aborted after successful pollination due to post-zygotic incompatibility. The use of in vitro embryo rescue after interspecific hybridization has been successful in circumventing breeding barriers between Fagopyrum species. Methods applied successfully for the construction of interspecific hybrids are discussed in detail.     

Behavioural reproductive isolation and speciation in Drosophila

The origin of premating reproductive isolation continues to help elucidate the process of speciation and is the central event in the evolution of biological species. Therefore, during the process of species formation the diverging populations must acquire some means of reproductive isolation so that the genes from one gene pool are prevented from dispersing freely into a foreign gene pool. In the genus Drosophila, the phenomenon of behavioural reproductive isolation, which is an important type of premating (prezygotic) reproductive isolating mechanisms, has been extensively studied and interesting data have been documented. In many cases incomplete sexual isolation has been observed and the pattern and degree of isolation within and between the species have often been used to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships. The present review documents an overview of speciation mediated through behavioural incompatibility in different species groups of Drosophila with particular reference to the models proposed on the basis of one-sided ethological isolation to predict the direction of evolution. This study is crucial for understanding the mechanism of speciation through behavioural incompatibility and also for an understanding of speciation genetics in future prospects.     

CASE STUDIES AND MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF ECOLOGICAL SPECIATION. 4. HYBRID SPECIATION IN BUTTERFLIES IN A JUNGLE

We build a spatial individual-based multilocus model of homoploid hybrid speciation tailored for a tentative case of hybrid origin of Heliconius heurippa from H. melpomene and H. cydno in South America. Our model attempts to account for empirical patterns and data on genetic incompatibility, mating preferences and selection by predation (both based on coloration patterns), habitat preference, and local adaptation for all three Heliconius species. Using this model, we study the likelihood of recombinational speciation and identify the effects of various ecological and genetic parameters on the dynamics, patterns, and consequences of hybrid ecological speciation. Overall, our model supports the possibility of hybrid origin of H. heurippa under certain conditions. The most plausible scenario would include hybridization between H. melpomene and H. cydno in an area geographically isolated from the rest of both parental species with subsequent long-lasting geographic isolation of the new hybrid species, followed by changes in the species ranges, the secondary contact, and disappearance of H. melpomene -type ecomorph in the hybrid species. However, much more work (both empirical and theoretical) is necessary to be able to make more definite conclusions on the importance of homoploid hybrid speciation in animals.     

Intergeneric somatic hybridization and its application to crop genetic improvement

Related or distant species of cultivated cs are a large pool of many desirable genes. Gene transfer from these species through conventional breeding is difficult owing to post- and pre-zygotic sexual incompatibilities. Somatic hybridization via protoplast fusion is a possible alternative for gene transfer from these species to cultivated crops. Since the early days of somatic hybridization many intergeneric somatic hybrids have been developed through symmetric fusion, asymmetric fusion and microfusion. Somatic hybrids are mainly selected by using markers such as specific media or fusion parents with special features, biochemical mutants, antibiotic resistance and complementation strategy. The hybridity of the regenerants is determined based on morphological, cytological and molecular analysis. The inheritance patterns of nuclear and cytoplasmic genomes in the somatic hybrids are diverse. Nuclear DNA from both fusion parents co-exists congruously in some hybrids with translocation and rearrangement of chromosomes, but spontaneous elimination of chromosomes from either or both fusion parents has been observed very often. In asymmetric fusion, chromosome elimination is an important issue that is a complicated process influenced by many factors, such as irradiation dose, phylogenetic relatedness, ploidy level of fusion parent and regenerants. As for chloroplast genome, uniparental segregation is mainly detected, though co-existence is also reported in some cases. The mitochondrial genome, in contrast to chloroplast, undergoes recombination and very frequent rearrangements. Somatic cell fusion has potential applications for crop genetic improvement by overcoming sexual incompatibility or reproductive barriers, and by realizing novel combinations of nuclear and/or cytoplasmic genomes.     

Polyploid organisms

Polyploids are organisms with three or more complete chromosome sets. Polyploidization is widespread in plants and animals, and is an important mechanism of speciation. Genome sequencing and related molecular systematics and bioinformatics studies on plants and animals in recent years support the view that species have been shaped by whole genome duplication during evolution. The stability of polyploids depends on rapid genome recombination and changes in gene expression after formation. The formation of polyploids and subsequent diploidization are important aspects in long-term evolution. Polyploids can be formed in various ways. Among them, hybrid organisms formed by distant hybridization could produce unreduced gametes and thus generate offspring with doubled chromosomes, which is a fast, efficient method of polyploidization. The formation of fertile polyploids not only promoted the interflow of genetic materials among species and enriched the species diversity, but also laid the foundation for polyploidy breeding. The study of polyploids has both important theoretical significance and valuable applications. The production and application of polyploidy breeding have brought remarkable economic and social benefits.     

A comparative study of distant hybridization in plants and animals

Distant hybridization refers to crosses between two different species, genera, or higher-ranking taxa, which can break species limits, increase genetic variation, and combine the biological characteristics of existing species. It is an important way of creating genetic variation, fertile strains, and excellent characteristics in new strains and populations. Combining analyses and summaries from many inter-related documents in plants and animals, both domestic and international, including examples and long-standing research on distant hybridization in fish from our laboratory, we summarize and compare the similarities and differences in plant and animal distant hybridization. In addition, we analyze and review the biological characteristics of their different ploidy progenies and the possible causes of disparity in survival rates. Mechanisms of sterility in animal and plant distant hybrids are also discussed, and research methods for the study of biological characteristics of hybrids, including morphology, cytology,and molecular cytogenetics are presented. This paper aims to provide comprehensive research materials and to systematically compare the general and specific characteristics of plant and animal hybrids with regards to reproduction, genetics, growth traits,and other biological characteristics. It is hoped that this paper will have great theoretical and practical significance for the study of genetic breeding and biological evolution of plant and animal distant hybridization.     

TEMPO AND MODE IN PLANT BREEDING SYSTEM EVOLUTION

Classic questions about trait evolution—including the directionality of character change and its interactions with lineage diversification—intersect in the study of plant breeding systems. Transitions from self‐incompatibility to self‐compatibility are frequent, and they may proceed within a species (“anagenetic” mode of breeding system change) or in conjunction with speciation events (“cladogenetic” mode of change). We apply a recently developed phylogenetic model to the nightshade family Solanaceae, quantifying the relative contributions of these two modes of evolution along with the tempo of breeding system change, speciation, and extinction. We find that self‐incompatibility, a genetic mechanism that prevents self‐fertilization, is lost largely by the cladogenetic mode. Self‐compatible species are thus more likely to arise from the isolation of a newly self‐compatible population than from species‐wide fixation of self‐compatible mutants. Shared polymorphism at the locus that governs self‐incompatibility shows it to be ancestral and not regained within this family. We demonstrate that failing to account for cladogenetic character change misleads phylogenetic tests of evolutionary irreversibility, both for breeding system in Solanaceae and on simulated trees.     

亲和性试验与高等担子菌的系统学

真菌的不亲和性是在有性生殖系统中由基因型所决定的对核配的抑制现象,普遍存在于高等担子菌中。早期关于亲和性的研究大多只涉及其遗传出基础,近年来亲和性试验已被广泛地应用于担子菌系统学与酶和DNA等数据结合作为划分种,探讨生殖隔离机制和物种形成的依据。本文在介绍亲和性概念及其遗传学结构的基础上,简述了亲和性试验的方法,讨论了不亲和性与生物种的关系以及亲和性试验在高等担子菌系统学中的应用原理和实例。