内源小RNAs在植物病原体抗性反应中的作用

内源小RNAs是动植物基因表达的重要调节分子,它们可以通过指导mRNA的降解、抑制翻译或染色体修饰等机制,在转录水平或转录后水平或两个水平沉默基因.内源小RNAs在植物生长发育和生物和非生物胁迫适应反应中具有重要作用,其中3种内源性的小RNAs参与了植物基本免疫反应和对病原体的特异性免疫反应.内源小RNAs的发现为植物抗菌和抗病研究开辟了新思路,就这几种内源性的小RNAs的产生和它们在植物抗病原体反应中的作用做一概述.     

LncRNA在神经发育及神经性疾病中作用的研究进展

长链非编码RNA(long non-coding RNA,lnc RNA)是指不具有编码蛋白能力且长度大于200nt的RNA,近年来,越来越多的lnc RNAs在多种生命活动中发挥着重要的作用。已有研究发现lnc RNAs在神经发育过程中起着重要的作用,lnc RNAs可以调控神经干细胞定向分化为神经元、胶质细胞、星状细胞,lnc RNAs,还参与调控神经干细胞的分化进程;lnc RNAs表达异常与神经疾病也有密切关系。本文就lnc RNAs在调控神经细胞分化进程和在神经性疾病作用的研究新进展进行综述。     

CircRNAs在骨关节炎发生发展中的作用

环状RNA(circular RNAs,circ RNAs)是一类在真核细胞中广泛存在的非编码RNA。与传统的线性RNA不同,环状RNA无5’末端帽子和3’末端多聚A尾,而是形成一个共价闭合的环状结构。最初,人们认为circ RNAs是前体m RNA(pre-m RNA)发生错误剪接而形成的低丰度RNA分子,没有给予足够重视。随着高通量RNA测序技术和生物信息学的发展,大量circ RNAs被鉴定出来,对其认识也逐渐深入,发现circ RNAs具有重要的生物学功能,在充当mi RNA"海绵"、调控基因转录与表达等方面发挥着重要作用。近几年研究发现,circ RNAs在骨关节炎(osteoarthritis,OA)关节软骨与正常软骨中表达出现差异。部分表达差异的circ RNAs参与调节了与OA发生发展密切相关的软骨细胞外基质(extracellular matrix,ECM)降解、炎症反应、软骨细胞凋亡等过程。尤其是,小干扰RNA(small interfering RNAs,si RNAs)沉默circ RNA-CER后,可促进软骨细胞ECM生成,提示circ RNAs可能成为治疗OA的新靶点。本文将在简单综述circ RNAs的生物合成、主要生物功能的基础上,重点综述circ RNAs与OA发生发展之间的关系,以期为OA的诊断和特异性治疗提供新靶点和新治疗措施。     

RNA的尿苷化

很多RNA分子可以进行转录后修饰.最近的研究发现,末端无需模板的尿苷酸添加(尿苷化)可能就是一种广泛存在且保守,但以前了解甚少的RNA转录后修饰方式.这种修饰可以发生在从藻类到人类的很多RNA上,如多聚腺苷化的mRNA、siRNAs或miRNAs内切mRNA得到的上游片段、组蛋白mRNA、目前发现的大多数小调节RNAs、U6小核RNA(snRNA)、转录起点相关的小RNA和剪切的内含子等.这种修饰不仅具有重要的功能,如增强RNA的降解、促进或抑制RNA的加工形成、改变RNA的活性或作为mRNA的一种质量控制机制,而且还与人类的一些致病机制有关,如癌症.本文主要综述了小RNA、mRNA及其内切片段、组蛋白mRNA和U6 snRNA等RNA尿苷化的研究进展,并对相关研究的应用前景做了展望.     

基因组印记中的长非编码RNA

长非编码RNA(lnc RNA)是长度大于200 bp的一类非编码蛋白的RNA,因其在基因组中含量巨大以及重要的生物学功能引起了学术界的广泛关注.基因组印记是一种表观遗传现象,lnc RNAs通过建立靶基因的印记而发挥重要的生物功能.基因组印记可以用来研究lnc RNAs在转录和转录后水平调控基因表达的分子机制.本文选取6个印记机制研究比较透彻的印记区域,包括Kcnq1/Cdkn1c、Igf2r/Airn、Prader-Willi(PWS)/Angelman(AS)、Snurf/Snrpn、Dlk1-Dio3和H19/Igf2.通过介绍包括基因间lnc RNAs(H19、Ipw和Meg3)、反义lnc RNAs(Kcnq1ot1、Airn、Ube3a-ATS)和增强子lnc RNAs(IG-DMR e RNAs)在内的3种类型lnc RNAs在印记调控中的作用,从而了解lnc RNAs通过顺式或(/和)反式作用多种机制调控亲本特异性靶基因的表达.了解印记基因簇中lnc RNAs的作用方式将有助于我们揭示lnc RNAs在整个基因组中的作用机制.     

细菌sRNA对环境胁迫的响应机制

细菌小RNA (Small RNAs,sRNAs)是一类长度大约在40?400个核酸之间,不编码蛋白质的RNA,在细菌适应环境方面起重要的调节作用。当环境中温度、营养、外膜蛋白、pH、铁等条件改变时,sRNA常常通过连接双组分信号转导系统和调节蛋白,来传递压力信号并调节应激响应,其作用方式一般是通过碱基互补配对的方式与靶mRNA结合,从而调控靶mRNA的翻译和稳定性;或直接与靶标蛋白质结合,调节靶标蛋白质的生物活性。本文总结了细菌在多种环境压力下,sRNA的调控响应机制。     

MicroRNA与肿瘤血管生成

microRNA（miRNA）是近年来发现的一类长度约为22个核苷酸的非编码小分子RNA.它主要通过与靶标基因3′UTR的完全或不完全配对,降解靶标基因mRNA或抑制其翻译,从而参与多种生命活动.血管生成在肿瘤的发生、发展过程中起着重要的作用.实验证据表明,miRNAs可通过调控其靶标基因参与的信号通路,影响肿瘤血管的生成.本文主要介绍近年来miRNAs与血管生成相关性研究的进展.     

通过构建竞争性内源RNA网络识别潜在的椎间盘疾病相关circRNA

环状RNA(circRNA)可以通过竞争性结合微小RNA(miRNA),从而降低miRNA对其他靶标RNAs的抑制作用,进而间接调控其表达水平。这种竞争性关系代表了一种全新的基因调控机制,在癌症生理和发展中起重要作用。我们运用生物信息学的方法,对基因表达谱、circRNA探针谱重注释处理,并且结合MiRanda算法预测的miRNA靶点信息构建了竞争性内源RNA(ceRNA)网络,发现了五个与疾病相关的重要模块。其中通过hsa-miR-17-3p介导的CD74与hsa_circ_0001320,通过hsa-let-7a-2-3p介导的PAPSS2与hsa_circ_0000077两组ceRNA关系在椎间盘变性中起到重要的分子调控作用,从而成为潜在的临床标志物。进一步地,通过对靶基因的功能注释预测了这两个circRNA的生物学功能,其中明显与椎间盘炎症反应和骨发育相关,为临床基因检测预测疾病和药物靶点治疗提供依据并且也为椎间盘疾病的科学研究提供思路。     

小分子非编码RNA与雄性不育

小分子非编码RNA(Small non-coding RNA,snc RNA)是一类20-30个左右核苷酸长度的RNAs,不具有编码蛋白质的功能,但在调控机制方面具有广泛的生物学功能。在动物精子形成过程中有两类snc RNAs,即mi RNAs和pi RNAs起着重要调控作用,它们在动物睾丸组织中表达异常会导致精子生成障碍从而表现出雄性不育性状。综合分析了snc RNA的结构、功能以及对雄性动物生育能力的影响,以期为进一步研究snc RNA的调控机制提供参考。     

Dynamic and Coordinated Expression Changes of Rice Small RNAs in Response to Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae

Endogenous small RNAs are newly identified players in plant immune responses, yet their roles in rice(Oryza sativa) responding to pathogens are still less understood, especially for pathogens that can cause severe yield losses. We examined the small RNA expression profiles of rice leaves at 2, 6, 12, and 24 hours post infection of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae(Xoo) virulent strain PXO99, the causal agent of rice bacterial blight disease. Dynamic expression changes of some mi RNAs and trans-acting si RNAs were identified, together with a few novel mi RNA targets, including an RLK gene targeted by osa-mi R159 a.1. Coordinated expression changes were observed among some small RNAs in response to Xoo infection, with small RNAs exhibiting the same expression pattern tended to regulate genes in the same or related signaling pathways, including auxin and GA signaling pathways, nutrition and defense-related pathways. These findings reveal the dynamic and complex roles of small RNAs in rice-Xoo interactions, and identify new targets for regulating plant responses to Xoo.     

Argonaute Proteins and Mechanisms of RNA Interference in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes

Noncoding RNAs play essential roles in genetic regulation in all organisms. In eukaryotic cells, many small non-coding RNAs act in complex with Argonaute proteins and regulate gene expression by recognizing complementary RNA targets. The complexes of Argonaute proteins with small RNAs also play a key role in silencing of mobile genetic elements and, in some cases, viruses. These processes are collectively called RNA interference. RNA interference is a powerful tool for specific gene silencing in both basic research and therapeutic applications. Argonaute proteins are also found in prokaryotic organisms. Recent studies have shown that prokaryotic Argonautes can also cleave their target nucleic acids, in particular DNA. This activity of prokaryotic Argonautes might potentially be used to edit eukaryotic genomes. However, the molecular mechanisms of small nucleic acid biogenesis and the functions of Argonaute proteins, in particular in bacteria and archaea, remain largely unknown. Here we briefly review available data on the RNA interference processes and Argonaute proteins in eukaryotes and prokaryotes.     

The small RNA content of human sperm reveals pseudogene-derived piRNAs complementary to protein-coding genes

At the end of mammalian sperm development, sperm cells expel most of their cytoplasm and dispose of the majority of their RNA. Yet, hundreds of RNA molecules remain in mature sperm. The biological significance of the vast majority of these molecules is unclear. To better understand the processes that generate sperm small RNAs and what roles they may have, we sequenced and characterized the small RNA content of sperm samples from two human fertile individuals. We detected 182 microRNAs, some of which are highly abundant. The most abundant microRNA in sperm is miR-1246 with predicted targets among sperm-specific genes. The most abundant class of small noncoding RNAs in sperm are PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs). Surprisingly, we found that human sperm cells contain piRNAs processed from pseudogenes. Clusters of piRNAs from human testes contain pseudogenes transcribed in the antisense strand and processed into small RNAs. Several human protein-coding genes contain antisense predicted targets of pseudogene-derived piRNAs in the male germline and these piRNAs are still found in mature sperm. Our study provides the most extensive data set and annotation of human sperm small RNAs to date and is a resource for further functional studies on the roles of sperm small RNAs. In addition, we propose that some of the pseudogene-derived human piRNAs may regulate expression of their parent gene in the male germline.     

Small RNAs with 5′-Polyphosphate Termini Associate with a Piwi-Related Protein and Regulate Gene Expression in the Single-Celled Eukaryote Entamoeba histolytica

Small interfering RNAs regulate gene expression in diverse biological processes, including heterochromatin formation and DNA elimination, developmental regulation, and cell differentiation. In the single-celled eukaryote Entamoeba histolytica, we have identified a population of small RNAs of 27 nt size that (i) have 5′-polyphosphate termini, (ii) map antisense to genes, and (iii) associate with an E. histolytica Piwi-related protein. Whole genome microarray expression analysis revealed that essentially all genes to which antisense small RNAs map were not expressed under trophozoite conditions, the parasite stage from which the small RNAs were cloned. However, a number of these genes were expressed in other E. histolytica strains with an inverse correlation between small RNA and gene expression level, suggesting that these small RNAs mediate silencing of the cognate gene. Overall, our results demonstrate that E. histolytica has an abundant 27 nt small RNA population, with features similar to secondary siRNAs from C. elegans, and which appear to regulate gene expression. These data indicate that a silencing pathway mediated by 5′-polyphosphate siRNAs extends to single-celled eukaryotic organisms.     

RNomics: identification and function of small,non-messenger RNAs

In the past few years, our knowledge about small non-mRNAs (snmRNAs) has grown exponentially. Approaches including computational and experimental RNomics have led to a plethora of novel snmRNAs, especially small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs). Members of this RNA class guide modification of ribosomal and spliceosomal RNAs. Novel targets for snoRNAs were identified such as tRNAs and potentially mRNAs, and several snoRNAs were shown to be tissue-specifically expressed. In addition, previously unknown classes of snmRNAs have been discovered. MicroRNAs and small interfering RNAs of about 21-23 nt, were shown to regulate gene expression by binding to mRNAs via antisense elements. Regulation of gene expression is exerted by degradation of mRNAs or translational regulation. snmRNAs play a variety of roles during regulation of gene expression. Moreover, the function of some snmRNAs known for decades, has been finally elucidated. Many other RNAs were identified by RNomics studies lacking known sequence and structure motifs. Future challenges in the field of RNomics include identification of the novel snmRNA's biological roles in the cell.